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1.
对浙江地区3个多疣壁虎(Gekko japonicus)种群的个体大小、繁殖生活史特征进行了测定。在24 ℃、28 ℃和31 ℃条件下,孵化多疣壁虎卵,并测定其孵化期和幼体特征。结果表明:多疣壁虎成体存在显著种群间变异和两性差异,即衢州和温州个体大于杭州个体,雌体大于雄体;卵平均质量和窝卵重无显著种群间差异,但杭州壁虎的相对窝卵重显著大于衢州和温州个体;孵化温度能显著影响孵化期及幼体的尾长和头宽,但不影响幼体体长、体质量及运动能力;孵化温度效应不存在种群间差异。本研究揭示了疣壁虎个体大小、繁殖输出以及卵孵化特征的微地理变异。  相似文献   

2.
四种内外因素导致的中国石龙子运动表现的种群内变异   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
林植华  计翔 《动物学报》2005,51(2):222-231
设计四项实验研究四种内外因素(环境温度、怀卵、摄食和断尾) 导致的中国石龙子(Eumeces chinen sis) 运动表现种群内变异。环境温度通过影响体温而影响石龙子的运动表现。两性成体疾跑速均具有在低体温范围内随体温升高而加快、在高体温范围内随体温升高而降低的一般模式。怀卵雌体和成年雄体使平均疾跑速达到最大值的体温分别是29℃和30℃。在任何体温下成年雄体的疾跑速均大于怀卵雌体, 表明怀卵对母体运动有不利的影响并相对地增加了雌体繁殖代价。怀卵雌体和成年雄体的最大持续运动距离无显著差异; 体温对最大持续运动距离有显著影响, 且主要与低体温下最大持续运动距离较小有关。性别与体温相互作用对最大持续运动距离有显著影响。怀卵雌体和成年雄体的疾跑速和最大持续运动距离呈显著的正相关。以性别为因子的ANCOVA去除最大持续运动距离差异的影响后发现, 成年雄体的疾跑速仍大于怀卵雌体。27℃和30℃平均体温下的摄食实验进一步证实怀卵雌体疾跑速小于成年雄体, 但前者最大持续运动距离大于后者。该实验同时显示禁食石龙子的疾跑速和最大持续运动距离大于摄食石龙子, 各因子相互作用对最大持续运动距离的影响显著,仅性别与摄食相互作用对疾跑速有边缘性显著影响。27℃和30℃平均体温下的尾自切  相似文献   

3.
徐大德  计翔  陆洪良  林植华 《生态学报》2009,29(4):1745-1755
设计4项实验研究4种内外因素(环境温度、摄食、断尾和怀卵状态)导致的肇庆原尾蜥虎运动表现种群内变异.环境温度通过影响体温而影响原尾蜥虎运动表现.两性成体疾跑速均具有在低体温范围内随体温升高而加快、在高体温范围内随体温升高而降低的一般模式.在任何体温下成年雌体的疾跑速均略大于雄体,但两者平均值在统计上无显著差异.体温对原尾蜥虎最大持续运动距离的影响存在两性间差异.成年雌体的最大持续运动距离在低体温范围(从17 ℃到27 ℃)内随体温升高而增加,而在相对较高的体温范围(从27 ℃到37 ℃)内无显著变化,成年雄体在实验体温范围(从17 ℃到37 ℃)内无显著变化;在任何体温下成年雌体的最大持续运动距离均显著大于雄性.性别与体温相互作用对最大持续运动距离有显著影响.两性个体的平均疾跑速和最大持续运动距离呈显著的正相关.当去除最大持续运动距离差异的影响后发现,疾跑速两性差异统计上仍不显著.摄食、尾自切和雌体怀卵在两个实验温度下(27 ℃和31 ℃)均减小壁虎疾跑速;而仅尾自切减小壁虎的最大持续运动距离,摄食和雌体怀卵对其无影响.以上3种因子分别与体温、性别的交互作用均不显著.这些结果说明生理限制和尾自切是原尾蜥虎运动能力变异的重要来源.一些内外因素能近因性诱导蜥蜴功能表现发生一定程度的种群内变异.  相似文献   

