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1.
宁波地区烟粉虱及其寄生蜂调查   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)是重要的世界性害虫之一,对农业生产造成了严重的危害.利用天敌对烟粉虱进行生物防治已经成为研究重点.本文于2007年6月至2008年11月对宁波地区不同寄主作物上烟粉虱虫口数量及其寄生蜂种类进行了调查.结果查得烟粉虱寄生蜂共7种,它们是恩蚜小蜂属Encarsm Forster的浅黄恩蚜小蜂En.sophia、日本恩蚜小蜂En.japonica、丽蚜小蜂En.formosa、黄盾恩蚜小蜂En.smithi和桨角蚜小蜂属Eretmocerus Haldeman的蒙氏桨角蚜小蜂Er.mundus、狄氏桨角蚜小蜂Er.debachi、盾黑桨角蚜小蜂Er.melanoscutus,其中优势种为浅黄恩蚜小蜂En.sophia、蒙氏桨角蚜小蜂Er.mundus和狄氏桨角蚜小蜂Er.debachi,这3种寄生蜂分别占收集到寄生蜂总数量的35.89%、49.66%和11.01%;此外,田间十字花科蔬菜上的烟粉虱虫13数量最高峰在2007年12月,自然寄生率最高峰在2008年10月,寄生率可达到13.86%;田间黄瓜上的烟粉虱虫口数量最高峰出现在2007年11月,自然寄生率最高峰在2007年8月,寄生率可达到8.22%;田间茄子上的烟粉虱虫口数量高峰出现在2007年7月和9月及2008年10月,自然寄生率高峰出现在2007年7月和9月及2008年9月,分别达到13.25%,10.30%和5.92%.  相似文献   

2.
双斑恩蚜小蜂和桨角蚜小蜂是华南地区烟粉虱的两种优势种寄生蜂。本文研究了两种寄生蜂对不同龄期烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择特性。结果表明:两种寄生蜂均可寄生烟粉虱的1~4龄若虫。当只有1个龄期的烟粉虱若虫存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂更多地寄生3龄和4龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和2龄若虫;而桨角蚜小蜂则更多地寄生3龄和2龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和4龄若虫。在4个龄期若虫同时存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂会明显增加对3龄和4龄若虫的产卵寄生,降低对1龄和2龄若虫的寄生;而桨角蚜小蜂则增加对2龄和3龄若虫的寄生,减少对1龄和4龄若虫的寄生。寄主植物的差异不影响这二种蚜小蜂对各龄期烟粉虱若虫的产卵选择倾向。结果提示,烟粉虱若虫3龄和4龄是双斑恩蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主,而桨角蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主是烟粉虱2龄和3龄若虫。  相似文献   

3.
双斑恩蚜小蜂和桨角蚜小蜂是华南地区烟粉虱的两种优势种寄生蜂。本文研究了两种寄生蜂对不同龄期烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择特性。结果表明: 两种寄生蜂均可寄生烟粉虱的1~4龄若虫。当只有1个龄期的烟粉虱若虫存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂更多地寄生3龄和4龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和2龄若虫;而桨角蚜小蜂则更多地寄生3龄和2龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和4龄若虫。在4个龄期若虫同时存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂会明显增加对3龄和4龄若虫的产卵寄生,降低对1龄和2龄若虫的寄生;而桨角蚜小蜂则增加对2龄和3龄若虫的寄生,减少对1龄和4龄若虫的寄生。寄主植物的差异不影响这二种蚜小蜂对各龄期烟粉虱若虫的产卵选择倾向。结果提示,烟粉虱若虫3龄和4龄是双斑恩蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主,而桨角蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主是烟粉虱2龄和3龄若虫。  相似文献   

4.
寄生烟粉虱的桨角蚜小蜂新记录种   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
记述寄生烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)的桨角蚜小蜂属Eretmocerus Haldeman 4个中国新记录种:酋长桨角蚜小蜂E.emiratus,占桥桨角蚜小蜂E.furuhashii,海氏桨角蚜小蜂E.hayati和刻盾桨角蚜小蜂E$CUlpturatus,以及1个大陆新记录种:黑盾桨角蚜小蜂E.melanoscutus.另外,还提供了中国桨角蚜小蜂属分种检索表.  相似文献   

