交替灌溉对山黧豆叶片气体交换和土壤水分以及产量指标的影响

改变土壤根系的分布以汲取深层土壤水分的能力是植物避免干旱的主要策略。山黧豆是一种抗逆性强的豆类作物,该研究通过起垄条播控制性沟灌的方式,设置传统灌溉(FI)、交替灌溉(PRD,灌水量减少50%)和不灌溉(NI)3种处理模式,探索不同灌溉模式对播种后不同时期山黧豆土壤水分、根系分布、叶片气体交换、水分利用效率和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明：(1)在FI、PRD和NI处理下,山黧豆的根系分别有89.8%、86.9%和84.9%生长在0~20 cm的表层土壤中;干旱胁迫使PRD和NI处理下深层土壤中根系的比例提高至13.05%和15.07%。(2)在整个生育期内,土壤干旱显著降低了山黧豆叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度;在种植后60 d时,PRD和NI处理下叶片的瞬时水分利用效率分别较FI处理显著提高了21.4%和14.9%。(3)干旱胁迫显著降低了山黧豆植株高度、第一豆荚高、平均结荚数和豆粒数以及地上部和根系的干重,但显著增加了根冠比;PRD处理对豆荚长度、豆荚重和每荚豆粒重没有显著影响;PRD和NI处理下山黧豆平均籽粒产量分别比FI处理显著降低了53%和63%。研究发现,在干旱胁迫条件下,山黧豆能够通过提高深层土壤中根系的比例、更多吸收深层土壤水分、显著增加根冠比以及显著提高生殖生长期叶片的瞬时水分利用效率,减轻干旱胁迫对自身生长的影响。该研究结果可为山黧豆在旱区推广种植提供理论依据。     

滴灌方式对‘赤霞珠’葡萄幼苗根冠功能的调控效应

研究地下穴贮滴灌(自主设计)、膜下滴灌、地表滴灌3种滴灌方式对酿酒葡萄品种‘赤霞珠’幼苗根冠功能的影响.结果表明:膜下滴灌和地下穴贮滴灌较地表滴灌更促进植株生长,其中地下穴贮滴灌主要促进根系的生长,膜下滴灌主要促进地上部的生长;在20～60cm土层,地下穴贮滴灌处理根表面积、根体积、根系活力和超氧化物歧化酶活性均高于地表滴灌和膜下滴灌处理,表明地下穴贮滴灌可有效促进根系下扎,提高土壤深层根系的生理活性;同一灌水周期后期地表滴灌处理较早受到干旱胁迫的影响,地下穴贮滴灌和膜下滴灌处理叶片净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(gs)均高于地表滴灌处理,灌水7d后膜下滴灌处理12:00-14:00实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)低于地下穴贮滴灌处理,表明叶片荧光日进程中膜下滴灌受到的光抑制程度大于地下穴贮滴灌;对植株根冠功能的相关分析表明,有效增加20～ 40 cm土层根系的根量指标,保持根系生理活性在较高水平,可促进整体植株地上部生物量的增加和总生物量的积累.综合分析表明,地下穴贮滴灌较膜下滴灌、地表滴灌对植株根冠生长及功能调控有一定优势,可作为果树节水灌溉技术的潜在替代技术.     

不同滴灌方式对荒漠区‘赤霞珠’葡萄根系分布的影响

研究不同滴灌方式对葡萄根系分布的影响,是制定葡萄肥水管理和越冬防寒措施的依据.本研究以传统沟灌为对照,采用覆草滴灌、膜下滴灌、双管滴灌、单管滴灌等不同节水灌溉方式,研究了荒漠灌区不同灌溉方式下酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’的根系组成与分布特点.结果表明: 在干旱荒漠区‘赤霞珠’葡萄根系的垂直分布范围在0～70 cm,水平分布范围在0～120 cm.采用双管滴灌的根系数量最大,单个剖面根系数量达138.3条,但根系的垂直分布范围较对照(沟灌)缩小了20 cm;覆草滴灌的根系数量较对照显著提高,根系水平分布范围较对照扩大了9.1%;膜下滴灌的根系数量和水平分布范围与对照差异不显著,但根系垂直分布范围较对照减少了20 cm;单管滴灌显著提高了根系数量,但根系垂直分布和水平分布范围与对照差异不显著.在该生态区酿造葡萄最理想的节水滴灌方式是覆草滴灌.     