4.
多疣壁虎的繁殖生态研究   总被引:13,自引:3,他引:10  
计翔  王培潮 《动物学报》1991,37(2):185-192
多疣壁虎(Gekko japonicus)是一种季节性繁殖的爬行动物,性腺活动状态在不同的季节有显著的差异。成年雌体在冬眠结束后的4月初卵巢开始增大,野外产卵期一般在5月下旬至8月上旬。一个繁殖期平均产卵1.8窝,每窝恒定两枚。每窝卵重与个体大小之间存在着显著的正相关,大个体的产卵频率亦较高。雄体的精巢重量和大小的月间差异显著,但变化不及雌体的卵巢显著。雌体的繁殖期可以被环境温度所改变。繁殖效力用每窝卵干、湿重及能值与雌体干、湿重及能值的比值估算。  相似文献   

5.
李宏  周宗师  吴延庆  林隆慧  林炽贤 《生态学报》2012,32(23):7255-7263
卵胎生是由卵生繁殖模式通过逐渐增加卵滞留和胚胎在母体子宫内发育的时间进化而来的繁殖模式。有鳞类爬行动物(蜥蜴和蛇)有着较高的繁殖模式多样性,因而是研究卵胎生繁殖模式进化及其适应意义的理想动物模型。至今对于卵胎生进化的选择压力尚无定论,目前有3种关于卵胎生进化的假说受到学者的关注,其中母体操纵假说最受关注但尚未得到充分的检测。研究继1995年母体操纵假说提出之后,以栖息于温带气候环境下的卵生中国石龙子(Eumeces chinensis)为模型动物检测该假说。37条中国石龙子怀卵母体采自浙江丽水市郊。将怀卵母体分置于3个热处理中,其中12条母体提供每日14 h光照时间,13条母体提供10 h光照,其余12条母体没有任何调温机会(体温随室内环境温度而改变)。结果显示:怀卵母体选择体温向下漂移。3种处理下的雌体繁殖特征没有显著差异。长、短调温组下母体产卵时间要早于非调温组母体,但新生卵的胚胎历期没有显著差异。用5种热处理孵化卵,孵化温度分别为:1=室内波动温度孵化;2=27℃;3=24—30℃;4=22—32℃(3和4孵化处理中,孵化箱内的温度每隔1d改变1次,即卵分别在22和24℃孵化24 h,随后在32和30℃孵化24 h,每2d循环1次直至孵出);5=在实验室后院内模拟石龙子野外巢址孵化。结果显示:孵出幼体的体长、腹长和头部大小(头长和头宽)在3个母体热处理间存在显著差异,其他形态学特征不存在母体热处理间的显著差异;孵化温度以及孵化温度和母体热处理的交互作用对所有的幼体形态学特征均无显著影响。孵化温度以及孵化温度和母体热处理的交互作用对幼体疾跑速和最大持续运动距离无显著影响;但不同的母体热处理显著影响幼体疾跑速和最大持续运动距离。研究结果不仅为"热变异对在一定孵化温度范围内表型无显著变化的物种的幼体表型没有重要的修饰作用"这一假说提供了有力证据,并且支持母体操纵假说的两个主要预测:雌体在孕期通过体温漂变行为提供体内胚胎发育的最适热环境,而由母体调温行为诱导的后代表型的变异将增强后代的适合度。  相似文献   