5.
海氏桨角蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂是烟粉虱的重要天敌,为更有效地发挥其控害作用,在大棚条件下评估了这两种寄生蜂在种内及种间竞争时对单雌寄生率及对烟粉虱的控害潜能的影响。结果显示:种间竞争导致丽蚜小蜂的单雌寄生率显著降低,而对海氏桨角蚜小蜂无显著影响,种内竞争对两种寄生蜂的单雌寄生率均无显著影响。与单头蜂对烟粉虱的致死率比较,两头蜂在夹叶笼内对烟粉虱的致死率无显著差异,表明两种蜂的种内和种间竞争作用对寄生蜂的控害潜能有干扰作用。  相似文献   

6.
利用黄板监测烟粉虱及其寄生蜂的种群动态   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
研究了黄板不同放置高度、不同时间内对日光棚室内番茄上烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)及其寄生蜂种群的诱集监测效果。结果表明,在同一时间内以黄板上部与植株顶部持平的高度悬挂的黄板对烟粉虱和蚜小蜂的诱集效果最好,其次是以黄板上部与植株中部持平的高度悬挂的黄板,当黄板的底部高出植株顶部30 cm时对烟粉虱及其蚜小蜂的诱集效果最差。在5~10月份,随着季节的变化,同一位置的黄板对烟粉虱及蚜小蜂的诱集数量逐渐增加。调查发现,番茄上烟粉虱的寄生蜂主要为桨角蚜小蜂属EretmocerusHaldeman和恩蚜小蜂属EncarsiaF erster,2个属的蚜小蜂在季节上呈互补之势,因此总体上蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的寄生率在5~10月之间呈不断上升的趋势。  相似文献   

7.
粉虱寄生蜂种类的调查与鉴定   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
通过采集调查、室内饲养和鉴定,初步获得福建省部分地区粉虱寄生蜂22种,隶属于蚜小蜂科Aphelinidae的恩蚜小蜂属Encarsia Foerster(19种)和桨角蚜小蜂属Eretmocerus Haldeman(2种),以及广腹细蜂科Platygasteridae的Amitus(1种)。  相似文献   

8.
通过对广东省试验林区内松突圆蚧Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi及其本地种寄生蜂友恩蚜小蜂Encarsia amicula Viggiani et Ren林间空间分布型和种群消长动态的调查研究发现:两者空间分布型相吻合,都为均匀分布;两者在林间全年种群消长曲线均呈"S"型变化。松突圆蚧种群密度高峰期出现在3月下旬至4月下旬,友恩蚜小蜂种群密度高峰期则分别出现在2月下旬和4月下旬至5月中旬。另外友恩蚜小蜂对松突圆蚧的寄生率全年共出现2个高峰期,分别是2月下旬和4月下旬至6月上旬。结果表明,友恩蚜小蜂和寄主松突圆蚧在林间时空发生规律具有高度一致性。  相似文献   

9.
【背景】近年来"Q"烟粉虱在我国快速扩张,已成为农业生产上的一种重要入侵害虫。由于化学农药的大量使用,"Q"烟粉虱已对多种农药产生高抗药性,保护和利用天敌昆虫对其进行控制具有重要意义。【方法】本文在室内研究了近年引入我国的海氏桨角蚜小蜂对不同龄期"Q"烟粉虱若虫的取食和寄生能力。【结果】各龄期的"Q"烟粉虱若虫均可被海氏桨角蚜小蜂取食和寄生。在48h内,寄生蜂取食1、2、3、4龄烟粉虱若虫的数量分别为10.7、6.4、6.7、5.0头,呈现随龄期增大取食数量下降的趋势;海氏桨角蚜小蜂对不同龄期烟粉虱若虫的寄生能力存在明显差异,其更偏好寄生2、3龄若虫(25.4和27.5头),其次是1龄若虫(22.1头),而寄生4龄粉虱的数量最低(16.5头)。【结论与意义】寄主龄期对海氏桨角蚜小蜂的取食和寄生能力具有显著影响。综合来看,该寄生蜂表现出对"Q"烟粉虱较好的生物防治潜能,是防治烟粉虱的理想寄生性天敌昆虫。  相似文献   

