水分胁迫对荔枝叶片氮和核酸代谢的影响及其与抗旱性的关系

水分胁迫下,荔枝叶片蛋白酶活性和Ｐｒｏ 含量增加,ＰＤＨ 活性和可溶性蛋白质含量下降;抗旱性强的品种蛋白酶活性增加的幅度和蛋白质含量下降的幅度小于抗旱性弱的品种, 而ＰＤＨ 活性下降的幅度和Ｐｒｏ 含量上升的幅度均大于抗旱性弱的品种。水分胁迫引起荔枝叶片核酸、ＤＮＡ 和ＲＮＡ 含量下降,ＤＮＡ 含量下降的幅度小于ＲＮＡ 含量下降的幅度;ＤＮａｓｅ 和ＲＮａｓｅ 活性上升,ＤＮａｓｅ 活性上升的幅度小于ＲＮａｓｅ 活性上升的幅度。抗旱性强的品种核酸、ＤＮＡ 和ＲＮＡ 含量下降的幅度以及ＤＮａｓｅ 和ＲＮａｓｅ 活性上升的幅度均小于抗旱性弱的品种。     

水分胁迫对荔枝叶片氮和核酸代谢的影响及其与抗旱性的关系

水分胁迫下,荔枝叶片蛋白酶活性和Ｐｒｏ含量增加,ＰＤＨ活性与可溶性蛋白质含量下降,抗旱性强的品种蛋白酶活性增加的幅度蛋白质含量下降的幅度小于抗旱性弱的品种,而ＰＤＨ活性下降的幅度和Ｐｒｏ含量上升的幅度均大于抗旱性弱的品种。水分胁迫引起荔枝叶片核酸,ＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ含量下降,ＤＮＡ含量下降的幅度小于ＲＮＡ含量下降的幅度;ＤＮａｓｅ和ＲＮａｓｅ活性上升,ＤＮａｓｅ活性上升的幅度小于ＲＮａｓｅ活性上升的幅     

水分胁迫对抗旱性不同的荔枝叶片细胞壁H+-ATPase活性的影响

以抗旱性较强的荔枝东刘1号和抗旱性较弱的陈紫1－2年分盆栽实生幼苗为试验材料。研究了水分胁迫对荔枝（Litchi chinensis Sonn）叶片细胞胞质以及以离子键和共价键与细胞壁结合的H^ -ATPase活性的影响。结果表明：（1）叶片相对含水量随水分胁迫程度的增加而减少,抗旱性强的东刘1号下降的幅度小于抗旱性弱的陈紫。（2）H^ -ATPase在细胞中的分布是：细胞胞质H^ -ATPase占绝大多数,其次是共价键结合H^ -ATPase,离子键结合H^ -ATPase最少,品种间差异不明显。（3）在水分胁迫下,荔枝叶片H^ -ATPase活性（比活性）均上升,抗旱性强的品种上升的幅度均大于抗旱性弱的品种。     

不同抗旱性玉米幼苗根系抗氧化系统对水分胁迫的反应

以抗旱性不同的2个玉米品种为材料,研究不同程度水分胁迫下玉米根系活性氧清除系统的变化及膜脂过氧化水平。明确了轻度水分胁迫下玉米根系POD、CAT、APX等保护酶活性明显提高;中、重度胁迫下其活性急剧下降,但几种酶对水分胁迫的敏感程度不同。SOD对水分胁迫表现最不敏感,在中度水分胁迫下仍保持上升趋势;抗氧化剂GSH含量变化趋势与保护酶相似;而AsA含量在不同程度水分胁迫下持续下降;MDA含量随水分胁迫程度加剧而增加。其中抗旱性强的鲁玉14与抗旱性弱的掖单13相比具有较高的保护酶活性和抗氧化剂含量,膜脂过氧化程度较轻,除POD外,品种间抗氧化酶活性（抗氧化剂含量）呈极显著差异,说明抗氧化能力强是抗旱性品种具有较强抗旱性的重要原因之一。     

