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1.
 利用稳定同位素技术和Keeling Plot方法可以有效分割地表蒸散量, 进而加深对陆地生态系统水循环的理解。该研究通过原位连续测定麦田的水汽同位素数据, 评价Keeling Plot方法在分割地表蒸散中的应用, 并揭示华北冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)蒸腾在总蒸散中的比例。实验于2008年3–5月在中国科学院栾城农业生态站进行, 利用国际上先进的H218O、HD16O激光痕量气体分析仪(TDLAS)为基础构建的大气水汽18O/16O和D/H同位素比原位连续观测系统, 同时利用涡度相关技术、真空抽提技术、同位素质谱仪技术, 获取了必要的数据。研究分析了一天中不同时间段的连续的大气水汽δ18O与水汽浓度倒数拟合Keeling Plot曲线的差异和可能的原因。结果显示, 中午时段的拟合结果较好, 这也暗示中午时段蒸腾速率高时最可能满足植物蒸腾的同位素稳定态假设。进一步的分析发现植物蒸腾的同位素稳定态并不总是成立, 尤其是水分胁迫下进入成熟期的小麦, 其蒸腾水汽同位素一般处于非稳定态。利用同位素分割结果显示, 生长盛期麦田94%–99%的蒸散来源于植物蒸腾。  相似文献   

2.
利用稳定同位素技术和Keeling Plot方法可以有效分割地表蒸散量, 进而加深对陆地生态系统水循环的理解。该研究通过原位连续测定麦田的水汽同位素数据, 评价Keeling Plot方法在分割地表蒸散中的应用, 并揭示华北冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)蒸腾在总蒸散中的比例。实验于2008年3–5月在中国科学院栾城农业生态站进行, 利用国际上先进的H218O、HD16O激光痕量气体分析仪(TDLAS)为基础构建的大气水汽18O/16O和D/H同位素比原位连续观测系统, 同时利用涡度相关技术、真空抽提技术、同位素质谱仪技术, 获取了必要的数据。研究分析了一天中不同时间段的连续的大气水汽δ18O与水汽浓度倒数拟合Keeling Plot曲线的差异和可能的原因。结果显示, 中午时段的拟合结果较好, 这也暗示中午时段蒸腾速率高时最可能满足植物蒸腾的同位素稳定态假设。进一步的分析发现植物蒸腾的同位素稳定态并不总是成立, 尤其是水分胁迫下进入成熟期的小麦, 其蒸腾水汽同位素一般处于非稳定态。利用同位素分割结果显示, 生长盛期麦田94%–99%的蒸散来源于植物蒸腾。  相似文献   

3.
孙守家  孟平  张劲松  何春霞  郑宁 《生态学报》2015,35(8):2592-2601
利用稳定同位素技术对华北低丘山区栓皮栎生态系统氧同位素日变化及蒸散定量区分进行研究,为华北低丘山区森林生态系统水汽交换研究提供基础。试验采用离轴积分腔输出光谱技术(OA-ICOS)连续测定生态系统不同高度水汽浓度和δ18O值,同时采用真空提取和液态水同位素分析仪测定枝条和土壤的δ18O值。结果显示,4个晴天中大气水汽浓度日变化复杂,变化趋势差异大,而δ18O日变化均成高-低-高的"V"型变化,最小值出现在12:00—18:00。Keeling方程在10:00—12:00的相关系数R2均大于0.71,方程达到极显著水平,表明此时段蒸腾速率较高,满足植物蒸腾的同位素稳定态假设。利用Keeling方程估算的栓皮栎生态系统δET值有相似的低-高-低日变化,与大气的δv值变化趋势相反。同位素分割结果显示栓皮栎生态系统中蒸腾占蒸散比例日变化呈现低-高-低的趋势,10:00—14:00蒸腾占蒸散比例达到90%以上,尽管6:00—10:00和14:00—18:00的蒸腾占蒸散比例下降,但平均值仍高达69.38%,表明华北低丘山区栓皮栎生态系统的蒸散主要来源于植物蒸腾。  相似文献   

