The finding of the genus Clonostachys （Hyphomycetes） in China

Clonostachys phyllophila and Clonostachys rogersoniana were isolated from rhizosphere soil of Allium tuberosum in Chaoyang, Liaoning Province. It is the first report of the genus in China. The species was described morphologically and illustrated in this paper, the culture was stored in the Culture Collection of Liaoning Center of Culture Collection （LCCC）.     

Academician of Academia Sinica:Biographical Sketch of Prof.C.L.Tsou(Chenglu Zou)

C.L.Tsou( Chenglu Zou) was born on May 1 7,1 92 3in Jiangsu,China.He received his B.Sc.in1 945from the chemistry department of The National Southwest Associated University in Kunming andwas awarded a Ph.D.( Biochemistry) from the University of Cambridge,England in 1 951 .He was aResearch Associate then Professor and Head of Enzyme Division of the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry,Academia Sinica.He moved to Beijing in1 970 to the Institute of Biophysics and was its Deputy Direc…     

Dynamic culture improves MSC adhesion on freeze-dried bone as a scaffold for bone engineering

AIM:To investigate the interaction between mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) and bone grafts using two different cultivation methods:static and dynamic.METHODS:MSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow.MSC culture was analyzed according to the morphology,cell differentiation potential,and surface molecular markers.Before cell culture,freeze-dried bone(FDB) was maintained in culture for 3 d in order to verify culture medium pH.MSCs were co-cultured with FDB using two different cultivation methods:static co-culture(two-dimensional) and dynamic co-culture(threedimensional).After 24 h of cultivation by dynamic or static methods,histological analysis of Cell adhesion on FDB was performed.Cell viability was assessed by the Trypan Blue exclusion method on days 0,3 and 6 after dynamic or static culture.Adherent cells were detached from FDB surface,stained with Trypan Blue,and quantified to determine whether the cells remained on the graft surface in prolonged non-dynamic culture.Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS and a P < 0.05 was considered significant.RESULTS:The results showed a clear potential for adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of MSC cultures.Rat MSCs were positive for CD44,CD90 and CD29 and negative for CD34,CD45 and CD11bc.FDBs were maintained in culture for 3 d and the results showed there was no significant variation in the culture medium pH with FDB compared to pure medium pH(P > 0.05).In histological analysis,there was a significant difference in the amount of adhered cells on FDB between the two cultivation methods(P < 0.05).The MSCs in the dynamic co-culture method demonstrated greater adhesion on the bone surface than in static co-culture method.On day 0,the cell viability in the dynamic system was significantly higher than in the static system(P < 0.05).There was a statistical difference in cell viability between days 0,3 and 6 after dynamic culture(P < 0.05).In static culture,cell viability on day 6 was significantly lower than on day 3 and 0(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:An alternative cultivation method was developed to improve the MSCs adhesion on FDB,demonstrating that dynamic co-culture provides a superior environment over static conditions.     

Looking at nerves,seeing the mind:Yu-Chuan Tsang as a modern Chinese physiological psychologist

Yu-Chuan Tsang(臧玉洤,1901-1964),styled Botan(伯潭),was an outstanding Chinese physiological psychologist,a comparative neuroscientist,and a neuroanatomist(Fig.1).He was a member of the First Council of the Chinese Society for Anatomical Sciences,an executive member of the sec-ond,third,fourth and fifth councils,and the Chairman of the Third Council.He was one of the founders of neuroanatomy in modem China and the Beijing Medical College(now the Department of Medicine at Peking University).Neu-roanatomy is a discipline that consists of making observa-tions and making recordings.Moreover,there are different interdisciplinary subjects based on neuroscience,including cognitive science,neurobehavioral science,neuroengineer-ing,and psychology.Tsang's academic career followed an opposite direction,starting from psychology and turning to neuroanatomy,where he made remarkable achievements.     

