植物高光效基因工程育种

C₄植物所具有的C₄光合途径赋予其较高的光合作用效率,而一些主要的农作物如水稻、小麦、大豆等均为C₃作物,光合效率低下。随着生物技术的发展,通过基因工程手段利用C₄光合特性来改善C₃植物的光合效率进而提高其生物产量逐渐成为植物高光效育种的一个研究热点。综述了目前这一领域的研究进展及存在问题,预测了这一领域的发展前景。     

基因工程在农作物育种上研发应用新进展

以文献调研结果为依据,概述了基因工程的基本概念与基本模式,外源DNA导入的方式与表达的条件;应用基因工程培育优质、高产、抗病、抗虫、抗除草剂与抗逆性强农作物品种的进展;预测并展望了基因工程在实现农业现代化目标中的作用、开发应用重点与前景。     

我国杂交水稻基因工程育种策略探讨

杂交水稻在我国水稻及粮食生产中占有突出地位 ,基因工程可在杂交水稻育种中发挥重要作用。针对杂交水稻育种存在的主要问题 ,指出应将优质、抗虫和抗病作为当前基因工程育种的研究重点。同时提出基因工程育种与常规育种紧密结合 ,优质基因工程着重改良保持系及聚合转基因等策略 ,以培育出超高产优质抗病虫转基因聚合杂交稻新组合。     

玉米遗传育种过程中运用基因工程概论

本文介绍了转基因玉米的转化途径,主要有农杆菌介导转化法、基因枪法、花粉管通道法、碳化硅纤维介导法等,并分析了抗虫转基因玉米、抗除草剂玉米、利用转基因玉米作载体生产特殊蛋白等转基因玉米的种类。     

观赏植物花色基因工程研究进展

花色是观赏植物的重要性状,创造新花色是花卉育种的主要目标之一。基因工程技术在观赏植物花色育种上可弥补传统育种技术的缺陷,因此它在花色育种方面的研究和应用发展迅速。本文从花的成色作用和花色素种类人手,介绍了花色苷的生物合成,并从花色基因的种类和克隆、花色基因工程操作的策略和方法等角度综述了近年来观赏植物花色基因工程的研究进展。同时对我国观赏植物花色基因工程的前景作一展望。     

用基因工程培育月季新品种

月季花因其品种繁多、花色艳丽、持续开花等特性而深受世界人民的喜爱。为不断培育新的月季品种,通常采用播种、嫁接和扦插等方法。播种多用于培育新品种;嫁接与扦插可保持品种特性。自从17世纪初以来,园艺育种家们又在这些传统育种方法的基础上,采用了突变体育种和天然突变体(芽变)选择相结合的方法,从而培育出了我们今天所见到的大量、新奇的月季花品种。     

动物抗病毒基因工程育种研究

动物抗病毒基因工程育种研究涂长春（解放军农牧大学研究所,解放军基因工程实验室）长春１３００１２虽然动物传染病可以采用捕杀、免疫、药疗加以控制,但仍造成巨大的经济损失。而育种专家也未放弃过培育抗病动物品系的努力,并获得一些抗病性确有提高的动物新品系。但是传统的育种方法费时,且效果不显著。随着基因转移技术的出现和发展,人们在动物抗病育种研究中开始探索新的途径。     

植物抗寒基因工程研究进展

温度是影响植物分布、产量及品质的重要环境因素,提高植物抗寒性对农业生产具有重要的意义.近年来,随着基因工程的发展,对植物的抗寒机理进行了深入的研究,并克隆了许多与抗寒相关的基因.本文从膜稳定性、抗氧化酶活性、抗冻蛋白、低温信号转录因子和渗透调节物质等方面对植物耐冷性基因工程研究进展进行了分析、归纳与总结,旨在为植物抗寒机理研究及植物抗寒育种提供参考.     

利用转基因技术培育抗病虫水稻进展中的问题与对策

近年来,转基因技术在水稻抗病、虫育种的研究得到广泛开展。人们利用转基因手段,已获得一批对病、虫害有一定抗性的水稻植株。并利用这些抗性植株转育得到了一批具有应用潜力的籼、粳稻栽培品系。但要将这些品系真正应用于商品化生产仍有一段距离。针对国内外在这一领域的研究进展作一简单介绍,并就水稻抗虫、抗病分子育种中存在的问题发表一些看法,同时提出解决这些问题的初步思路。     