4.
为了全面认识森林生态系统蒸散各组分及其对蒸散的贡献率在日尺度上的变化规律,本研究利用同位素稳态和非稳态假设理论结合水同位素分析仪系统,对生长季侧柏林生态系统蒸散各组分进行了定量拆分和比较。结果表明: 4个测定日(2016年8月5、8、10、11日)不同来源水体的18O都呈现表层土壤水氧同位素组成(δS)>枝条水氧同位素组成(δX)>大气水汽氧同位素组成(δV),说明三者可能因同位素分馏效应表现出明显的差异。土壤蒸发水汽氧同位素组成(δE)在日尺度上为-26.89‰~-59.68‰,整体上呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势;森林生态系统蒸散水汽氧同位素组成(δET)为-15.99‰~-10.04‰,稳态(ISS)下植物蒸腾水汽氧同位素组成(δT-ISS)为-12.10‰~-9.51‰,而非稳态(NSS)下植物蒸腾水汽氧同位素组成(δT-NSS)为-13.02‰~-7.23‰,在日时间尺度上δET与δT-NSS全天的变化趋势一致,在11:00—17:00 δET、δT-ISS与δT-NSS三者的变化趋势近似一致。总体上,植物蒸腾量对蒸散量的贡献率表现为FT-ISS 79.1%~98.7%,而FT-NSS 88.7%~93.7%。这表明研究区土壤蒸发耗水远小于植被蒸腾耗水,植被蒸腾在林地蒸散中起主导作用。  相似文献   

5.
叶片水H2^18O富集的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
植物叶片水H2^18O富集对大气中O2和CO2的^18O收支有着重要影响。蒸腾作用使植物叶片水H2^18O富集,而植物叶片水H2^18O富集的程度主要受大气水汽δ^18O和植物蒸腾水汽δ^18O的影响。过去,通过引入稳态假设(蒸腾δ^18O等于茎水δ^18O)得到Craig-Gordon模型的闭合形式,或将植物整个叶片水δ^18O经过Peclet效应校正后得到植物叶片水δ^18O的富集程度。然而,在几分钟到几小时的短时间尺度上,植物叶片蒸腾δ^18O是变化的,稳态假设是无法满足的。最近成功地实现了对大气水汽δ^18O和δD的原位连续观测,观测精度(小时尺度)可达到甚至优于稳定同位素质谱仪的观测精度。在非破坏性条件下,高时间分辨率和连续的大气水汽δ^18O和蒸腾δ^18O的动态观测,将提高植物叶片水H2^18O富集的预测能力。该文综述了植物叶片水H2^18O富集的理论研究的新进展、研究焦点和观测方法所存在的问题,旨在进一步加深理解植物叶片水H2^18O富集的过程及其机制。  相似文献   

6.
加拿大温带落叶林生态系统氢氧同位素组成研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
陆地生态系统氢氧稳定同位素能为陆地与大气的水分交换和陆地生态系统水文循环研究提供独特的示踪信息。基于2009年生长季加拿大落叶林生态系统氢氧稳定同位素组成及环境要素的观测数据,分析了生态系统不同来源液态水和大气水汽同位素组成的时空变化特征,分析了生态系统蒸散与土壤蒸发的同位素组成和同位素通量(Isoflux)的变化特征,并讨论了主要的环境控制因素。结果表明,生态系统中不同来源液态水的同位素组成差别较大,与枝条水和土壤水相比,叶片水同位素组成最富集且变化幅度最大。大气水汽H_2~(18)O和HDO同位素组成随着高度升高而降低,水汽同位素值日变化呈"W"型分布,上午水汽同位素值降低,正午有一定的起伏,傍晚回升。水汽同位素组成与大气湿度有显著的相关性,大气水汽过量氘下午均值与表面相对湿度和水汽混合比的相关系数分别为-0.61(P0.01)和-0.57(P0.01)。受蒸腾速率和叶水同位素富集程度的共同作用,白天蒸散H_2~(18)O组成在正午和傍晚高,下午低。Isoflux的计算结果表明白天下垫面蒸散有助于大气水汽同位素富集,蒸散同位素通量最高可达147.5 mmol m~(-2)s~(-1)‰。本研究结果能为同位素水文模型提供数据支持和理论参考。  相似文献   

