一种快速提取肠道微生物总DNA的方法

采集的兔肠道内容物及其粪便样品,通过分散浸泡、震荡洗涤、分级离心、滤器过滤、DNA提取试剂盒提取纯化,可以获得纯度很高的DNA样品。经0.8%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测和紫外分光光度计测定,样品A260/A280的比值为1.72±0.02。分别以提取的DNA样品为模板,通过设计的细菌特异引物,对其16S rDNA基因进行PCR扩增,获得了1.6 kb大小特异性很好的预期条带。这为肠道微生物群落的分子生态学研究提供了一种简便、可靠的DNA提取方法。     

环境样品中DNA的分离纯化和文库构建

采用研磨 /冻融和SDS/蛋白酶K热处理等理化方法 ,直接从性质不同的环境样品中提取和纯化混合基因组DNA。所获得纯品DNA的产量为每克样品 2～ 1 6μg。对纯品DNA进行限制性内切酶处理后 ,构建了以pUC1 8为载体的DNA文库。建库效率为从每克环境样品获得约 1 0 3～ 1 0 4 个含 3～ 8kb外源随机插入片段的克隆。通过DNA序列测定和基因注释 ,对从文库中随机选取的克隆进行了分析 ,发现外源插入片段均含序列未见报道的新基因。本文所做的尝试对于保存、研究和开发未培养微生物基因资源具有意义     

狮子头热泉菌席样品环境总DNA提取方法的比较研究

通过对狮子头热泉7个环境菌席样品所提取的总DNA进行纯度检测、提取得率计算和DGGE分析,比较了3种直接和1种间接DNA提取方法。结果表明：综合利用多种裂解方式比单一裂解方式更能充分释放环境DNA;其中3种方法获得的DNA片段能够进行后续16S rDNA扩增;针对同一样品,不同方法提取的环境DNA,可获得不同DGGE群落指纹图谱;间接提取法提取的总DNA,能更好地反映狮子头热泉菌席的微生物多样性。     

厌氧颗粒污泥微生物总DNA的提取

目的:为了从分子水平上了解厌氧颗粒污泥中微生物的种类和数量,研究一种高效提取环境微生物DNA的方法。方法:厌氧颗粒污泥样品经液氮速冻、沸水浴融化、溶菌酶处理和SDS裂解后,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测所提取的DNA,以提取的总DNA为模板,进行细菌核糖体小亚基16S rDNA基因V8、V9区的PCR扩增。结果:经检测,其DNA片段约为20 kb,样品D260nm/D280nm值为1.88,扩增结果理想,与OMEGA公司提供的试剂盒提取效果基本一致。结论:为薯类酒糟厌氧发酵污泥中微生物群落的分子生态学研究提供了一种简便、可靠的DNA提取方法。     

在PCR-DGGE研究土壤微生物多样性中应用GC发卡结构的效应

应用普通细胞裂解法提取 3株实验菌株 (Escherichia coli DH5α,Staphylococcus aureus SA- 1和 A-grobacterium tumerfaciens 1 31 2 9)的基因组 DNA和应用基于高盐和长时高热的细胞裂解法提取 7种不同土壤样品中的微生物的基因组 DNA,两组不同结构的引物 F3 57GC,R51 8(在正向引物的 5′端有 GC发卡结构 )和 F3 57,R51 8,分别对实验菌株和土壤样品中微生物的 1 6Sr RNA基因 V3区进行扩增 ,均得到了目的片段。比较了不同引物扩增的 1 6S r DNA片段在 DGGE中的不同电泳行为 ,结果表明 ,含 GC发卡结构的PCR扩增产物在 DGGE中能够得到很好的分离 ,而无 GC发卡结构的 PCR产物则不能在 DGGE中获得满意分离。引入 GC发卡结构 ,使得对不同微生物的定性和分类更深入细致     

虎纹捕鸟蛛毒腺cDNA文库的构建

从 2 5只虎纹捕鸟蛛 (Selenocosmia huwena)中得到约 0 .6g左右的毒腺 ,从中提取出5μg m RNA.以此 m RNA为模板 ,经反转录合成双链 c DNA.再经包装成 c DNA文库 .文库的滴度达到 3.2× 1 0 7pfu/m L     