FACHB-COLLECTION:GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND THE STRAIN LIST

1 Introduction The Freshwater Algae Culture Collection of the Institute of Hydrobiology, abbreviation for FACHB-Collection, was initially established by the late Professor Li Shanghao, Professor Yu Minjuan and their colleagues in the early 1960' s. At beginning the purpose of the culture collection was mainly to support the fundamental and applied researches in the Department of Phycology of the Institute of Hydrobiology . Gradually, it developed as one of the main algal collections in China. The FACHB is open to distribute strains domestically and international-     

In memory of Professor Biao Ding(1960–2015)

<正>It is with profound sadness that we mourn the loss of Dr.Biao Ding,a full-professor in the Department of Molecular Genetics,Ohio State University(OSU),and a world-renowned plant biologist with leading authority in viroid research.He died suddenly on June 26,2015 in Prague,Czech Republic,while attending the International Conference on Viroids and Viroid-Like RNAs as a Keynote Speaker.Dr.Ding was born in 1960,in Kunming,Yunnan Province,China.He received his B.S.from Beijing Forestry University in1982,and was then selected as one of the first group of     

中国甲螨名录(Ⅰ)(蜱螨亚纲:甲螨亚目)

Preface The research on Chinese oribatid mites was started in the 1920's, when A. Jacot recorded 10 oribatid species from Beijing (Peking) and Shandong (Shantung). In the 1980s', Chinese acarologists noticed the necessity of studying soil mites, which were poorly investigated and reported during the past 60 years. Along with the adoption of more open policy in China, the academic exchange and coopera     

Collections-based systematics in the new age of discovery: Celebrating the legacy and life of Professor Wen-Tsai Wang

Professor Wen-Tsai Wang (王文采, June 5, 1926–November 16, 2022) was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and a legendary plant taxonomist at the Institute of Botany of CAS (Fig.1). Herein, we organize a virtual special issue in Journal of Systematics and Evolution (JSE) to celebrate the legacy and life of Professor Wang, who was a leading plant taxonomist in China and made important contributions toward advancing the understanding of the flora of China, the biogeography of eastern Asia, and biodiversity research in the vast Hengduan Mountains. He served as the Editor-in-Chief of Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica (now JSE) for 6 years from 1982 to 1988, and trained several generations of plant taxonomists in China (Li,2001).     

Carbon accumulation and distribution in Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest ecosystem in Daqingshan, Guangxi, China

Carbon accumulation and distribution were studied at three sampling plots in a 13-year-old mixed planatation of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata in Daqingshan, Guangxi, China. The results showed that carbon content varied with tissues and tree species, but the total carbon content of Pinus massoniana was higher than that of Cunninghamia lanceolata. The average tissue carbon contents of Pinus massoniana were: wood (58.6%) > root (56.3%) > branch (51.2%) > bark (49.8%) > leaf (46.8%), while those of Cunninghamia lanceolata were: bark (52.2%) > leaf (51.8%) > wood (50.2%) > root (47.5%) > branch (46.7%). The carbon contents of the soil (at a depth of 60cm) ranged from 1.45% to 1.84% with an average of 1.70%. Carbon contents were higher in the surface soil (0–20cm) than in the deep layer (below 20cm). The average carbon contents were the highest for trees (51.1%), followed by litter (48.3%), shrubs (44.1%), and herbs (33.0%). The biomass of the trees in the three plots ranged from 85.35 t hm?2 to 101.35 t hm?2 with an average of 93.83 t hm^?2, in which 75.7%–82.6% was Pinus massoniana. The biomass of the understory was 2.10–3.95 t hm^?2 with an average of 2.72 t hm^?2, while the standing stock of ground litter was 5.49–7.91 t hm^?2 with an average of 6.75 t hm^?2. The carbon storage in the mixed plantation reached the maximum in the soil layer (69.02%), followed by vegetation (29.03%), and standing litter (1.82%). The carbon storage in the tree layer occupied 23.90% of the total ecosystem and 97.7% of the vegetation layer. Pinus massoniana accounted for 65.39% of the total carbon storage in the tree layer. Tissue carbon storage was directly related to the corresponding amount of biomass. Trunks had the highest carbon storage, accounting for 53.23% of the trees in Pinus massoniana and 55.57% in Cunninghamia lanceolata, respectively. Roots accounted for about 19.22% of the total tree carbon. The annual net productivity of the mixed plantation was 11.46 t hm?2a?1, and that of sequestered carbon was 5.96 t hm?2a?1, which was equivalent to fixing CO2 of 21.88 t hm?2a?1. The plantation was found to be an important sink of atmospheric CO₂.     