7.
叶片水H218O富集的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
 植物叶片水H218O富集对大气中O2和CO218O收支有着重要影响。蒸腾作用使植物叶片水H218O富集, 而植物叶片水H218O富集的程度主 要受大气水汽δ18O和植物蒸腾水汽δ18O的影响。过去, 通过引入稳态假设(蒸腾δ18O等于茎水δ18O)得到Craig-Gordon模型的闭合形式, 或 将植物整个叶片水δ18O经过Péclet效应校正后得到植物叶片水δ18O的富集程度。然而, 在几分钟到几小时的短时间尺度上, 植物叶片蒸腾 δ18O是变化的, 稳态假设是无法满足的。最近成功地实现了对大气水汽δ18O和δD的原位连续观测, 观测精度(小时尺度)可达到甚至优于稳定 同位素质谱仪的观测精度。在非破坏性条件下, 高时间分辨率和连续的大气水汽δ18O和蒸腾δ18O的动态观测, 将提高植物叶片水H218O富集的 预测能力。该文综述了植物叶片水H218O富集的理论研究的新进展、研究焦点和观测方法所存在的问题, 旨在进一步加深理解植物叶片水H218O 富集的过程及其机制。  相似文献   

8.
植物水的稳定同位素分馏过程是水在土壤-植物-大气连续体中循环的重要环节。以往研究由于叶片水18O同位素比值(δ~(18)O l,b)和氘(D)同位素比值(δDl,b)(合称δl,b)实测数量少只能作为模型验证数据,导致δl,b富集机制研究多集中于模型研究,缺乏基于野外试验条件的δl,b富集的控制机制研究。叶片水δDl,b和δ~(18)O l,b的富集程度(ΔDl,b和Δ18O l,b,合称Δl,b)通常表示为δl,b与茎秆水D同位素比值(δDx)和18O同位素比值(δ~(18)Ox)(合称δx)之差,即Δl,b=δl,b–δx。该研究以黑河中游沙漠绿洲春玉米(Zea mays)生态系统为研究对象,重点采集和分析了季节和日尺度δl,b和δx数据,配套开展了大气水汽δ~(18)O和δD(合称δv)等辅助变量的原位连续观测,探讨了季节和日尺度上的δl,b富集特征及其影响因素。结果表明:叶片水δl,b和Δl,b的季节变化趋势不明显,而受蒸腾作用影响表现出白天富集夜间贫化的单峰日变化特征。对于D来说,无论季节尺度上还是日尺度上,大气水汽δv和相对湿度是δDl,b和ΔDl,b的主要环境控制因素;而对于18O来说,无论季节尺度上还是日尺度上,相对湿度是δ~(18)O l,b和Δ18O l,b的主要环境控制因素。由于D和18O在热力学平衡分馏上有约8倍差异,直接分析叶片水ΔDl,b和Δ18Ol,b与影响因素的差异性,有助于理解叶片水δD和δ~(18)O富集过程以及对模型发展有一定的指导意义。  相似文献   

9.
兰州城区绿化植物稳定氢氧同位素特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
选取兰州城区14个公共绿地作为采样点,采集了常绿植物侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)、大叶黄杨(Buxus megistophylla)以及落叶植物国槐(Sophora japonica)、连翘(Forsythia suspensa)的叶片、木质部,结合兰州市气象局提供的西北师范大学新校区自动气象站的监测数据,分析了4种植物叶片和木质部水稳定氢氧同位素的时间变化和空间差异,讨论了其与气温、风速、相对湿度、气压的相关性。结果表明:与常绿植物相比,落叶植物叶片水δ~(18)O更富集,而落叶植物和常绿植物木质部水δ~(18)O在采样期的变化较平缓且与叶片水δ~(18)O的变化趋势相似;4种植物叶片水d变化趋势均与δ~(18)O的变化趋势相反;植物的叶片水蒸腾线斜率和截距与兰州市大气水线相差甚远,且大叶黄杨叶片水和木质部水的蒸腾线斜率最小;常绿植物和落叶植物叶片水δ~(18)O、d与各气象要素的相关性是相反的,其中叶片水δ~(18)O和d与风速和气压的相关性较好。  相似文献   