干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗根、叶多胺含量和多胺氧化酶活性的变化

 以抗旱性不同的两个小麦品种（‘晋麦33’和‘温麦8’）（Triticum aestivum cv. Jinmai 33 and Wenmai 8）为材料,研究了干旱胁迫下多胺含量和多胺氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明：旱过程中,幼苗根、叶中腐胺（Put）、亚精胺（Spd）、精胺（Spm）3种多胺含量和多胺氧化酶（PAO）活性先迅速升高,而后下降。与抗旱性弱的‘晋麦33’相比,抗旱性强的品种‘温麦8’幼苗根、叶中Spd、Spm 含量初期升高幅度大,之后下降速率减慢;PAO活性的变化与之相反,‘晋麦33’的PAO活性提高的幅度大于‘温麦8号’。多胺含量和PAO活性在小麦幼苗的根与叶之间呈极显著正相关。干旱初期,小麦根、叶中多胺迅速积累可能是干旱胁迫反应的一个信号,随后较高的Spd、Spm 水平有利于增强小麦幼苗的抗旱性。     

紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)对干旱胁迫的光合生理响应

紫花苜蓿是重要的豆科牧草,具有较强的抗旱性,然而干旱仍是制约紫花苜蓿生产的主要逆境因子。通过盆栽试验,以抗旱性强弱不同的两种紫花苜蓿为试验材料,对干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿的光合生理进行较为系统的研究,结果表明：（1）干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿叶片净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（E）、气孔导度（Gs）、叶绿素含量（Chl）都有不同幅度的下降;叶绿体超微结构遭到破坏。相对于抗旱性弱的苜蓿,抗旱性强的苜蓿随干旱胁迫程度的加深,净光合速率下降较慢,叶绿体的外形及基粒结构受到的影响较小。（2）轻度干旱胁迫下气孔限制是两种紫花苜蓿P。降低的主要因素,中度和重度干旱胁迫下非气孔限制是Pn降低的主要因素。（3）对叶绿素荧光参数的研究表明：干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿PSⅡ反应中心光化学效率（F／F=）、PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv／Fo）降低。总体上抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿Fv／Fm和Fv／Fo下降幅度小,PSⅡ利用光能的能力及PSⅡ的潜在活性均较强。PsⅡ光化学淬灭系数（qP）、非光化学淬灭系数（qN）的变化表现为干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿qP值降低、qN值升高,总体上抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿qP降低的幅度低且qN升高幅度大,表明抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿PSⅡ反应中心电子传递活性受到的影响小,光合机构的损伤程度低。     

紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)对干旱胁迫的光合生理响应

紫花苜蓿是重要的豆科牧草,具有较强的抗旱性,然而干旱仍是制约紫花苜蓿生产的主要逆境因子。通过盆栽试验,以抗旱性强弱不同的两种紫花苜蓿为试验材料,对干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿的光合生理进行较为系统的研究,结果表明：（1）干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿叶片净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度(Gs)、叶绿素含量(Chl)都有不同幅度的下降;叶绿体超微结构遭到破坏。相对于抗旱性弱的苜蓿,抗旱性强的苜蓿随干旱胁迫程度的加深,净光合速率下降较慢,叶绿体的外形及基粒结构受到的影响较小。（2）轻度干旱胁迫下气孔限制是两种紫花苜蓿Pn降低的主要因素,中度和重度干旱胁迫下非气孔限制是Pn降低的主要因素。（3）对叶绿素荧光参数的研究表明：干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿PSⅡ反应中心光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)降低。总体上抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo下降幅度小,PSⅡ利用光能的能力及PSⅡ的潜在活性均较强。PSⅡ光化学淬灭系数（qP）、非光化学淬灭系数（qN）的变化表现为干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿qP值降低、qN值升高,总体上抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿qP降低的幅度低且qN升高幅度大,表明抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿PSⅡ反应中心电子传递活性受到的影响小,光合机构的损伤程度低。     

