小麦几丁质酶基因Wch2的克隆与表达分析

利用小麦几丁质酶基因PCR特异片段为探针,分离克隆了一个小麦Chidl几丁质酶基因Wch2。该基因编码311个氨基酸,不含内含子,具有一个信号肽、一个富含半胱氨酸的几丁质结合区域、两个变异区、两个酶活性区域。Southern分析表明,在小麦基因组中Wch2有多个拷贝。秆锈菌接种诱导Wch2在一对小麦近等基因系中差异表达;在抗病系中国春Srll中,接种3d后Wch2开始表达,6d后表达量更高;而在感病等基因系中国春srll中,在所有取样分析的时间内均未检测到Wch2表达。将Wch2克隆到细菌表达载体pET22b,在细菌中表达的重组Wch2具有几丁质酶活性。这些结果说明,分离的Wch2基因在小麦秆锈菌诱导的抗性反应中具有重要作用。     

小麦耐逆基因-TaLEA2转化拟南芥的研究

研究小麦第3组LEA基因中T aLEA2对耐旱和耐盐性能的影响.将小麦第3组LEA基因T aLEA2连接在双元表达载体pB I121 C aM V 35S启动子下游,构建了能在植物中高效表达的载体pB I121-T aLEA2.通过农杆菌介导的真空渗透法,将其转入野生拟南芥中,经抗性筛选及PCR验证,获得T0代转基因植株,并用不同浓度的PEG 4000和N aC l对转基因拟南芥的耐逆性进行检测.结果表明,这些转基因植株可明显改进拟南芥在10%PEG及0.8%N aC l培养基上的生长状态.在实验条件下,转基因拟南芥的耐旱性及耐盐性均有所提高,提示T aLEA2基因在植物水分调节方面有重要作用.     

转PcRS基因拟南芥的抗炭疽病研究

为确定虎杖(Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.)白藜芦醇合酶基因PcRS(Polygonum cuspidatum resveratrol synthase)提高植物抗病性的有效性,以转PcRS基因拟南芥为材料,对其进行了分子鉴定和抗炭疽病(Colletotrichum higginsianum)研究。利用Southern blot和Northern blot验证了外源PcRS基因在转基因拟南芥基因组中的整合和表达。对经过选育得到的T3代纯合株系进行离体的抗病性试验。转基因拟南芥甲醇提取物对炭疽病菌具有明显抑制作用。进一步采用点滴法接种生长4周的转基因拟南芥离体叶片,与野生型植株相比,转基因植株叶片坏死斑直径和坏死斑上的孢子数目都显著减少,表明转基因拟南芥通过抑制孢子的繁殖来限制炭疽病菌的定植,从而提高转基因植株对炭疽病的抗性。     

RNA干涉AtSUS3影响拟南芥SUS家族表达模式及角果成熟

蔗糖合成酶（SuSy）是植物蔗糖代谢的关键酶,在植物生长发育过程中起着重要作用.为研究拟南芥中SUS3的功能,构建RNAi-SUS3干涉载体,通过农杆菌介导的真空渗透法转化拟南芥.筛选获得纯系转基因植株后,对AtSUS家族进行表达分析,利用环境扫描电子显微镜观察转基因植株表型,并对转基因拟南芥角果进行木质素组织化学染色以及透射电子显微镜检测.结果表明,RNA干涉技术能够抑制AtSUS3的表达,正常培养条件下该基因沉默后对拟南芥的表型没有显著影响,但可引起角果中AtSUS1,AtSUS2和AtSUS4表达代偿性增加,使转基因植株角果内果皮层细胞次生细胞壁增厚,木质化程度加深,同时果瓣厚度也有增加趋势.结果提示,转基因拟南芥角果的发育较野生型植株更为优先,AtSUS3基因沉默可能有利于角果的成熟.     