10.
 稳定性同位素技术和Keeling曲线法是现代生态学研究的重要手段和方法之一。稳定性同位素能够整合生态系统复杂的生物学、生态学和生物地球化学过程在时间和空间尺度上对环境变化的响应。Keeling曲线法是以生物过程前后物质平衡理论为基础,将CO2或H2O的同位素组成(δD、 δ13C或δ18O)与其对应浓度测量结合起来,将生态系统净碳通量区分为光合固定和呼吸释放通量,或将整个生态系统水分蒸散区分为植物蒸腾和土壤蒸发。在全球尺度上,稳定性同位素技术、Keeling曲线法与全球尺度陆地生态系统模型相结合,还可区分陆地生态系统和海洋生态系统对全球碳通量的贡献以及不同植被类型(C3或C4)在全球 CO2同化量中所占的比例。然而,生态系统的异质性使得稳定性同位素技术和Keeling曲线法从冠层尺度外推到生态系统、区域或全球尺度时存在有一定程度的不确定性。此外,取样时间、地点的选取也会影响最终的研究结果。尽管如此,随着分析手段的不断精确和研究方法的日趋完善,稳定性同位素技术和Keeling曲线法与其它测量方法(如微气象法)的有机结合将成为未来陆地生态系统碳/水交换研究的重要手段和方法之一。  相似文献   

11.
The use of stable isotopes to study ecosystem gas exchange   总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24  
Stable isotopes are a powerful research tool in environmental sciences and their use in ecosystem research is increasing. In this review we introduce and discuss the relevant details underlying the use of carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions in ecosystem gas exchange research. The current use and potential developments of stable isotope measurements together with concentration and flux measurements of CO2 and water vapor are emphasized. For these applications it is critical to know the isotopic identity of specific ecosystem components such as the isotopic composition of CO2, organic matter, liquid water, and water vapor, as well as the associated isotopic fractionations, in the soil-plant- atmosphere system. Combining stable isotopes and concentration measurements is very effective through the use of ”Keeling plots.” This approach allows the identification of the isotopic composition and the contribution of ecosystem, or ecosystem components, to the exchange fluxes with the atmosphere. It also allows the estimation of net ecosystem discrimination and soil disequilibrium effects. Recent modifications of the Keeling plot approach permit examination of CO2 recycling in ecosystems. Combining stable isotopes with dynamic flux measurements requires precision in isotopic sampling and analysis, which is currently at the limit of detection. Combined with the micrometeorological gradient approach (applicable mostly in grasslands and crop fields), stable isotope measurements allow separation of net CO2 exchange into photosynthetic and soil respiration components, and the evapotranspiration flux into soil evaporation and leaf transpiration. Similar applications in conjunction with eddy correlation techniques (applicable to forests, in addition to grasslands and crop fields) are more demanding, but can potentially be applied in combination with the Keeling plot relationship. The advance and potential in using stable isotope measurements should make their use a standard component in the limited arsenal of ecosystem-scale research tools. Received: 8 July 1999 / Accepted: 10 January 2000  相似文献   

12.
采用Mishio和Yokoi(1991)的方法,在水分运转阻力短期内(如几个小时)恒定不变的假设下,研究了田间冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水分运转阻力.结果表明,一天中,当气孔没有“午休”现象或“午休”现象不明显时,冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水分运转阻力在白天保持恒定,到夜晚则明显增大;当气孔“午休”现象较明显时,冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水分运转阻力在气孔“午休”期间和夜晚明显增大,其余时间基本保持恒定.夜间和气孔“午休”期间阻力增大的原因不确定.土壤干旱条件下冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水运转阻力显著大于土壤湿润条件下,表明水运转阻力与植物抗旱性有关.土壤干旱条件下施肥处理冬小麦土壤—叶片途径水运转阻力显著大于不施肥处理,而土壤湿润条件下显著小于不施肥处理,表明施肥对植物具有调节作用,使之更好地适应干旱环境.  相似文献   