Conference summary

From August 7-14, 2006, the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS）, and the Overseas Chinese Entomologists Association （OCEA）, convened a ＂Summer Training Workshop on Modern Entomology and New Technology＂ in Beijing, China. The workshop was held at the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and attracted 130 attendees from 27 research institutes and universities in China. There were 36 talks presented by 21 entomologists. Among them were one prestigious CAS Albert Einstein Visiting Professorship, Prof. Randy Gaugler, 18 scientists from the USA, and three entomologists from the Institute of Zoology. Topics at the workshop covered diverse areas including insect molecular biology, chemical ecology, behavior, immunology, cell biology, toxicology and so on. The workshop was financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

Early effects of phenolic compounds, extracted from two forest litters, on ammonium uptake and assimilation in Pinus laricio and Pinus pinaster seedlings

The early effects of low molecular weight phenolic compounds, released by Pinus laricio and Pinus pinaster litter, on ammonium uptake and its assimilation in two Pinus species were studied. In Pinus laricio seedlings, the exposure to phenols extracted from Pinus laricio litter increased not only the ammonium uptake but also the activity of the main enzymes involved in its assimilation, whereas the phenols extracted from Pinus pinaster litter had a negative effect on these metabolic processes. In Pinus pinaster seedlings, the exposure to both phenols decreased the ammonium uptake and the activity of the main enzymes involved in its assimilation. Histological analysis carried out in Pinus laricio roots showed that phenols extracted from Pinus laricio litter induced the greatest growth of cortex, element through which occurs the ions uptake in plants, whereas phenol extracted from Pinus pinaster litter inhibited cortex development. On the other hand, in Pinus pinaster seedlings the observation showed that both phenols inhibited cortex growth indicating a strict correlation between cortex development and ammonium uptake and its assimilation.     

黄山松的分类学研究

通过形态解剖学到分子生物学的对比实验。研究结果表明黄山松(Pinus hwangs-hanensis Hsia)和台湾松(Pinus taiwanensis Hayate)两者在形态上虽然有相似之处;但染色体特征不同,随机扩增DNA多态性分析(RAPD分析)显示两者的遗传距离很远,甚至大于黄山松和马尾松之间的遗传距离。结论是台湾松和黄山松决非同一种系,应恢复黄山松(Pinus hwangs-hanensis Hsia)的合法性。     

Abortive embryogenesis in hybrid swarm populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> L. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus muga</Emphasis> Turra

Comparative study on fertilization process in Pinus sylvestris, Pinus mugo and in their putative hybrid swarm individuals was done involving pre-zygotic and post-zygotic stages. The amount of surviving ovules from open pollination reflecting the mode of interaction between pollen grains and nucellar tissue of an ovule averaged at 8.1 of sound ovules per conelet in Pinus sylvestris, 7.3 ovules in the hybrid swarm population and at 4.9 ovules in Pinus mugo. A strong correlation was observed between the number of surviving ovules and the proportion of germinating seeds in the compared species and hybrids. Normal course of embryogenesis in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus mugo contrasted with increased frequency of disturbances observed in the hybrid swarm individuals. The differential survival rates of the ovules and deviations from typical pattern of embryogenesis are discussed from the standpoint of cross-ability relationship between Pinus sylvestris and Pinus mugo.     

Chromosomal localization of 5S and 18S–5.8S–25S ribosomal DNA sites in five Asian pines using fluorescence in situ hybridization

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was employed on mitotic metaphase chromosome preparations of five Asian Pinus species: Pinus tabuliformis, Pinus yunnanensis, Pinus densata, Pinus massoniana and Pinus merkusii, using simultaneously DNA probes of the 18S rRNA gene and the 5S rRNA gene including the non-transcribed spacer sequences. The number and location of 18S rDNA sites varied markedly (5-10 pairs of strong signals) among the five pines. A maximum of 20 major 18S rDNA sites was observed in the diploid genome (2n = 24) of P. massoniana. The 5S rDNA FISH pattern was less variable, with one major site and one minor site commonly observed in each species. The differentiation of rDNA sites on chromosomes among the five pines correlates well with their phylogenic positions in Pinus as reconstructed from other molecular data. P. densata, a species of hybrid origin, resembles its parents ( P. tabuliformis and P. yunnanensis), including some components characteristic of each parent in its pattern. However, the species is unique, showing new features resulting possibly from recombination and genome reorganization.     