转基因玉米中目的基因的遗传表达及其抗病性研究

采用花粉介导方法将几丁质酶基因和潮霉素基因导入玉米(Zea maysL.)自交系海92-1中,以筛选抗玉米丝黑穗病的转基因品种.对转化植株及其后代植株的PCR、Southern blot检测表明,目的基因已导入转化植株并整合到其基因组中,且能够稳定遗传.ELISA分析证明转基因植株中目的基因可高效表达,表达产物量在9.8~16.3 ng?g-1鲜叶左右.统计分析显示,目的基因产物表达水平与转基因植株的抗病性呈极显著正相关(r=0.925,P<0.01).接种病毒鉴定结果揭示转基因株系的抗病性比对照提高3~4级.结合农艺性状筛选,选育到401、403这2个抗丝黑穗病且其它农艺性状优良的转基因纯合株系.     

山葡萄CBF基因表达载体构建及对拟南芥根生长的影响

为了研究山葡萄CBF基因调节植物对盐胁迫的应答机理,分别构建了山葡萄Va CBF1、Va CBF2和Va CBF3的植物过表达载体。经酶切及琼脂糖电泳检测证实3个基因均插入到p BASTA中,表明表达载体构建成功。然后,分别将3个植物过表达载体转入农杆菌EHA105中,并通过浸花法浸染拟南芥。利用除草剂筛选获得3个基因的拟南芥过表达株系。最后,对野生型拟南芥与转基因拟南芥进行盐胁迫处理,发现OE-CBF2转基因植株的主根伸长长度显著长于其它植株,3个转基因株系的侧根长度也明显长于野生型植株。上述结果表明山葡萄CBF基因可能在植物盐胁迫中对根部生长发育起到非常重要的调控作用。     

转ZjAPX基因拟南芥对NaCl、干旱胁迫的耐性研究

旨在探讨枣树抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因ZjAPX在植物渗透胁迫中的作用。将ZjAPX基因转入到模式植物拟南芥,以野生型(WT)、转ZjAPX拟南芥株系T2为试材,进行不同浓度NaCl胁迫和干旱胁迫。结果表明,转基因株系的种子萌发、植株生长均优于野生型株系;荧光定量PCR检测转基因拟南芥植株在干旱和盐胁迫处理10 d后目的基因ZjAPX的表达量显著高于野生拟南芥,表明ZjAPX的高表达明显提高了植株的抗旱和耐盐性。     

大豆转录因子GmC2H2基因转化拟南芥效果分析

GmC2H2转录因子基因是本实验室获得的一个编码172个氨基酸携带516bp核苷酸的转录因子,属于经典C2H2型锌指蛋白.通过构建植物表达载体GmC2H2-pCAMBIA1304,借助优化的Floral-dip法转化模式植物拟南芥,经潮霉素Hygromycine( 45-50 mg/L)抗性筛选获得转基因拟南芥植株.GUS组织染色分析表明,GmC2H2基因在生长12d的转基因拟南芥幼苗中,表达部位主要集中在根部.对转基因拟南芥进行了低温(1℃)和脱落酸(200 μmol/L)胁迫处理,测定其生理生化指标,通过real-time qPCR确定目的基因在转基因拟南芥中的表达情况.结果表明,携带GmC2H2目的基因的转基因拟南芥中脯氨酸和可溶性糖水平要高于野生型植株,而丙二醛水平要低于野生型,在抗逆性方面明显优于野生型拟南芥植株;并且胁迫处理下的转基因拟南芥中GmC2H2基因的表达量要高于未胁迫处理的转基因植株,说明GmC2H2基因的表达受低温和ABA的诱导,初步明确了该转录因子基因的功能.     

一种新型几丁质酶基因LcChi2在转基因水稻中的功能分析

LcChi2是从羊草中克隆获得的一种新型几丁质酶基因,生物信息学分析表明该基因表达一个Ⅱ类几丁质酶,属于19家族。在双子叶模式植物烟草中过表达该基因表现为抗真菌病害的生物学功能提高,然而在单子叶植物中是否具有抗病功能至今未知。以吉林省主栽水稻品种吉粳88为供试材料,构建了含LcChi2基因和除草剂筛选标记Bar基因的双价植物表达载体,利用农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法成功获得LcChi2和Bar基因过表达的转基因水稻。T_1代转基因水稻的PCR、RT-PCR和几丁质酶活性检测结果表明LcChi2基因已成功整合到水稻基因组中,并且表达产物表现出较高的外源几丁质酶活性;稻瘟病活体接种实验结果证明该基因显著提高了水稻的抗病性;抗除草剂鉴定结果表明获得的转基因水稻新材料同时具有除草剂抗性。研究结果证明LcChi2基因可有效提高单子叶植物的抗病性,该基因在利用现代生物技术开展抗病作物遗传改良方面具有重要的应用价值。     