6.
杜卫国  沈建伟  胡凌君  王磊 《生态学报》2010,30(14):3766-3771
以温度依赖型性别决定(TSD)物种乌龟(Chinemys reevesii)为对象,应用17β-雌二醇和芳香化酶抑制剂Fadrozole处理26、28和30℃条件下孵化的卵,抑制孵化温度对后代性别的作用,获得性别逆转幼体。通过比较幼体形态、游泳能力和生长特征的孵化温度和性别间差异,检验TSD适应意义的Charnov-Bull假设。雌雄幼体的孵化期因孵化温度不同而不同,在26℃条件下,雄性幼体的孵化期长于雌性幼体,而在28和30℃条件下,孵化期则无两性差异。幼体大小与孵化温度和性别有关。低温幼体大于高温幼体,雌性幼体大于雄性幼体。幼体的游泳能力既不受孵化温度的影响,也无两性差异。幼体生长与孵化温度无关,但存在两性差异,雌体生长速度显著快于雄体。Charnov-Bull假设预测,TSD Ia型物种的高温雌体适合度应高于低温雌体,而高温雄体适合度则应低于低温雄体。研究结果与上述预测不符,故不支持该假设。  相似文献   

7.
樊晓丽  雷焕宗  林植华 《生态学报》2012,32(17):5574-5580
体温是影响变温动物表现的最重要生理学变量。检测了国家二级保护动物虎纹蛙的雌性亚成体、雄性亚成体、幼体和蝌蚪这4个发育阶段的选择体温和热耐受性。单因子方差分析表明,虎纹蛙选择体温、耐受低温、耐受高温和温度耐受范围的组间差异均显著,幼体的选择体温(24.13℃)显著低于雌性亚成体(28.06℃)、雄性亚成体(29.27℃)和蝌蚪(28.23℃),雌性亚成体、雄性亚成体和蝌蚪之间差异不显著;幼体的耐受低温(13.85℃)显著高于雌性亚成体(11.27℃)、雄性亚成体(10.84℃)和蝌蚪(10.74℃),雌性亚成体、雄性亚成体和蝌蚪之间差异不显著;幼体具有显著低的耐受高温(35.48℃)、蝌蚪具有显著高的耐受高温(43.31℃),雌性亚成体(39.55℃)和雄性亚成体(39.02℃)的耐受高温差异不显著;幼体(21.62℃)具有显著小的温度耐受范围、蝌蚪(32.58℃)具有显著大的温度耐受范围,雌性亚成体(28.28℃)和雄性亚成体(28.18℃)的温度耐受范围差异不显著。虎纹蛙幼体和亚成体体温和水温之间在降温速度和升温速度的相关关系均显著。用回归剩余值去除水温变化速度对体温变化的影响,双因子方差分析(降温和升温速度为重复检验设置)表明,幼体的体温变化速度显著大于亚成体,两性亚成体间差异不显著;温度变化类型(降温和升温)和两因子的交互作用对体温变化的影响不显著。基本热生态位分离和体温调节能力的发育限制是形成上述现象的最可能的原因。  相似文献   

8.
孵化水热环境对渔异色蛇孵化卵和孵出幼体的影响   总被引:10,自引:6,他引:4  
渔异色蛇卵孵化时能从环境中吸收水分导致质量增加,卵质量的增加与初始卵质量和孵化基质湿度有关。较大幅度的孵化基质湿度变化对孵化期、孵化成功率、胚胎动用孵内物质和能量、孵出幼体的性比、大小和质量无显著影响。孵化期随温度升高而缩短,并显示极强的窝间差异。温度对孵出幼体的性别无影响,但显著影响孵化成功率、胚胎对卵内物质和能量的动用、幼体的大小和质量、躯干和剩余卵黄的质量。孵出幼体总长的两性差异不显著,但雌体体长大于雄体而尾长小于雄体。32℃不适于孵化渔异色蛇卵,该温度下孵出的幼体躯干发育不良,剩余孵黄较多,尾部均呈畸形,孵化过程中能量转化率较低。24℃和26℃中孵出的幼体躯干发育良好,孵化过程中能量转化率较高,各项被测定的幼体特征指标均极相似。  相似文献   