双元覆盖对果园土壤水分的调控效果

为了研究双元覆盖对渭北旱塬苹果园土壤水分的调控效果,对4个不同处理(地膜压秸秆双元覆盖、地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和对照)下的果园0～600 cm土层范围内的土壤水分进行测定,并对果树产量和枝条生长量进行了统计.结果表明: 双元覆盖的整体保墒效果最佳,0～600 cm土壤贮水量比对照高6.7%;长期双元覆盖能够有效地缓解该地区深层土壤出现的干燥化现象,稳定层(240～600 cm)月平均土壤贮水量比对照高64.22 mm;双元覆盖和地膜覆盖两种措施均能降低浅层(0～60 cm)土壤水分随时间的波动,提高浅层土壤水分随时间变化的稳定性;与单一覆盖方式相比,双元覆盖方式更能减小土壤剖面水分垂直变异,提高土壤剖面水分垂直分布的稳定性;双元覆盖方式增产效果明显,苹果产量比对照高48.2%.综上,相对于单一的覆盖方式,双元覆盖能更好地调控果园土壤水分、提高苹果产量.     

滴灌方式对‘赤霞珠’葡萄幼苗根冠功能的调控效应

研究地下穴贮滴灌(自主设计)、膜下滴灌、地表滴灌3种滴灌方式对酿酒葡萄品种‘赤霞珠’幼苗根冠功能的影响.结果表明： 膜下滴灌和地下穴贮滴灌较地表滴灌更促进植株生长,其中地下穴贮滴灌主要促进根系的生长,膜下滴灌主要促进地上部的生长;在20～60 cm土层,地下穴贮滴灌处理根表面积、根体积、根系活力和超氧化物歧化酶活性均高于地表滴灌和膜下滴灌处理,表明地下穴贮滴灌可有效促进根系下扎,提高土壤深层根系的生理活性;同一灌水周期后期地表滴灌处理较早受到干旱胁迫的影响,地下穴贮滴灌和膜下滴灌处理叶片净光合速率(P_n)和气孔导度(g_s)均高于地表滴灌处理,灌水7 d后膜下滴灌处理12:00—14:00实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)低于地下穴贮滴灌处理,表明叶片荧光日进程中膜下滴灌受到的光抑制程度大于地下穴贮滴灌;对植株根冠功能的相关分析表明,有效增加20~40 cm土层根系的根量指标,保持根系生理活性在较高水平,可促进整体植株地上部生物量的增加和总生物量的积累.综合分析表明,地下穴贮滴灌较膜下滴灌、地表滴灌对植株根冠生长及功能调控有一定优势,可作为果树节水灌溉技术的潜在替代技术.     

干旱区膜下滴灌条件下土壤深层水对棉花根系生长、分布及产量的影响

在土柱栽培条件下研究膜下滴灌土壤深层水对棉花根系生长的影响及与植株地上部生长的关系,设置土壤(60～120 cm)有深层水和无深层水2个处理,每处理设2个生育期间灌溉处理,分别为田间持水量70%和55%.结果表明：棉花总根质量密度、40～120 cm土层根长密度、根系活力等与地上部干质量间均具有显著的相关关系.生育期间耕层70%田间持水量条件下,土壤有深层水处理的总根质量密度与无深层水处理无明显差异,但40～120 cm土层的根长密度增加,根系活力增强,提高了土壤贮备水消耗量,增加了地上部干质量,最终获得较高的经济产量及水分利用效率.土壤有深层水条件下,生育期间耕层55%田间持水量处理的根冠比较大,40～120 cm土层根长密度和80～120 cm土层根系活力相对较高,土壤贮备水消耗量大幅提高,但仍无法弥补生育期间水分亏缺对根系及地上部生物量造成的负面影响,导致经济产量显著低于70%田间持水量处理.综上,充足的土壤深层水配合生育期间耕层65%～75%田间持水量,可促进棉花根系向下生长,有利于实现膜下滴灌棉花节水高产高效生产.     