几丁质酶及其在抗真菌病基因工程中的应用

真菌病是作物减产的主要原因之一。而植物界大量存在具有离体抑制真菌生长增殖能力的蛋白质,相应基因在转基因植株中表达,可使这些植物产生抗真菌能力。几丁质酶就是其中之一,它能催化几丁质水解,从而抑制真菌的生长增殖。随着对其作用机理、生化特性、表达调控的深入研究,几丁质酶基因转化植株显示出很高的抗真菌能力,正日益成为植物真菌病防治的新途径。围绕几丁质酶在抗真菌病基因工程中的应用,本文对几丁质酶的活性底物,     

Introduction and constitutive expression of a rice chitinase gene in bread wheat using biolistic bombardment and the bar gene as a selectable marker

 Our long-term goal is to control wheat diseases through the enhancement of host plant resistance. The constitutive expression of plant defense genes to control fungal diseases can be engineered by genetic transformation. Our experimental strategy was to biolistically transform wheat with a vector DNA containing a rice chitinase gene under the control of the CaMV 35 S promoter and the bar gene under control of the ubiquitin promoter as a selectable marker. Immature embryos of wheat cv ‘Bobwhite’ were bombarded with plasmid pAHG11 containing the rice chitinase gene chi11 and the bar gene. The embryos were subcultured on MS2 medium containing the herbicide bialaphos. Calli were then transferred to a regeneration medium, also containing bialaphos. Seventeen herbicide-resistant putative transformants (T₀) were selected after spraying with 0.2% Liberty, of which 16 showed bar gene expression as determined by the phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) assay. Of the 17 plants, 12 showed the expected 35-kDa rice chitinase as revealed by Western blot analysis. The majority of transgenic plants were morphologically normal and self-fertile. The integration, inheritance and expression of the chi11 and bar genes were confirmed by Southern hybridization, PAT and Western blot analysis of T₀ and T₁ transgenic plants. Mendelian segregation of herbicide resistance was observed in some T₁ progenies. Interestingly, a majority of the T₁ progeny had very little or no chitinase expression even though the chitinase transgene was intact. Because PAT gene expression under control of the ubiquitin promoter was unaffected, we conclude that the CaMV 35 S promoter is selectively inactivated in T₁ transgenic wheat plants. Received: 12 May 1998 / Accepted: 15 May 1998     

Development of transgenic finger millet (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eleusine coracana</Emphasis> (L.) Gaertn.) resistant to leaf blast disease

Finger millet plants conferring resistance to leaf blast disease have been developed by inserting a rice chitinase (chi11) gene through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Plasmid pHyg-Chi.11 harbouring the rice chitinase gene under the control of maize ubiquitin promoter was introduced into finger millet using Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 (pSB1). Transformed plants were selected and regenerated on hygromycin-supplemented medium. Transient expression of transgene was confirmed by GUS histochemical staining. The incorporation of rice chitinase gene in R₀ and R₁ progenies was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analyses. Expression of chitinase gene in finger millet was confirmed by Western blot analysis with a barley chitinase antibody. A leaf blast assay was also performed by challenging the transgenic plants with spores of Pyricularia grisea. The frequency of transient expression was 16.3% to 19.3%. Stable frequency was 3.5% to 3.9%. Southern blot analysis confirmed the integration of 3.1 kb chitinase gene. Western blot analysis detected the presence of 35 kDa chitinase enzyme. Chitinase activity ranged from 19.4 to 24.8. In segregation analysis, the transgenic R₁ lines produced three resistant and one sensitive for hygromycin, confirming the normal Mendelian pattern of transgene segregation. Transgenic plants showed high level of resistance to leaf blast disease compared to control plants. This is the first study reporting the introduction of rice chitinase gene into finger millet for leaf blast resistance.     