干旱期间春小麦叶片多胺含量与作物抗旱性的关系

使用两种抵制剂ＭＧＢＧ（抑制ＳＡＭＤＣ活性）和ＡＯＡ（抑制ＡＣＣ合成酶活性）研究了干旱期间两个春小麦品种８１３９（抗旱性较弱）和５０４（抗旱性较强）叶片多胺（Ｐｕｔ、Ｓｐｄ和Ｓｐｍ）含量、ＲＷＣ水平、ＳＯＤ和ＰＯＤ活性以及ＭＤＡ含量的变化,并由此探讨了不同类别多胺与作物抗旱性的关系以及多胺与乙烯在作物对干旱胁迫响应过程中对共同前体ＳＡＭ的竞争趋向及其生理意义。     

水分胁迫对燕麦穗颖渗透调节和抗氧化能力的影响

以抗旱性不同的燕麦品种‘蒙燕1号’(抗旱性强)和‘坝莜3号’(水分敏感)为试验材料,采用盆栽方式研究了抽穗期和灌浆期水分胁迫对燕麦穗颖渗透调节和抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明:(1)水分胁迫处理均显著促进了不同抗旱性品种穗颖渗透调节物质(游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白)含量增加,并以抗旱品种累积水平高于水敏感品种,且两种渗透调节物质对抽穗期胁迫的反应比灌浆期胁迫更敏感。(2)两时期的水分胁迫处理均能降低不同抗旱性品种穗颖SOD和POD活性,抗旱品种的保护酶活性要高于水敏感品种,抗旱品种的SOD活性降低幅度明显低于水敏感品种,而POD活性降低幅度在两品种间差异不明显。(3)水分胁迫导致2个品种穗颖丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率显著增加,细胞膜结构受到严重伤害,且水敏感品种受害程度大于抗旱品种。(4)水分胁迫使2个品种单株籽粒产量下降,且在中度胁迫和重度胁迫下,抗旱品种的减产幅度要低于同期水敏感品种;水分胁迫下,水敏感品种‘坝莜3号’减产4.54%~30.29%,抗旱品种‘蒙燕1号’减产6.69%~23.54%。可见,抗旱性强的燕麦品种在受到水分胁迫的条件下能通过增强穗颖渗透调节和抗膜质过氧化能力、减弱穗颖细胞质膜损伤程度来适应干旱胁迫,最大限度减少水分胁迫对穗颖的伤害,有利于稳产。     

渗透胁迫下小麦根系渗透调节与根冠淀粉水解的研究

用不同浓度的PEG—600对抗旱性不同的小麦幼苗进行渗透胁迫处理,研究了小麦幼苗根系的淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖含量、渗透势、渗透调节能力和根冠淀粉的水解状况。结果表明,随着渗透胁迫程度的加重,抗旱性强的小麦品种昌乐5号和北农2号根系渗透势和饱和渗透势的降低程度大于抗旱性弱的小麦品种鲁麦5号和921842,并且抗旱性强的小麦品种根系的渗透调节能力大于抗旱性弱的小麦品种。随着渗透胁迫程度的加重．各品种小麦根冠淀粉粒均有不同程度的减少。而抗旱性强的品种根冠淀粉粒的减少程度小于抗旱性弱的品种;抗旱性强的小麦品种根系淀粉酶活性显著高于抗旱性弱的小麦品种,但是,随着渗透胁迫程度的加重,抗旱性弱的品种淀粉酶活性增加的幅度远高于抗旱性强的品种。可溶性糖含量的变化趋势与淀粉酶活性的变化趋势一致．即渗透胁迫下根冠淀粉水解程度大的小麦品种,可溶性糖的含量高。但根冠淀粉水解在根系的渗透调节以及在小麦适应水分胁迫中的作用还有待于进一步探讨。     

Antioxidant responses to water deficit by drought‐tolerant and ‐sensitive sugarcane varieties