根系分区交替灌溉不同交替周期对苹果树生长、产量及品质的影响

以1112年生苹果树为研究对象,于2006—2007年在烟台市农业科学研究院果树研究所试验果园进行了根系分区交替灌溉(APRI)试验,研究了APRI灌溉模式下不同交替灌溉周期对苹果树生长、产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,APRI处理的苹果树湿润一侧土壤含水量随深度增加而减少,并出现明显拐点,交替周期愈短拐点愈接近地表,干旱一侧则随深度增加而增大,二者含水量最大差值出现在土壤表层010cm。每2周交替灌溉1次的APRI1处理的叶水势、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度稍有降低,但与对照均没有明显差异,而每4周交替灌溉1次的APRI2和APRI3处理的上述指标则显著低于对照(P0.05)。APRI处理显著抑制植株的新梢生长,但对果实直径没有显著影响。APRI1和APRI2处理的苹果产量比对照和APRI3下降了11.1%14.8%,但供水量减少了50%,水分利用效率提高了71%80%,而且显著提高了可溶性固形物含量和果实干物质含量,使果实含酸量降低,果实硬度增加,果实品质明显改善。由此可以推断采用根系分区交替灌溉并进行适宜的交替周期处理(如试验中的APRI1)可以达到大量节水、提高苹果品质而不明显降低产量的目的,是苹果生产中一种切实可行的灌溉方式,值得旱地苹果园大力推广。     

鱼鳞坑与覆盖组合措施对陕北旱作枣园土壤水分的影响

土壤水分是制约陕北红枣林健康生长的关键因子.通过土壤水分定位观测,研究不同鱼鳞坑与覆盖措施组合对陕北黄土丘陵区旱作枣园土壤水分的影响.结果表明:鱼鳞坑+树枝覆盖、鱼鳞坑+秸秆覆盖、鱼鳞坑无覆盖处理下0~180 cm平均土壤含水量较裸地分别提高14.2%、9.4%、4.8%.不同处理在红枣生育期均能显著增加土壤表层(0~20 cm)和主要根系层(20~100 cm)土壤水分含量,其中,以鱼鳞坑+树枝覆盖处理效果最为显著.不同组合措施条件下,次降雨量对土壤水分的影响深度主要集中在100 cm以内,对深层土壤水分影响不显著.无覆盖鱼鳞坑措施在高、中、低水分状况下,各土层土壤水分与裸地无显著差异.在陕北旱作枣园,利用修剪枣枝进行覆盖在节省材料减少成本的同时,实现了保墒蓄水目标.     

鱼鳞坑与覆盖组合措施对陕北旱作枣园土壤水分的影响

土壤水分是制约陕北红枣林健康生长的关键因子.通过土壤水分定位观测,研究不同鱼鳞坑与覆盖措施组合对陕北黄土丘陵区旱作枣园土壤水分的影响.结果表明: 鱼鳞坑+树枝覆盖、鱼鳞坑+秸秆覆盖、鱼鳞坑无覆盖处理下0～180 cm平均土壤含水量较裸地分别提高14.2%、9.4%、4.8%.不同处理在红枣生育期均能显著增加土壤表层(0～20 cm)和主要根系层(20～100 cm)土壤水分含量,其中,以鱼鳞坑+树枝覆盖处理效果最为显著.不同组合措施条件下,次降雨量对土壤水分的影响深度主要集中在100 cm以内,对深层土壤水分影响不显著.无覆盖鱼鳞坑措施在高、中、低水分状况下,各土层土壤水分与裸地无显著差异.在陕北旱作枣园,利用修剪枣枝进行覆盖在节省材料减少成本的同时,实现了保墒蓄水目标.     