Overexpression of the wheat salt tolerance-related gene TaSC enhances salt tolerance in Arabidopsis

A novel gene named TaSC was cloned from salt-tolerant wheat. Northern blot showed that the expression of TaSC in salt-tolerant wheat was up-regulated after salt stress. Real-time quantitative PCR analyses showed that TaSC expression was induced by salt and ABA in wheat. Localization analysis showed that TaSC proteins were localized to the plasma membrane in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. The overexpression of TaSC in Col-0 and atsc (SALK_072220) Arabidopsis strains resulted in increased salt tolerance of the transgenic plants. TaSC overexpression in Col-0 and atsc signi?cantly up-regulated the expression of AtFRY1, AtSAD1, and AtCDPK2. AtCDPK2 overexpression in atsc rescued the salt-sensitive phenotype of atsc. The TaSC gene may improve plant salt tolerance by acting via the CDPK pathway.     

Introduction and constitutive expression of a tobacco hornworm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Manduca sexta</Emphasis>) chitinase gene in soybean

Summary Embryogenic soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultures were transformed with a Manduca sexta chitinase (msc) gene using microprojectile bombardment. A 1.7 kb DNA fragment encoding a tobacco hornworm chitinase was cloned into the rice transformation vector pGL2, under the control of the maize ubiquitin promoter and linked to the hpt gene as a selectable marker. After bombardment, hygromycin-resistant tissues were isolated and cultured to give rise to clones of transgenic material. Four hygromycin-resistant clones were converted into plants. Two clones were positive for the msc gene via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analysis. The integration inheritance, and expression of transgenes were confirmed by molecular analysis of transgenic soybean plants. Progeny analysis showed that the introduced genes were inherited and segregated in a 3:1 Mendelian fashion. DNA blot experiments and progeny inheritance analysis indicated that the plants contained several copies of the msc gene and that the insertion occurred at a single locus. Northern blotting analysis confirmed the expression of the transgenes. Western blot analysis of transgenic plants and their progeny revealed the presence of a protein with a molecular weight of 48kDa that reacted with the Manduca sexta antibody. Progeny from the chitinase-positive plants were tested for their resistance to the soybean cyst nematode. Plants expressing the insect chitinase did not manifest enhanced resistance to the soybean cyst nematode.     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of indica rice with chitinase gene for enhanced sheath blight resistance

Four rice indica genotypes of local importance were transformed with RC7, rice chitinase cDNA clone through Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer method using mature seed derived calli as explants. The putative hygromycin resistant calli showed varied level of regeneration efficiency ranging from 2.0 to 7.6 %. The stable integration and expression of RC7 was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western analysis. Transformation efficiency ranged from 0.9 to 5.2 %. The expression of RC7 (35 kDa chitinase) in different tissues of transgenic plant (root, sheath and leaf) was proved through Western analysis and in terms of increased chitinase activity. The inheritance of transgene was studied through PCR and Western analysis in transgenic plants of Pusa Basmati 1. Bioassays with transgenic plants of local cultivars exhibited enhanced resistance up to 33.3 % to rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani under glasshouse conditions. Enhanced expression or 3-to 4-fold increased activity of chitinase in transgenic plants was correlated with sheath blight resistance.     

Transformation of peanut using a modified bacterial mercuric ion reductase gene driven by an actin promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana

In order to test an alternative selectable marker system for the production of transgenic peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea), the bacterial mercuric ion reductase gene, merA, was introduced into embryogenic cultures via microprojectile bombardment. MerA reduces toxic Hg(II) to the volatile and less toxic metallic mercury molecule, Hg(0), and renders its source Gram-negative bacterium mercury resistant. A codon-modified version of the merA gene, MerApe9, was cloned into a plant expression cassette containing the ACT2 promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana and the NOS terminator. The expression cassette also was inserted into a second vector containing the hygromycin resistance gene driven by the UBI3 promoter from potato. Stable transgenic plants were recovered through hygromycin-based selection from somatic embryo tissues bombarded with the plasmid containing both genes. However, no transgenic somatic embryos were recovered from selection on 50-100 micromol/L HgCl2. Expression of merA as mRNA was detected by Northern blot analysis in leaf tissues of transgenic peanut, but not in somatic embryos. Western blot analysis showed the production of the mercuric ion reductase protein in leaf tissues. Differential responses to HgCl2 of embryo-derived explants from segregating R1 seeds of one transgenic line also were observed.