基因工程创制油菜种子基生物燃油的关键技术

生物基燃料的开发研究对保证我国能源安全、改善生态环境都有重要意义。通过系统的基因工程改良创制“能源油菜”,作为生物柴油主要原料,是我国可再生能源战略推进的明智选择。分析了油菜作为生物柴油原料的优势及尚需解决的问题,根据相关领域研究趋势和我国现有基础,提出了油菜种子基生物能源发展的战略构想和重点研究方向:1.进一步提高产量、含油量以提高单位面积产油量。2.利用油菜种子作为口服疫苗等高值蛋白产物生物反应器,提高油菜种子蛋白质部分价值,降低综合生产成本。3.基因工程提高油菜抗逆性和生态适应性,利用海涂、荒坡等非农业用地,解决大规模发展油菜种子质基生物柴油原料种植所需土地问题。4.通过特种脂肪酸组分定向基因调控技术,培育高品位生物柴油专用油菜品种。     

Genetic modification of lignin biosynthesis for improved biofuel production

The energy in cellulosic biomass largely resides in plant cell walls. Cellulosic biomass is more difficult than starch to break down into sugars because of the presence of lignin and the complex structure of cell walls. Transgenic down-regulation of major lignin genes led to reduced lignin content, increased dry matter degradability, and improved accessibility of cellulases for cellulose degradation. This review provides background information on lignin biosynthesis and focuses on genetic manipulation of lignin genes in important monocot species as well as the dicot potential biofuel crop alfalfa. Reduction of lignin in biofuel crops by genetic engineering is likely one of the most effective ways of reducing costs associated with pretreatment and hydrolysis of cellulosic feedstocks, although some potential fitness issues should also be addressed.     

The history of tomato: From domestication to biopharming

Imported from the Andean region to Europe in the 16th century, today tomato is widespread throughout the world and represents the most economically important vegetable crop worldwide. Tomato is not only traded in the fresh market but is also used in the processing industry in soups, as paste, concentrate, juice, and ketchup. It is an incredible source of important nutrients such as lycopene, β-carotene and vitamin C, which all have positive impacts on human health. Its production and consumption is increasing with population growth. In this review, we report how tomato was already domesticated by the ancient Incan and Aztec civilizations, and how it came to Europe, where its breeding history started. The development of genetic, molecular biology and plant biotechnology have opened the doors towards the modern genetic engineering of tomato. The different goals of tomato genetic engineering are presented, as well as examples of successfully engineered tomatoes in terms of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and fruit quality. The development of GM tomato for biopharming is also described.     

典型环境污染物修复基因工程菌的构建及应用

随着人类活动的增加,对有机物和重金属的应用越来越广泛,同时造成的环境污染程度越来越严重.综述了石油、农药、表面活性剂及重金属类污染物治理中基因工程菌的构建及应用的研究进展,指出利用基因工程菌解决环境中的石油、农药、表面活性剂及重金属的污染问题已成为环境污染修复领域的研究热点,并提出基因工程菌的构建及应用过程中的难点及发展趋势.     

矮牵牛育种研究进展

从常规育种、基因工程育种、体细胞育种和单倍体育种4个方面评述了矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida Vilm.)育种研究进展.国外对矮牵牛育种研究较多,新品种面世推陈出新,国内对其研究则较为薄弱.其常规育种最为成功,不断有新品种推出,基因工程育种也取得了一定成就,已有新品种面世,而体细胞育种及单倍体育种尚无新品种产生,但对这两种方法在育种上应用的可能性和前景作出了一定探索.     

Antibody-mediated resistance against plant pathogens

Plant diseases have a significant impact on the yield and quality of crops. Many strategies have been developed to combat plant diseases, including the transfer of resistance genes to crops by conventional breeding. However, resistance genes can only be introgressed from sexually-compatible species, so breeders need alternative measures to introduce resistance traits from more distant sources. In this context, genetic engineering provides an opportunity to exploit diverse and novel forms of resistance, e.g. the use of recombinant antibodies targeting plant pathogens. Native antibodies, as a part of the vertebrate adaptive immune system, can bind to foreign antigens and eliminate them from the body. The ectopic expression of antibodies in plants can also interfere with pathogen activity to confer disease resistance. With sufficient knowledge of the pathogen life cycle, it is possible to counter any disease by designing expression constructs so that pathogen-specific antibodies accumulate at high levels in appropriate sub-cellular compartments. Although first developed to tackle plant viruses and still used predominantly for this purpose, antibodies have been targeted against a diverse range of pathogens as well as proteins involved in plant–pathogen interactions. Here we comprehensively review the development and implementation of antibody-mediated disease resistance in plants.