模拟干旱下凋落物输入对毛竹林土壤呼吸及温度敏感性的影响

在气候变化背景下,干旱频率和强度的增加将对森林生态系统的碳循环过程产生重要影响,掌握土壤呼吸及其敏感性对干旱的响应规律有助于评价土壤在碳收支过程中的源汇角色.本研究用顶棚法野外模拟毛竹林干旱下凋落物不变(LU)、添加(LA)、移除(LR)处理对土壤呼吸动态及其温度敏感性的影响和滞留效应.结果表明: 对照(自然降雨)和干旱条件下凋落物不变处理年均土壤呼吸速率分别为3.15和2.34 μmol·m^-2·s^-1.凋落物移除处理较凋落物添加处理对土壤呼吸的影响大,对照和干旱条件下凋落物移除处理较不变处理分别下降21.0%和20.9%,仅干旱条件下凋落物添加处理较不变处理增加5.3%;说明干旱条件下凋落物添加和移除处理对土壤呼吸的影响均较不变处理明显.干旱条件下土壤呼吸的温度敏感性较对照降低8.4%,凋落物添加处理和凋落物移除处理温度敏感性分别下降15.4%和7.6%.对照和干旱条件下18个月土壤碳累积排放量分别为7.35 和5.40 kg CO₂·m^-2,对照和干旱条件下凋落物添加处理较不变处理分别增加1.8%和10.7%,凋落物移除处理分别下降19.9%和18.0%.凋落物添加处理或移除处理对毛竹林土壤呼吸速率的影响呈非线性,因土壤水分的减少直接影响根系生长和微生物活性致使滞留效应明显,干旱条件下凋落物量对土壤碳排放的影响更明显,凋落物量的变化是气候变化背景下土壤碳排放不可忽视的影响因素.     

不同畦长灌溉对小麦耗水特性及产量的影响

在2009-2010和2010-2011年小麦生长季,设置10、20、40、60、80和100 m 6个畦田长度,研究不同畦长对小麦耗水特性及产量的影响.结果表明： ≤80 m畦长处理下,随畦长的增加,灌水量逐渐增加,灌水量占总耗水量的比例增加,土壤贮水消耗量减少,小麦拔节至开花期的耗水量和生长季总耗水量均减少,开花期0～200 cm各土层土壤含水量增加,土壤供水能力提高,籽粒产量和水分利用效率逐渐提高.与80 m畦长处理相比,<80 m畦长处理的灌水量少,上层土壤含水量低,促使小麦吸收更多的深层贮水,总耗水量增加,不利于节水;而100 m畦长处理的灌水量、土壤贮水消耗量和总耗水量均增加,由于一次性灌水量过多且灌溉水分布不均匀,导致小麦千粒重降低,籽粒产量和水分利用效率显著下降,也不利于节水高产.     

Water-Saving and High-Yielding Irrigation for Lowland Rice by Controlling Limiting Values of Soil Water Potential

The present study investigated whether an irrigation system could be established to save water and increase grain yield to enhance water productivity by proper water management at the field level in irrigated lowland rice （Oryza sativa L.）. Using two field-grown rice cultivars, two irrigation systems; conventional irrigation and water-saving irrigation, were conducted. In the water-saving irrigation system, limiting values of soil water potential related to specific growth stages were proposed as irrigation indices. Compared with conventional irrigation where drainage was in mid-season and flooded at other times, the water-saving irrigation increased grain yield by 7.4% to 11.3%, reduced irrigation water by 24.5% to 29.2%, and increased water productivity （grain yield per cubic meter of irrigation water） by 43.1% to 50.3%. The water-saving irrigation significantly increased harvest index, improved milling and appearance qualities, elevated zeatin-I-zeaUn riboside concentrations in root bleedings and enhanced activities of sucrose synthase, adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthase and starch branching enzyme in grains. Our results indicate that water-saving irrigation by controlling limiting values of soil water potential related to specific growth stages can enhance physiological activities of roots and grains, reduce water input, and increase grain yield.     

Water-Saving and High-Yielding Irrigation for Lowland Rice by Controlling Limiting Values of Soil Water Potential

The present study investigated whether an irrigation system could be established to save water and increase grain yield to enhance water productivity by proper water management at the field level in irrigated lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). Using two field-grown rice cultivars, two irrigation systems; conventional irrigation and water-saving irrigation, were conducted.In the water-saving irrigation system, limiting values of soil water potential related to specific growth stages were proposed as irrigation indices. Compared with conventional irrigation where drainage was in mid-season and flooded at other times,the water-saving irrigation increased grain yield by 7.4% to 11.3%, reduced irrigation water by 24.5% to 29.2%, and increased water productivity (grain yield per cubic meter of irrigation water) by 43.1% to 50.3%. The water-saving irrigation significantly increased harvest index, improved milling and appearance qualities, elevated zeatin +zeatin riboside concentrations in root bleedings and enhanced activities of sucrose synthase, adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthase and starch branching enzyme in grains. Our results indicate that water-saving irrigation by controlling limiting values of soil water potential related to specific growth stages can enhance physiological activities of roots and grains,reduce water input, and increase grain yield.     