HCV编码病毒结构蛋白的DNA免疫研究

应用HCVC (pC)和HCVCE1E2 (pCE1E2 )重组体转染真核细胞并且通过肌注免疫BALB/C小鼠 ,对其体液免疫和细胞免疫进行检测。所用的 pC和 pCE1E2 均可在真核细胞内表达出特异性HCVC蛋白 ;肌注DNA免疫后均可诱导出BALB/C小鼠的体液和细胞免疫反应 ,抗体反应的A值 :pC组为 0 .358± 0 .0 96 ,pCE1E2 组为 0 .4 15± 0 .12 7;CTL活力 pC组为 18.6 5%± 5.72 % ,pCE1E2 组为 2 0 .0 7%± 11.11% ;通过免疫鼠荷瘤检测体内CTL反应 ,可观察到免疫组鼠发瘤时间滞后 ,发瘤部位减少和存活时间延长。在开发和研制HCV疫苗的过程中 ,DNA免疫是在快速构建、评价和筛选免疫原方面的有效办法。     

大熊猫人工授精的研究

繁殖大熊猫的目的是圈养种群的自我维持和保持遗传多样性。由于圈养种群中有自然交配能力的雄兽很少 ,人工授精则成为有效的遗传管理的重要手段。本研究的目的是确定单纯人工授精的效率。 1 998年至 2 0 0 0年期间 ,在中国保护大熊猫研究中心 ,对 7只大熊猫进行了人工授精 (每只连续 2d) ,精液通过人工采精方法从 6只不同的雄兽中获得 ,使用鲜精、冷藏精液和冻精多种方法进行人工授精。 6只雄兽的精液平均值是 :采精量 3.3±0 .5ml;精子密度 1 ,42 9.8± 2 35 .4× 1 0 6/ml;活力 81 .7± 2 .1 % ;运动状态 ( 0～ 5 ,5 =最好 )3 1± 0 .1 ;精子正常率 79 3± 9.2 %。对 7只大熊猫进行的 1 4次人工授精中 ,使用的精液体积为 2 4± 0 3ml;活力是 73.5± 2 .9% ;运动状态为 2 .5± 0 .1 ;每次人工授精总活动精子数是 684.2± 1 1 8.2× 1 0 6。 7只大熊猫有 4只受孕 ( 5 7.1 % ) ,共产 5仔。平均孕娠期 1 31 .5±9.7d ,每胎平均 1 .3± 0 .3仔。同时 ,运用自然交配与人工授精相结合的方法 ,进行了 1 8只次实验 ,成功 1 2只次 ,产仔 2 0只 ,繁殖成功率为 66.7%。本研究结果表明 ,人工授精能有效地使不能自然交配的雄性大熊猫参与繁殖 ,提高繁殖率 ,增加圈养大熊猫的遗传多样性。     

应用PRINS技术定位黄鳝Hox基因的研究

Hox基因是近年来发现的支持基因组复制进化理论的最有力的证据。该研究应用引物原位延伸 (PRINS)技术 ,在黄鳝有丝分裂染色体标本上开展Hox基因的定位研究。研究结果表明 ,在黄鳝染色体组中可能存在有 6个Hox基因簇 ,这些基因簇分别位于黄鳝第 1、2、3、6、8和 10号染色体 ,相对着丝粒距离分别为 2 8 2 4± 2 88、4 5 5±1 39、13 89± 2 0 3、74 32± 1.86、38 0 3± 2 .4 1和 5 8 18± 2 0 5。该研究定位黄鳝Hox基因将有助于挖掘黄鳝染色体的来源和进化特征 ,并为基因组复制进化理论提供黄鳝这一特化物种的细胞遗传学证据。     