13.
The combined use of a gas‐exchange system and laser‐based isotope measurement is a tool of growing interest in plant ecophysiological studies, owing to its relevance for assessing isotopic variability in leaf water and/or transpiration under non‐steady‐state (NSS) conditions. However, the current Farquhar & Cernusak (F&C) NSS leaf water model, originally developed for open‐field scenarios, is unsuited for use in a gas‐exchange cuvette environment where isotope composition of water vapour (δv) is intrinsically linked to that of transpiration (δE). Here, we modified the F&C model to make it directly compatible with the δv–δE dynamic characteristic of a typical cuvette setting. The resultant new model suggests a role of ‘net‐flux’ (rather than ‘gross‐flux’ as suggested by the original F&C model)‐based leaf water turnover rate in controlling the time constant (τ) for the approach to steady sate. The validity of the new model was subsequently confirmed in a cuvette experiment involving cotton leaves, for which we demonstrated close agreement between τ values predicted from the model and those measured from NSS variations in isotope enrichment of transpiration. Hence, we recommend that our new model be incorporated into future isotope studies involving a cuvette condition where the transpiration flux directly influences δv. There is an increasing popularity among plant ecophysiologists to use a gas‐exchange system coupled to laser‐based isotope measurement for investigating non‐steady state (NSS) isotopic variability in leaf water (and/or transpiration); however, the current Farquhar & Cernusak (F&C) NSS leaf water model is unsuited for use in a gas‐exchange cuvette environment due to its implicit assumption of isotope composition of water vapor (δv) being constant and independent of that of transpiration (δE). In the present study, we modified the F&C model to make it compatible with the dynamic relationship between δv and δE as is typically associated with a cuvette setting. Using an experiment conducted on cotton leaves, we show that the modified NSS model performed well in predicting the time constant for the exponential approach of leaf water toward steady state under cuvette conditions. Such a result demonstrates the applicability of this new model to gas‐exchange cuvette conditions where the transpiration flux directly influences δv, and therefore suggests the need to incorporate this model into future isotope studies that employ a laser‐cuvette coupled system.  相似文献   

14.
During daylight hours, the isotope composition of leaf water generally approximates steady‐state leaf water isotope enrichment model predictions. However, until very recently there was little direct confirmation that isotopic steady‐state (ISS) transpiration in fact exists. Using isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS) and leaf gas exchange systems we evaluated the isotope composition of transpiration and the rate of change in leaf water isotopologue storage (isostorage) when leaves were exposed to variable environments. In doing so, we developed a method for controlling the absolute humidity entering the gas exchange cuvette for a wide range of concentrations without changing the isotope composition of water vapour. The measurement system allowed estimation of 18O enrichment both at the evaporation site and for bulk leaf water, in the steady state and the non‐steady state. We show that non–steady‐state effects dominate the transpiration isoflux even when leaves are at physiological steady state. Our results suggest that a variable environment likely prevents ISS transpiration from being achieved and that this effect may be exacerbated by lengthy leaf water turnover times due to high leaf water contents.  相似文献   

15.
土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)中水循环是水文学和生态学研究的重要内容,氢氧稳定同位素在不同水体中组成特征的差异可以指示水分循环过程。本研究通过分析成都平原区亚热带常绿阔叶林中降水、土壤水、植物水的同位素组成,探讨SPAC系统中水分的氢氧稳定同位素演化特征,揭示区域水循环不同界面过程。结果表明: 研究区雨季大气降水线方程为: δD=7.13δ18O+2.35(R2=0.99),土壤蒸发线方程为: δD=6.98δ18O-0.32(R2=0.92)。在降水→土壤水→植物水的界面水输送过程中,氢氧同位素逐渐富集。浅层土壤(0~35 cm)水δ18O受降水的直接影响,响应关系明显,中深层土壤(35~100 cm)水则相对稳定。观测期间,植物木质部水同位素比土壤水略微富集,说明水分在植物体内输送过程中可能通过韧皮部或树皮发生轻微蒸发或蒸腾。采用直接相关法初步估计植物对不同土层土壤水的利用情况,樟树主要利用中层土壤水,构树主要利用浅层土壤水,金星蕨因根系分布浅更倾向于利用浅层土壤水和植物截留的降水。与金星蕨相比,樟树和构树的叶片水分蒸发和同位素动力分馏程度更强。  相似文献   