Hydraulic lift: Substantial nocturnal water transport between soil layers by Artemisia tridentata roots

Summary Diel soil water potential fluctuations reflected daytime depletion and nocturnal resupply of water in upper soil layers. Transpiration suppression experiments demonstrated that water absorption by roots caused the daytime depletion. The soil water potential data and experimental results suggest that at night water absorbed from moist soil by deeper roots is transported to and lost from roots into drier upper soil layers. The deeper roots appear to absorb and transport water both day and night. Implications for the efficiency of deep roots and water storage, nutrient uptake and water parasitism in upper soil layers are discussed.     

Effect of irrigation frequency on root water uptake in sugar beet

A 2-year trial was performed on autumn-sown sugar beet grown in pots in order to study the influence of irrigation frequency on the water used by plants along the soil profile. The outdoor pots, containing one plant each, were 1.3 m high and had circular openings, through which Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) apparatus wave guides could be inserted. Three irrigation intervals were compared and plants were watered whenever the soil layer explored by roots had lost 30% (SWD₁), 50% (SWD₂) and 70% (SWD₃) of the total available water (TAW). During the irrigation season, the water extracted by the plants from each layer along the soil profile (RWU) was determined by monitoring volumetric soil moisture content (), by TDR. At harvest time, root length density (RLD) along the soil profile was assessed using the Tennant method. The applied irrigation frequencies significantly affected the RWU. With the SWD₃ protocol, irrigation was at longer irrigation intervals (9 days) and watering volumes were as high as 84 mm. In this treatment, the plants lost almost 60% of total water from the lower soil layer (0.6–1.0 m). In treatment SWD₁, the irrigation interval was very short (3 days), and water extraction from 0.0–0.6 m soil depth was 92.0%. In the intermediate treatment, the irrigation interval was 5.5 days and a more uniform water depletion was observed along the root zone, approximately equal between the 0–0.6 and 0.6–1.0 m soil layer. Water extraction of sugar beet plants at the deeper soil layers in response to long irrigation intervals was related to an increase in water uptake efficiency of the deeper younger roots and not to an increase in root length density, which, on the contrary, decreased. This morpho-physiological acclimatization to progressive soil water deficit was coupled with an increase of the root/shoot ratio.     

喷灌条件下耕作方式和亏缺灌溉对麦后移栽棉产量和水分利用的影响

探明耕作方式和亏缺灌溉对麦后移栽棉产量和水分利用的效应,对于建立麦后移栽棉的适宜耕作方式及灌溉制度十分重要.在大田条件下设置了翻耕和免耕2种耕作方式(灌水定额均为45 mm)及相应减小50％灌水定额的亏缺灌溉,分析了不同耕作方式和亏缺灌溉对棉花耗水规律、籽棉产量、水分利用效率和纤维品质的影响.结果表明:与翻耕相比,免耕减少了棉田20.3％的棵间土壤蒸发;不论何种耕作方式,亏缺灌溉在不影响棉花产量和纤维品质的同时,有效降低了耗水量,提高了水分利用效率.在喷灌条件下,灌水定额为22.5 mm的免耕耕作方式,不仅可有效降低麦后移栽棉田间无效棵间土壤蒸发,还可实现节水、优质、高产的有效统一.     

Evaluating the Effects of Sustainable Chemical and Organic Fertilizers with Water Saving Practice on Corn Production and Soil Characteristics

The rapidly growing world population, water shortage, and food security are promising problems for sustainable agriculture. Farmers adopt higher irrigation and fertilizer applications to increase crop production resulting in environmental pollution. This study aimed to identify the long-term effects of intelligent water and fertilizers used in corn yield and soil nutrient status. A series of field experiments were conducted for six years with treatments as: farmer accustomed to fertilization used as control (CON), fertilizer decrement (KF), fertilizer decrement + water-saving irrigation (BMP1); combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer + water-saving irrigation (BMP2), and combined application of controlled-release fertilizer (BMP3). A significant improvement was observed in soil organic matter (14.9%), nitrate nitrogen (106.7%), total phosphorus (23.9%), available phosphorus (26.2%), straw yield (44.8%), and grain yield (54.7%) with BMP2 treatment as compared to CON. The study concludes that integrating chemical and organic fertilizers with water-saving irrigation (BMP2) is a good approach to increasing corn productivity, ensuring water safety and improving soil health. The limitations of the current study include the identification of fertilizer type and its optimum dose, irrigation water type, and geographical position.