10.
【目的】就不同食物对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)寄生蜂取食、寄生等行为的影响进行分析,以阐明食物或营养来源对蚜小蜂取食、寄生等生物学行为的影响机制。【方法】以古桥桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus furuhashii、丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa和双斑恩蚜小蜂Encarsia bimaculata为研究对象,分别以蜂蜜水、2~3龄烟粉虱若虫及清水进行饲喂,观察和研究分析3种食物来源对3种蚜小蜂取食与寄生等行为的影响。【结果】3种蚜小蜂均以取食15%蜂蜜水的蚜小蜂的取食、搜索与寄生等行为频次最高、分配时间最长,而取食清水的蚜小蜂取食、搜索与寄生等行为频次最低、分配时间最短;取食不同食物后,3种蚜小蜂各种行为的变化趋势一致。【结论】不同食物或营养来源对蚜小蜂的取食及寄生等行为有着显著的影响,进而可以影响到蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的生物防治效率。  相似文献   

11.
Host-parasite interactions between whiteflies and their parasitoids   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
There is relatively little information available concerning the physiological and biochemical interactions between whiteflies and their parasitoids. In this report, we describe interactions between aphelinid parasitoids and their aleyrodid hosts that we have observed in four host-parasite systems: Bemisia tabaci/Encarsia formosa, Trialeurodes vaporariorum/E. formosa, B. tabaci/Eretmocerus mundus, and T. lauri/Encarsia scapeata. In the absence of reported polydnavirus and teratocytes, these parasitoids probably inject and/or produce compounds that interfere with the host immune response and also manipulate host development to suit their own needs. In addition, parasitoids must coordinate their own development with that of their host. Although eggs are deposited under all four instars of B. tabaci, Eretmocerus larvae only penetrate 4th instar B. tabaci nymphs. A pre-penetrating E. mundus first instar was capable of inducing permanent developmental arrest in its host, and upon penetration stimulated its host to produce a capsule (epidermal in origin) in which the parasitoid larva developed. T. vaporariorum and B. tabaci parasitized by E. formosa initiated adult development, and, on occasion, produced abnormal adult wings and eyes. In these systems, the site of parasitoid oviposition depended on the host species, occurring within or pressing into the ventral ganglion in T. vaporariorum and at various locations in B. tabaci. E. formosa's final larval molt is cued by the initiation of adult development in its host. In the T. lauri-E. scapeata system, both the host whitefly and the female parasitoid diapause during most of the year, i.e., from June until the middle of February (T. lauri) or from May until the end of December (E. scapeata). It appears that the growth and development of the insects are directed by the appearance of new, young foliage on Arbutus andrachne, the host tree. When adult female parasitoids emerged in the spring, they laid unfertilized male-producing eggs in whiteflies containing a female parasitoid [autoparasitism (development of male larvae utilizing female parasitoid immatures for nutrition)]. Upon hatching, these male larvae did not diapause, but initiated development, and the adult males that emerged several weeks later mated with available females to produce the next generation of parasitoid females. Thus, the interactions that exist between whiteflies and their parasitoids are complex and can be quite diverse in the various host-parasitoid systems.  相似文献   

12.
Three field trials were conducted at Namulonge Agricultural and Animal Production Research Institute to investigate the population dynamics of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and its associated aphelinid parasitoids in Uganda. Results showed that more whitefly occurred on the cassava mosaic disease-resistant variety, (Nase 4) compared to the susceptible variety, (Ebwanatereka). Two species of aphelinid parasitoids, Eretmocerus mundus Mercet and Encarsia sophia Girault and Dodd, were identified during the study. Overall percent parasitism did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between varieties in all the trials, but significant differences occurred at 13, 15 and 21 weeks after planting during late season (2000), 18 weeks after planting during early season (2001), and 8 weeks after planting during late season (2001). The trends in the build up in numbers of both parasitoids species and apparent parasitism were similar, differed significantly on certain dates. It was, however, noted that percent parasitism decreased with nymph number. The significance of this phenomenon on the potential use of these aphelinid parasitoids as biocontrol agents of the cassava whitefly is discussed.  相似文献   