9.
蓝尾石龙子的生长、两性异形及雌性繁殖   总被引:23,自引:4,他引:19       下载免费PDF全文
杜卫国  计翔 《动物学研究》2001,22(4):279-286
报道蓝尾石龙子(Eumeces elegans)的生长、两性异形和雌性繁殖,性成熟个体体色的两性差异显著,成年雄性体长、头长和头宽显著大于成年雌性,幼体体长生长率无显著的两性差异。成年雄体体长生长率显著大于成年雌体,因此,个体大小的两性异形是性成熟后发生的,体长小于50mm的幼体,头长和头宽无性差异;当体长大于50mm。雄性头长和头宽随体长的生长率显著大于雌性。并导致头部大小的两性异形,并随个体发育变得越来越显著,蓝尾石龙子产卵雌体的最小体长为69.3mm,大于此体长的雌体均年产单窝卵。窝卵数、窝卵重和平均卵重均与雌体体长呈正相关,平均值分别为6.4、2.783和0.554g。窝卵数与雌体产后状态无关,蓝尾石龙子雌体主要通过增加窝卵数和卵大小来增加繁殖输出。  相似文献   

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The experiment was performed to evaluate cloacal temperature (CT) responses in broiler chickens, administered with betaine and ascorbic acid (AA) during the hot–dry season. Broilers were divided into four groups: Group I (control) was given sterile water; Group II, betaine at 250 mg/kg; Group III, AA at 50 mg/kg and Group IV, betaine (250 mg/kg) + AA (50 mg/kg). The different solutions were given orally for 42 days. Dry-bulb temperature (DBT), relative humidity (RH) and temperature-humidity index (THI) in the pen, and CT of each broiler chicken were measured bihourly (06:00–18:00 h) on days 28, 35 and 42. DBT, RH and THI values were outside the thermo-neutral zone for broiler chickens. Results showed that AA lowered (p < 0.001) CT, while betaine + AA increased (p < 0.001) CT, compared with controls. In conclusion, betaine + AA or AA alone modulated CT responses of broiler chickens subjected to the thermal stress in the hot–dry season.  相似文献   

12.

1. 1.|Selected body temperatures (SBT) of adult male, female and subadult Lacerta vivipara from a Belgian population, were measured monthly in a laboratory thermogradient.

2. 2.|Monthly mean SBTs varied between 29.9 and 34.0°C and differed significantly among months in all three lizard groups, and among lizard groups in 4 out of 6 months.

3. 3.|Evidence for a positive relationship between monthly SBT and air temperature was found in the subadults, but not in the adult lizards.

4. 4.|Monthly mean SBTs measured in this study were consistently higher (mean difference = 2.0°C) than those obtained by Patterson and Davies (1978) in a similar study on Lacerta vivipara from southern England.

Author Keywords: Selected body temperature; behavioural thermoregulation; Lacerta vivipara; intraspecific variation in body temperature  相似文献   


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We surgically implanted temperature sensitive telemeters intraperitonealy in free-ranging baboons. Thereafter, we recorded body temperature changes while the baboons were free-ranging and under visual observation. Two distinct patterns of daily body temperature fluctuations occurred; they were related to the availability of drinking water. Core body temperature fluctuated by as much as 5.3°C and regularly exceeded 41°C. Behavioral adaptations of the baboons, notably sandbathing, appeared to be associated with the regulation of body temperature.  相似文献   

15.
由于潮热是更年期女性的最常见和最特异的症状,也是最痛苦的症状之一。潮热主要发生在更年期过渡期的妇女,主要表现为忽冷忽热,其发生严重的影响了更年期妇女的情绪、睡眠及生活质量。但是其发病的病理学机制仍然不清楚。研究表明,潮热的发生与体温调节的异常有关,大多数学者认为潮热发生的机制是体温调节中枢的异常,并通过改变外周和中心体温而实现。因此,本文对潮热时体温调定点,其外周和中心体温的变化情况,作出综述。  相似文献   