     

Rice Performance and Water Use Efficiency under Plastic Mulching with Drip Irrigation

Plastic mulching with drip irrigation is a new water-saving rice cultivation technology, but little is known on its productivity and water-saving capacity. This study aimed to assess the production potential, performance, and water use efficiency (WUE) of rice under plastic mulching with drip irrigation. Field experiments were conducted over 2 years with two rice cultivars under different cultivation systems: conventional flooding (CF), non-flooded irrigation incorporating plastic mulching with furrow irrigation (FIM), non-mulching with furrow irrigation (FIN), and plastic mulching with drip irrigation (DI). Compared with the CF treatment, grain yields were reduced by 31.76–52.19% under the DI treatment, by 57.16–61.02% under the FIM treatment, by 74.40–75.73% under the FIN treatment, which were mainly from source limitation, especially a low dry matter accumulation during post-anthesis, in non-flooded irrigation. WUE was the highest in the DI treatment, being 1.52–2.12 times higher than with the CF treatment, 1.35–1.89 times higher than with the FIM treatment, and 2.37–3.78 times higher than with the FIN treatment. The yield contribution from tillers (YCFTs) was 50.65–62.47% for the CF treatment and 12.07–20.62% for the non-flooded irrigation treatments. These low YCFTs values were attributed to the poor performance in tiller panicles rather than the total tiller number. Under non-flooded irrigation, root length was significantly reduced with more roots distributed in deep soil layers compared with the CF treatment; the DI treatment had more roots in the topsoil layer than the FIM and FIN treatments. The experiment demonstrates that the DI treatment has greater water saving capacity and lower yield and economic benefit gaps than the FIM and FIN treatments compared with the CF treatment, and would therefore be a better water-saving technology in areas of water scarcity.     

水氮配合对绿洲沙地农田玉米产量、土壤硝态氮和氮平衡的影响

在黑河中游边缘绿洲沙地农田研究了不同的水氮配合对玉米产量、土壤硝态氮在剖面中的累积和氮平衡的影响.结果表明,施氮处理较不施氮处理产量增加48.22%～108.6%,施氮量超过225 kg hm-2,玉米产量不再显著增加.受土壤结构影响土壤硝态氮在土壤中呈"W"型分布,即土壤硝态氮含量在0～20 cm、140～160 cm和260～300 cm土层均出现峰值,并随施氮量增加,峰值增高.在常规高灌溉量处理硝态氮含量峰值最高值出现在260～300 cm土层,节水25%灌溉处理硝态氮含量峰值最高值出现在土壤表层0～20 cm土层.在常规高灌溉量处理0～300 cm土层中200～300土层硝态氮累积量所占比例最高,介于27.56%～51.86%之间;节水25%灌溉处理在0～300 cm土层中100～200土层硝态氮累积量所占比例最高,介于32.94%～38.07%之间;表明低灌溉处理下土壤硝态氮在土壤浅层累积较多,而高灌溉处理使更多的硝态氮淋溶至土壤深层.与2006年相比,2007年不施氮处理0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量和积累量均明显减少;而施氮处理变化很小,在低灌溉处理甚至表现出硝态氮含量和积累量增加,表明施氮是土壤硝态氮累积的主要来源,而灌溉则使硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶.0～200 cm 土层土壤硝态氮累积量平均介于27.66～116.68 kg hm-2、氮素表观损失量平均介于77.35～260.96 kg hm-2,和施氮量均呈线性相关,即随施氮量增加,土壤硝态氮累积量和氮素表观损失量均增加,相关系数R2介于0.79～0.99之间,相关均显著.随施氮量增加,玉米总吸氮量和氮收获指数增加,氮的农学利用率降低,而灌溉的影响较小.施氮量超过225 kg hm-2时,地上部植株氮肥吸收利用率和籽粒氮肥吸收利用率开始有降低趋势.所以,在沙地农田,节水10%～25%的灌溉水平和225 kg hm-2的施氮水平可以在避免水肥过量投入的基础上减少土壤有机氮淋溶对地下水造成的污染威胁.