13.
蚜小蜂Bemisia tabaci是烟粉虱的重要天敌, 其中双斑恩蚜小蜂Encarsia bimaculata, 丽蚜小蜂E. formosa以及浅黄恩蚜小蜂E. sophia是国内烟粉虱寄生蜂3个优势种。本研究以采自中国华南、 华东、 华北、 西南地区以及马来西亚、 埃及的E. bimaculata、 E. formosa和E. sophia 3个优势种的8个不同地理种群为研究对象, 对其28S rRNA D2和D3扩展区序列进行了测定和分析。结果表明: Encarsia属的恩蚜小蜂其28S rRNA D2和D3序列在种间水平上高度保守; 与丽蚜小蜂相比, 双斑蚜小蜂与浅黄恩蚜小蜂在遗传关系上更为接近。依据28S rRNA和D2序列的系统发育分析结果显示, 同一种的蚜小蜂其种内也存在一定的遗传分化, 比如中国广东的浅黄恩蚜小蜂种群与澳大利亚、 西班牙、 埃及和埃塞俄比亚的浅黄恩蚜小蜂种群接近, 而与泰国的种群的亲缘关系则较远。在系统发育树上, 来自不同国家的(苏丹、 埃及和危地马拉以及澳大利亚)的双斑蚜小蜂种群聚集在同一分支上; 同时, 来自中国衡水和昆明的丽蚜小蜂种群也与来自美国的丽蚜小蜂种群聚集在一起, 却与埃及的种群相距较远。对造成这种同种寄生蜂不同种群之间在遗传距离和地理距离不对称的原因进行了探讨。  相似文献   

14.
We examined the relationship of yellow sticky trap captures of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B parasitoids to the local population of parasitoids as measured by leaf samples of parasitized whiteflies and mass release of parasitoids. Traps were placed in experimental collard and cowpea field plots in Charleston, SC, and in commercial organic fields of spring cantaloupe and watermelon in the Imperial Valley, CA. The exotic parasitoid Eretmocerus emiratus Zolnerowich and Rose was released in Imperial Valley fields to ensure parasitoid populations would be present. Bemisia adults were trapped in the greatest numbers on the upper surface of horizontally oriented sticky traps in melon fields. In contrast, the lower trap surfaces consistently captured more Eretmocerus than upper surfaces. Female parasitoids were trapped in greater numbers than males, especially on the lower trap surfaces. Progeny of released exotic Eretmocerus greatly outnumbered native E. eremicus Rose and Zolnerowich and Encarsia spp. on traps. Throughout the season, the trend of increasing numbers of Eretmocerus on traps parallelled the increase in numbers of whiteflies. Over the season, 23-84% of all B. tabaci fourth instars were visibly parasitized by Eretmocerus. The numbers of Eretmocerus caught by traps in cantaloupe were similar in trend to numbers on leaf samples in melons, but not with those in watermelon, where whitefly populations were lower. Parasitoid numbers were low in collard and cowpea samples, and no trend was observed in numbers of parasitoids captured on traps and numbers on leaves for these two crops. Overall, there were no significant correlations between sticky trap catches of parasitoids and numbers of parasitized whiteflies on leaf samples in any test fields. Nevertheless, sticky traps placed within crops may be useful for observing trends in whitefly parasitoid populations at a particular site and for detecting parasitoids at specific locations.  相似文献   

15.
张锐锐  张桂芬  贤振华  万方浩 《昆虫学报》2012,55(12):1386-1393
丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan作为温室粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood和烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)等粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂而备受关注。针对丽蚜小蜂体型微小, 难以与其他同域近缘种寄生蜂快速、 准确区别的问题, 本研究采用SCAR (sequence characterized amplified region, 特异性扩增区域)标记技术, 筛选出一对丽蚜小蜂特征片段扩增引物(EFZZF/EFZZR), 其扩增片段的大小为287 bp。种特异性检验结果表明, 该对引物只对丽蚜小蜂的基因组DNA具有扩增能力, 对其近缘种属寄生蜂如浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia (Girault & Dodd)、 海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich & Rose、 本地未知种桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus sp.、 蒙氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus mundus Mercet、 刺粉虱黑蜂Amitus hesperidum Silvertri不具有扩增效果, 对丽蚜小蜂的寄主包括不同生物型 (B型、 Q型、 ZHJ 1型和ZHJ 2型)的烟粉虱、 温室粉虱以及我国最常见的黑刺粉虱Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintanca)等亦不具有扩增能力。同时, 该检测技术灵敏度高, 对成虫的最低检出阈值为7.812 ng/μL (相当于1/1 600头成虫)。研究结果对丽蚜小蜂的种类识别、 寄主谱的确定及其有效利用具有重要意义。  相似文献   