腺苷抗豚鼠室性心律失常的电生理研究

实验用全细胞膜片钳技术在单个豚鼠心室肌细胞上研究了腺苷 (Ado)对正常及异丙肾上腺素 (Iso)致豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位、迟后除极 (DAD)、L 型钙电流 (ICa.L)和短暂内向电流 (Iti)的作用。结果表明 :(1)Ado在2 0～ 10 0 μmol/L时对豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位和ICa .L无明显直接作用 ,但却可明显降低Iso所致的动作电位时程(APD)延长和ICa .L峰值增大 ,Iso (10nmol/L)使细胞APD50 从 3 40± 2 1ms延长到 486± 2 8ms (P <0 0 1) ,APD90从 3 61± 17ms延长至 5 0 1± 2 9ms (P <0 0 1) ;ICa .L峰值从 - 6 5 3± 1 4pA/pF增大到 - 18 2 8± 2 4pA/pF (P <0 0 1) ,电流电压曲线明显左移和下移 ;Ado (5 0 μmol/L)使APD50 和APD90 降至 40 3± 19ms和 419± 2 6ms ,但并不影响动作电位其它参数 ,使ICa.L峰值降低至 - 10 2± 1 5pA/pF (P <0 0 1)。 (2 )Iso (3 0nmol/L)可诱发心室肌细胞产生DADs,其发生率为 10 0 % ;Ado (5 0 μmol/L)可完全抑制Iso引发DADs;细胞经 - 40～ +2 0mV、时程 2s的除极电压 ,Iso (3 0nmol/L)诱导出Iti,其发生率为 10 0 % ;Ado (5 0 μmol/L)可明显抑制Iso致Iti的发生 ,其发生率降为 14 3 %。研究结果提示 ,Ado对豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位和ICa.L无明显直接作用 ,但却可显著降低Is     

DNA Extraction from Activated Sludges

To optimize the cell lysis step for DNA extraction from activated sludge samples, two floc dispersion methods (sonication versus stirring with a cation exchange resin), and three cell lysis treatments (lysozyme + SDS, sonication in a water bath, and thermal shock) were tested. For dispersion, stirring with cation exchange resin was more efficient than sonication. The cell lysis procedures were applied in two sequences, and DNA was quantified after each cell lysis treatment. Lysozyme + SDS was the most effective step in the cell lysis procedures. The cell lysis treatment sequences giving the highest DNA yields were not the same for all the sludges. The differences in sludge microbial compositions and floc structures required specifically adapted cell lysis protocols. The proposed protocols were highly efficient for DNA extraction, yielding about 50 mg DNA g⁻¹ volatile suspended solids, and allowed PCR amplification of 16S rDNA. Received: 26 September 1998 / Accepted: 13 February 1999     

临床标本细菌基因组DNA提取方法探讨

目的优化细菌基因组DNA提取方法,使其适合临床细菌分子生物学检测需要。方法分别采用专用DNA提取液法、热裂解法、溶菌酶法、热裂解法与碱性裂解法组合改良法,对纯培养细菌和临床标本中细菌基因组DNA进行提取。结果专用DNA提取液法、溶菌酶法提取成功率为100%,热裂解法革兰阳性菌提取成功率为0%,革兰阴性菌成功率为100%,碱性裂解液法在NaOH浓度大于4 mmol时提取成功,临床标本在NaOH溶液超过20 mmol/L并含2%SDS时细菌基因组DNA的提取成功率为100%。结论热裂解法与碱性裂解法组合改良法提取细菌基因组DNA方便快速、简单实用,适用临床标本检测。     

Evaluation and optimization of DNA extraction and purification procedures for soil and sediment samples.

We compared and statistically evaluated the effectiveness of nine DNA extraction procedures by using frozen and dried samples of two silt loam soils and a silt loam wetland sediment with different organic matter contents. The effects of different chemical extractants (sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS], chloroform, phenol, Chelex 100, and guanadinium isothiocyanate), different physical disruption methods (bead mill homogenization and freeze-thaw lysis), and lysozyme digestion were evaluated based on the yield and molecular size of the recovered DNA. Pairwise comparisons of the nine extraction procedures revealed that bead mill homogenization with SDS combined with either chloroform or phenol optimized both the amount of DNA extracted and the molecular size of the DNA (maximum size, 16 to 20 kb). Neither lysozyme digestion before SDS treatment nor guanidine isothiocyanate treatment nor addition of Chelex 100 resin improved the DNA yields. Bead mill homogenization in a lysis mixture containing chloroform, SDS, NaCl, and phosphate-Tris buffer (pH 8) was found to be the best physical lysis technique when DNA yield and cell lysis efficiency were used as criteria. The bead mill homogenization conditions were also optimized for speed and duration with two different homogenizers. Recovery of high-molecular-weight DNA was greatest when we used lower speeds and shorter times (30 to 120 s). We evaluated four different DNA purification methods (silica-based DNA binding, agarose gel electrophoresis, ammonium acetate precipitation, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration) for DNA recovery and removal of PCR inhibitors from crude extracts. Sephadex G-200 spin column purification was found to be the best method for removing PCR-inhibiting substances while minimizing DNA loss during purification. Our results indicate that for these types of samples, optimum DNA recovery requires brief, low-speed bead mill homogenization in the presence of a phosphate-buffered SDS-chloroform mixture, followed by Sephadex G-200 column purification.     