Mechanisms underlying the interaction between Pinus halepensis and the native late-successional shrub Pistacia lentiscus in a semi-arid plantation

Pinus halepensis has been extensively planted in semi-arid areas throughout the world. This has often led to slow-growth stands that: a) suffer from insect plagues, b) promote nutrient depletion and c) fail to promote the recovery of native vegetation. The introduction of native late-successional shrubs in these stands could stimulate successional processes, improve soil conditions and enhance their resilience against disturbances. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the interaction between Pinus and the native late-successional shrub Pistacia lentiscus in a semi-arid plantation. By using manipulative field and laboratory experiments, we evaluated direct (competition for soil resources and allelopathic effects) and indirect (competition with herbaceous understorey) interactions between Pinus and Pistacia . We found no effect of Pinus litter and root exudates on Pistacia growth. In the field, Pistacia seedlings planted under the canopy of Pinus showed higher survival than those planted in open areas with sparse vegetation. Girdling of Pinus trees did not affect the performance of planted Pistacia seedlings, but suppression of the herbaceous understorey significantly enhanced both survival and physiological status of Pistacia seedlings planted under the canopy of Pinus . The magnitude of the interference by herbaceous understorey was considerably higher than that by Pinus . Our results provide evidence that a negative indirect interaction between Pinus and Pistacia , mediated by the herbaceous understorey, is taking place in the afforestation studied, and can help to explain the low rates of colonisation of late-successional woody shrubs typically observed in semi-arid Pinus halepensis plantations.     

秦岭华山松群落数量分类研究

以秦岭华山松群落为研究对象,采用典型取样和随机取样相结合的方法在秦岭林区取400 m^2的样地36块.运用植被排表分析法和Ward最小距离聚类的方法将秦岭华山松进行了分类.结果表明,秦岭华山松群落可以分为5个群丛组7个群丛：华山松＋美丽胡枝子＋荩草群丛;华山松＋美丽胡枝子＋毛叶轴脉蕨群丛;华山松＋蔷薇＋崖棕群丛;华山松＋短梗胡枝子＋深绿蒿群丛;华山松＋陕西绣线菊＋香青群丛;华山松＋陕西绣线菊＋光蹄盖蕨群丛;华山松＋蛇梅群丛.同时针对不同群丛的特点提出合理化的经营和管理措施.     

Cross-species amplification and characterization of microsatellite loci in Pinus mugo Turra

Pinus mugo (dwarf mountain pine) is an important component of European mountain ecosystems. However, little is known about the present genetic structure and population differentiation of this species at the DNA level, possibly due to a lack of nuclear microsatellite markers (SSR) developed for Pinus mugo. Therefore in this study we transferred microsatellite markers originally developed for Pinus sylvestris and Pinus taeda to Pinus mugo. This cross-species amplification approach is much faster and less expensive than isolation and characterization of new microsatellite markers. The transfer rates from the source species to Pinus mugo were moderately low (26%). There were no differences in microsatellite repeat motifs between the source species and Pinus mugo. Nuclear microsatellite markers successfully transferred to Pinus mugo can be applied to various genetic studies on this species, due to the high level of their polymorphism and high value of polymorphic information content.     

Phylogenetic relationships of Eurasian pines (Pinus, Pinaceae) based on chloroplast rbcL, MATK, RPL20-RPS18 spacer, and TRNV intron sequences

The sequence divergence of chloroplast rbcL, matK, trnV intron, and rpl20-rps18 spacer regions was analyzed among 32 Pinus species and representatives of six other genera in Pinaceae. The total aligned sequence length is 3570 bp. Of the four sequences examined, matK evolved much faster than rbcL in Pinus and in other Pinaceae genera. The two noncoding regions did not show more divergence than the two coding regions, especially within each Pinus subgenus. Phylogenetic analyses based on these four sequences gave consistent results and strongly supported the monophyly hypothesis for the genus Pinus and its two recognized subgenera. Pinus krempfii, the two-flat-needle pine endemic to Vietnam, was placed in subgen. Strobus and showed closer affinity to subsect. Gerardianae. The ancient character of sect. Parrya is further confirmed. However, monophyly of the sect. Parrya is not supported by our data. Among the Eurasian pines of subgen. Pinus, Mediterranean pines formed one clade and the Asian members of subsect. Sylvestres formed another. The Himalayan P. roxburghii showed considerable divergence from all the other hard pines from both regions. Pinus merkusii was distinctly separated from all the Asian members of subsect. Sylvestres. The implications of our results for Pinus classification are discussed.