16.
Biological impacts of climate warming are predicted to increase with latitude, paralleling increases in warming. However, the magnitude of impacts depends not only on the degree of warming but also on the number of species at risk, their physiological sensitivity to warming and their options for behavioural and physiological compensation. Lizards are useful for evaluating risks of warming because their thermal biology is well studied. We conducted macrophysiological analyses of diurnal lizards from diverse latitudes plus focal species analyses of Puerto Rican Anolis and Sphaerodactyus. Although tropical lowland lizards live in environments that are warm all year, macrophysiological analyses indicate that some tropical lineages (thermoconformers that live in forests) are active at low body temperature and are intolerant of warm temperatures. Focal species analyses show that some tropical forest lizards were already experiencing stressful body temperatures in summer when studied several decades ago. Simulations suggest that warming will not only further depress their physiological performance in summer, but will also enable warm-adapted, open-habitat competitors and predators to invade forests. Forest lizards are key components of tropical ecosystems, but appear vulnerable to the cascading physiological and ecological effects of climate warming, even though rates of tropical warming may be relatively low.  相似文献   

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Abstract

Bedtime, risetime, and body temperature of college students exposed to a regular 24‐h life schedule were recorded for 22–25 consecutive days. Average bedtime was 1:37 am, average risetime was 8:53 am, and average temperature acrophase was 5:01 pm. There was no evidence of desynchronization of the body temperature and activity rhythms.  相似文献   

19.
Whether basal metabolic rate‐body mass scaling relationships have a single exponent is highly discussed, and also the correct statistical model to establish relationships. Here, we aimed (1) to identify statistically best scaling models for 17 mammalian orders, Marsupialia, Eutheria and all mammals, and (2) thereby to prove whether correcting for differences in species’ body temperature and their shared evolutionary history improves models and their biological interpretability. We used the large dataset from Sieg et al. (The American Naturalist 174 , 2009, 720) providing species’ body mass (BM), basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body temperature (T). We applied different statistical approaches to identify the best scaling model for each taxon: ordinary least squares regression analysis (OLS) and phylogenetically informed analysis (PGLS), both without and with controlling for T. Under each approach, we tested linear equations (log‐log‐transformed data) estimating scaling exponents and normalization constants, and such with a variable normalization constant and a fixed exponent of either ? or ¾, and also a curvature. Only under temperature correction, an additional variable coefficient modeled the influence of T on BMR. Except for Pholidata and Carnivora, in all taxa studied linear models were clearly supported over a curvature by AICc. They indicated no single exponent at the level of orders or at higher taxonomic levels. The majority of all best models corrected for phylogeny, whereas only half of them included T. When correcting for T, the mathematically expected correlation between the exponent (b) and the normalization constant (a) in the standard scaling model y = a x b was removed, but the normalization constant and temperature coefficient still correlated strongly. In six taxa, T and BM correlated positively or negatively. All this hampers a disentangling of the effect of BM, T and other factors on BMR, and an interpretation of linear BMR‐BM scaling relationships in the mammalian taxa studied.  相似文献   

20.
It has been shown that CorTempTM telemetric pills (CTTPs) provide valid measures of rectal temperature when used as suppositories. While encapsulated into a condom linked to a thread, CTTPs can be inserted in and extracted from the rectum and be reused. The validity and reliability of the CTTP throughout repeated use remains to be demonstrated. Three CTTPs were compared to a YSI 401 wired rectal probe inside a circulating water bath (temperatures varying from 36.5 to 39.4 °C) during 50 h of intermittent use. Each CTTP underwent 20 trials comprising 6 protocols of varying duration: 6 · 1 h, 5 · 2 h, 4 · 3 h, 3 · 4 h and 2 · 5 h. All CTTPs were washed, switched off and disinfected after each trial to reproduce real-life use. Acceptable agreement between sensors was taken as a mean bias within ±0.27 °C. None of the pills showed signs of deterioration following 50 h of reuse. As for relative validity, where all CTTPs showed robust coefficients of determination ranging from 0.98 to 0.99, absolute validity was excellent with each CTTP showing mean biases and typical errors of the estimate (TEE) within ±0.27 °C. Comparisons between the first and last trial each CTTP underwent resulted in means biases and TEEs within ±0.27 °C and coefficients of determination ranging from 0.97 to 0.99, which indicates strong absolute and relative reliability. The present results show that CTTPs can provide valid and reliable measurements of temperature when reused up to 50 h.  相似文献   

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