Evaluation and Optimization of DNA Extraction and Purification Procedures for Soil and Sediment Samples

We compared and statistically evaluated the effectiveness of nine DNA extraction procedures by using frozen and dried samples of two silt loam soils and a silt loam wetland sediment with different organic matter contents. The effects of different chemical extractants (sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS], chloroform, phenol, Chelex 100, and guanadinium isothiocyanate), different physical disruption methods (bead mill homogenization and freeze-thaw lysis), and lysozyme digestion were evaluated based on the yield and molecular size of the recovered DNA. Pairwise comparisons of the nine extraction procedures revealed that bead mill homogenization with SDS combined with either chloroform or phenol optimized both the amount of DNA extracted and the molecular size of the DNA (maximum size, 16 to 20 kb). Neither lysozyme digestion before SDS treatment nor guanidine isothiocyanate treatment nor addition of Chelex 100 resin improved the DNA yields. Bead mill homogenization in a lysis mixture containing chloroform, SDS, NaCl, and phosphate-Tris buffer (pH 8) was found to be the best physical lysis technique when DNA yield and cell lysis efficiency were used as criteria. The bead mill homogenization conditions were also optimized for speed and duration with two different homogenizers. Recovery of high-molecular-weight DNA was greatest when we used lower speeds and shorter times (30 to 120 s). We evaluated four different DNA purification methods (silica-based DNA binding, agarose gel electrophoresis, ammonium acetate precipitation, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration) for DNA recovery and removal of PCR inhibitors from crude extracts. Sephadex G-200 spin column purification was found to be the best method for removing PCR-inhibiting substances while minimizing DNA loss during purification. Our results indicate that for these types of samples, optimum DNA recovery requires brief, low-speed bead mill homogenization in the presence of a phosphate-buffered SDS-chloroform mixture, followed by Sephadex G-200 column purification.     

Extraction of chromosomal DNA from Staphylococcus and Listeria by a rapid method using achromopeptidase

A rapid and simple method for preparation of chromosomal DNA from Gram-positive bacteria is reported. Susceptibility to lysis with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) increases when undergoing treatment with acetone before being digested by bacteriolytic enzymes. Rapid lysis of Staphylococcus and Listeria cells is obtained through a respective treatment by lysozyme with lysostaphine and by lysozyme with achromopeptidase, adding to that the effect of SDS in Tris-Hcl buffer. This procedure of preparing chromosomal DNA provides 1 to 4 mg of DNA out of 1 g of bacterial cells in a day.     

Estimation of the growth rate of mixed ruminal bacteria from short-term DNA radiolabeling

A method based on 32P-labeling of DNA in short-term incubations was developed for estimating the growth rate of mixed rumen bacteria. A freeze/thaw procedure was optimized to quantitatively disrupt mixed rumen bacteria and extract bacterial DNA. The preliminary enzymatic lysis step, with lysozyme rather than proteinase K, sodium lauroyl sarcosine, and, to a lesser extent, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) strongly improved cell disruption and DNA recovery rates. Sodium deoxycholate, CHAPS or Triton X-100 had no significant effect. Increasing the number of cycles or lowering the freezing temperature from -20 degrees C to -50 degrees C had no effect on DNA extraction efficiency while setting the thawing temperature at +60 degrees C rather than +37 degrees C slightly increased DNA yield but also increased its contamination with RNA. The method finally selected led to the lysis of at least 93% of cells and to the extraction of 85% of bacterial DNA. The kinetics of in vitro 32P incorporation into rumen bacteria DNA was then determined in batch incubations of strained rumen contents with no additional substrate. The curvilinear effects of the amount of 32P and the incubation time (5-15 min) on the DNA radioactivity were investigated by applying a Doehlert experimental design and fitting a second order polynomial model to data. The DNA radioactivity was linearly related to time (p<0.02) with other coefficients in the model being equal to zero (p>0.20). The incorporation of 32P into bacterial DNA was initiated approximately 70 s after the start of incubation. Taking into account the accuracy of scintillation counting, 10-15 min incubations, with 15 microCi 32P and 10 mL rumen contents per tube, appeared satisfactory for future studies.     