16.
Parasitoids of the Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) species complex collected in Spain and Thailand were evaluated as biological control agents of B. tabaci biotype B in cole crops in Texas, USA. Parasitoids were identified by morphological and RAPD-PCR analyses. The most abundant parasitoid from Spain was Eretmocerus mundus Mercet with apparent field parasitism of 39-44%. In Thailand, Encarsia formosa Gahan, E. transvena Timberlake, E. adrianae Lopez-Avila, Eretmocerus sp. 1 and sp. 2 emerged, with apparent field parasitism of 1-65%. Identification and molecular classification of B. tabaci associated with parasitoid collections and in the release site in Texas were accomplished using morphological traits and nucleotide sequence comparison of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) (700-720 bp). Collections of B. tabaci from Thailand grouped separately from B types from Arizona and Florida and the target B type from Texas, USA, a cluster from India, and other New World B. tabaci. The Spanish B. tabaci host of E. mundus which was laboratory and field-tested to achieve biological control of the B type was most closely related to non-B type B. tabaci populations from Spain and Sudan, the latter which formed a second group within the larger clade that also contained the B type cluster. Laboratory tests indicated that E. mundus from Spain parasitized more B. tabaci type B than did Eretmocerus spp. native to Texas and other exotic parasitoids evaluated. Eretmocerus mundus from Spain also successfully parasitized B. tabaci type B when field-released in a 0.94 million ha test area in Texas, and has significantly enhanced control of B. tabaci type B in California, USA. In contrast, parasitoids from Thailand failed to establish in the field in Texas, collectively suggesting a positive correlation between the centres of diversity of compatible parasitoid-host complexes.  相似文献   

17.
The ovipositors of two whitefly parasitoids, Encarsia transvena and Eretmocerus mundus were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. That of Encarsia is straight, has an apparently hard and sharply pointed upper valve, and appears well-suited to penetrating a hard substrate. That of Eretmocerus is curved, thick-walled, but has a blunt and apparently flexible tip. These features correlate well with what is known of the mode of oviposition and host feeding in the two taxa, with Encarsia and Eretmocerus ovipositing internally and externally respectively.  相似文献   

18.
A study of predation choices of Macrolophus caliginosus Wagner (Heteroptera: Miridae) late instars and adults, when offered various developmental stages (eggs and nymphs) of the recently established whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), was made based on two preference indices. In addition, prey choices of late instars when presented with three ratios of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and B. tabaci at a similar developmental stage (eggs, young or late instars) were assessed. M. caliginosus preferred older nymphs of B. tabaci than any other stage. It also chose T. vaporariorum over B. tabaci, unless the latter consisted of > 75% of the available prey. These results suggested that M. caliginosus might interfere with parasitoids such as Encarsia, Eretmocerus, or Amitus spp. because all three species emerge from the host pupal case. Furthermore, in mixed infestations, M. caliginosus preference for T. vaporariorum might either negatively affect the control of B. tabaci, or, contrarily, enhance the predator population, before a B. tabaci outbreak occurs in the greenhouse.  相似文献   

19.
NW Yang  LL Ji  GL Lövei  FH Wan 《PloS one》2012,7(7):e41189
Destructive host-feeding is common in hymenopteran parasitoids. Such feeding may be restricted to host stages not preferred for oviposition. However, whether this is a fixed strategy or can vary according to resource levels or parasitoid needs is less clear. We tested the trade-off between host feeding and oviposition on two whitefly parasitoids under varying host densities. Females of two aphelinid parasitoids, Eretmocerus hayati and Encarsia sophia were exposed to nine different densities of their whitefly host, Bemisia tabaci, in single-instar tests to identify their functional response. Mixed-instar host choice tests were also conducted by exposing whiteflies at four densities to the parasitoids. We hypothesized that the parasitoid females can detect different host densities, and decide on oviposition vs. host-feeding accordingly. The results showed that both Er. hayati and En. sophia females tended to increase both oviposition and host-feeding with increased host density within a certain range. Oviposition reached a plateau at lower host density than host-feeding in Er. hayati, while En. sophia reached its oviposition plateau at higher densities. At low densities, Er. hayati parasitized most on first and second (the optimal ones), and fed most on third nymphal instars (the suboptimal one) of the whitefly host as theory predicts, while at high densities, both parasitism and host-feeding occurred on first and second instars which are preferred for oviposition. En. sophia parasitized most on third and fourth (the optimal ones), while fed on first instars (the suboptimal one) at low densities, and utilized third and fourth instars for both at high densities. In conclusion, oviposition vs. host-feeding strategy of parasitoid females was found to vary at different host densities. The balance between reserving optimal hosts for oviposition or using them for host-feeding depended on parasitoid life history and the availability of host resources.  相似文献   

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