16.
Climatic dryness imposes limitations on vascular plant growth by reducing stomatal conductance, thereby decreasing CO2 uptake and transpiration. Given that transpiration‐driven water flow is required for nutrient uptake, climatic stress‐induced nutrient deficit could be a key mechanism for decreased plant performance under prolonged drought. We propose the existence of an “isohydric trap,” a dryness‐induced detrimental feedback leading to nutrient deficit and stoichiometry imbalance in strict isohydric species. We tested this framework in a common garden experiment with 840 individuals of four ecologically contrasting European pines (Pinus halepensis, P. nigra, P. sylvestris, and P. uncinata) at a site with high temperature and low soil water availability. We measured growth, survival, photochemical efficiency, stem water potentials, leaf isotopic composition (δ13C, δ18O), and nutrient concentrations (C, N, P, K, Zn, Cu). After 2 years, the Mediterranean species Pinus halepensis showed lower δ18O and higher δ13C values than the other species, indicating higher time‐integrated transpiration and water‐use efficiency (WUE), along with lower predawn and midday water potentials, higher photochemical efficiency, higher leaf P, and K concentrations, more balanced N:P and N:K ratios, and much greater dry‐biomass (up to 63‐fold) and survival (100%). Conversely, the more mesic mountain pine species showed higher leaf δ18O and lower δ13C, indicating lower transpiration and WUE, higher water potentials, severe P and K deficiencies and N:P and N:K imbalances, and poorer photochemical efficiency, growth, and survival. These results support our hypothesis that vascular plant species with tight stomatal regulation of transpiration can become trapped in a feedback cycle of nutrient deficit and imbalance that exacerbates the detrimental impacts of climatic dryness on performance. This overlooked feedback mechanism may hamper the ability of isohydric species to respond to ongoing global change, by aggravating the interactive impacts of stoichiometric imbalance and water stress caused by anthropogenic N deposition and hotter droughts, respectively.  相似文献   

17.
Zhang S C  Wen X F  Wang J L  Yu G R  Sun X M 《农业工程》2010,30(4):201-209
It is crucial to partition evapotranspiration (ET) into evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) components for better understanding eco-hydrological processes and their underlying mechanisms, and improving the establishment and validation of hydrological models at the ecosystem scale. Traditional eddy covariance technique serves as a useful tool to estimate ET, but it encounters difficulties in quantifying the relative contribution of E and T to ET. Combining with eddy covariance technique, it is possible to partition ET based on the measurements of stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in liquid and vapor phases of water in the Soil–Plant–Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC) system. The key challenge is to precisely determine the oxygen-18 and deuterium isotopic compositions of ET (δET), E (δE) and T (δT). δE can be estimated based on the Craig–Gordon model. δT is usually approximated by the δ18O and δD of water in xylem or twig (δx), assuming δT equals δx under isotopic steady state (SSA). However, the SSA is only likely satisfied during midday in field conditions. The diurnal variations of δT is affected by isotopic composition of atmospheric water vapor (δv) and leaf water at the evaporating sites (δL,e), and relative humidity, resulting in the non-steady-state behavior of δT at the sub-daily cycles. δET can be estimated using the flux-gradient approach or the Keeling plot by measuring the vapor mixing ratio and δv at different heights in the surface layer. However, δv observations by the traditional cold trap/mass spectrometer method are limited to a coarse time resolution, leading to discrete time series of δET. It is now possible to make in situ and high time resolution measurements of δv and to analyze a large number of plant and soil samples due to technical and instrumental advances in recent years. It provides an opportunity to improve the model prediction of δL,e, and more importantly, to calculate δT from δL,e without invoking the SSA. Combining with the flux-gradient approach or the Keeling plot technique, continuous δET measurements can be made. It offers us a premise for accurate ET partitioning on diurnal time scale. In this review we introduced the recent advances, foci and challenges for studies on ET partitioning using the stable isotopes technique.  相似文献   

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