改造α乳清蛋白的定点突变研究

蛋白质结构与功能之间关系的研究一直是生命科学领域的焦点 .采用定点诱变技术在克隆 c DNA的预定位点导入突变 ,然后在适当的宿主细胞 -载体系统中表达已改变的基因 ,通过比较突变体蛋白与野生型蛋白的性质 ,往往可能鉴别出对蛋白质的结构完整性和生物学功能至关重要的结构域或氨基酸残基 [1,2 ] .α乳清蛋白是哺乳动物乳汁中的主要蛋白质 ,它和半乳糖苷转移酶一起形成复合物 ,称为乳糖合成酶 .C型溶菌酶的功能是催化裂解细菌细胞壁肽聚糖组分 NAM- NAG的 β- 1 ,4糖苷键 .早期的研究发现 ,虽然它们是两种功能截然不同的蛋白质 ,它们自…     

Rapid extraction of plasmids from Clostridium perfringens

Two rapid methods were evaluated for their extraction of plasmids from Clostridium perfringens. The first method involved lysis of 1 to 2 ml of C. perfringens culture by treatment with hyaluronidase, lysozyme, and sarcosyl. DNA, extracted with phenol-chloroform, was treated with RNase, boiled, and electrophoresed in a 1.2% agarose gel. The second method involved lysis of 2 ml of culture by lysozyme treatment and extraction with alkaline sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Extracted DNA was treated with RNase, boiled, and electrophoresed in a 0.7% agarose gel. Of 57 strains of C. perfringens analyzed by both extraction procedures, 11 were shown to have plasmids by the alkaline SDS method which were missed by the phenol-chloroform extraction method. These new plasmids were of higher molecular mass and ranged up to 68 megadaltons. Use of the DNase inhibitor diethyl pyrocarbonate did not further improve the yield of plasmid DNA. An additional 159 isolates of C. perfringens screened by the alkaline SDS method revealed plasmids up to 80 megadaltons in mass and an overall plasmid carriage rate of 69%.     

Rapid extraction of plasmids from Clostridium perfringens.

Two rapid methods were evaluated for their extraction of plasmids from Clostridium perfringens. The first method involved lysis of 1 to 2 ml of C. perfringens culture by treatment with hyaluronidase, lysozyme, and sarcosyl. DNA, extracted with phenol-chloroform, was treated with RNase, boiled, and electrophoresed in a 1.2% agarose gel. The second method involved lysis of 2 ml of culture by lysozyme treatment and extraction with alkaline sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Extracted DNA was treated with RNase, boiled, and electrophoresed in a 0.7% agarose gel. Of 57 strains of C. perfringens analyzed by both extraction procedures, 11 were shown to have plasmids by the alkaline SDS method which were missed by the phenol-chloroform extraction method. These new plasmids were of higher molecular mass and ranged up to 68 megadaltons. Use of the DNase inhibitor diethyl pyrocarbonate did not further improve the yield of plasmid DNA. An additional 159 isolates of C. perfringens screened by the alkaline SDS method revealed plasmids up to 80 megadaltons in mass and an overall plasmid carriage rate of 69%.     

A rapid method for the screening of plasmids from Clostridium acetobutylicum and other Clostridium sp.

Summary A rapid method was developed for plasmid DNA screening from micro volume cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum. It involves protoplastization by lysozyme, nuclease inhibition by incorporating EDTA or DEP, followed by lysis with high concentration of SDS. The whole lysate is applied directly to electrophoretic analysis.