Water deficit is the major yield‐limiting factor of crop plants. The exposure of plants to this abiotic stress can result in oxidative damage due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. The aim of this work was to study the antioxidant‐stress response of drought‐tolerant (SP83‐2847 and SP83‐5073) and drought‐sensitive (SP90‐3414 and SP90‐1638) sugarcane varieties to water‐deficit stress, which was imposed by withholding irrigation for 3, 10 and 20 days. The drought‐sensitive varieties exhibited the lowest leaf relative water content and highest lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and proline contents during the progression of the drought‐stress condition. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities changed according to variety and stress intensity. SP83‐2847 exhibited higher CAT and APX activities than the other varieties in the early stage of drought, while the activities of GPOX and GR were the highest in the other varieties at the end of the drought‐stress period. A Cu/Zn SOD isoenzyme was absent at the end of drought period from the SP90‐3414‐sensitive variety. The results indicate that lipid peroxidation and early accumulation of proline may be good biochemical markers of drought sensitivity in sugarcane.     

Antioxidative protection and proteolytic activity in tolerant and sensitive wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) varieties subjected to long-term field drought

Field drought studies were performed in order to assess oxidative stress, proteolytic activity and yield loss under natural stress conditions. Flag leaves of two drought-tolerant (Yantar and Zlatitsa) and two drought-sensitive (Miziya and Dobrudjanka) winter wheat varieties were analyzed. Stress intensity was assessed by relative electrolyte leakage and proline accumulation. Senescence progression was followed by loss of chlorophyll and protein. Lipid peroxidation, H₂O₂ content, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and non-specific peroxidase (GPX) isoforms, as well as proteolytic activities were analyzed from heading throughout grain filling. Weakening of membrane integrity and oxidative damage to lipids were more pronounced in the sensitive varieties under field drought. The activities of Fe- and Cu/Zn SOD isoforms decreased in the controls, but remained high in drought-treated plants. The activities of MnSOD isoforms and CAT were enhanced towards grain filling, especially in the sensitive varieties under drought. GPX activities were rised under drought but progressively diminished. Accelerated senescence under field drought was linked to higher proteolytic activity with variety specific differences in the protease response, but without a clear correlation to drought resistance or sensitivity. Field drought led to higher oxidative stress more pronounced for drought sensitive varieties, especially during the grain filling period.     

Evaluation of oxidative stress tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in response to drought

Seedlings of selected six genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) differing in their drought sensitivity (LM5 and Parkash drought-tolerant and PMH2, JH3459, Paras and LM14 as drought-sensitive) were exposed to 72 h drought stress at two leaf stage. Alterations in their antioxidant pools combined with activities of enzymes involved in defense against oxidative stress were investigated in leaves. Activities of some reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzymes, catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were enhanced in tolerant genotypes in response to drought stress. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly decreased in sensitive genotypes, but remained unchanged in tolerant genotypes under stress. Peroxidase (POX) activity was significantly induced in tolerant, as well as sensitive genotypes. Imposition of stress led to increase in H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA, a marker for lipid peroxidation) content in sensitive genotypes, while in tolerant genotypes no change was observed. Significant increase in glutathione content was observed in sensitive genotypes. Ascorbic acid pool was induced in both tolerant and sensitive genotypes, but induction was more pronounced in tolerant genotypes. Significant activation of antioxidative defence mechanisms correlated with drought-induced oxidative stress tolerance was the characteristic of the drought tolerant genotypes. These studies provide a mechanism for drought tolerance in maize seedlings.     

Antioxidative response in different sorghum species under short-term salinity stress

Seedlings of sorghum varieties (M35-1, a drought tolerant species; SPV-839, a drought sensitive one) differing in their drought tolerance were subjected to 150 mM NaCl stress for a short duration of time (up to 72 h). Both the varieties failed to exhibit efficient ion exclusion mechanism like that of salt tolerant species, but in turn resulted in higher accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions over a period of 72 h salt stress. In addition, accumulation of calcium, potassium and proline in seedlings of sorghum varieties was moderate to short-term NaCl stress. The modulation of antioxidant components significantly diverged between the two varieties during seed germination, further the efficiency of antioxidant scavenging system is maintained during short-term NaCl treatments. In comparison to tolerant variety, the sensitive variety depicted higher SOD activity under control and salinity treatments but specific activity of catalase was significantly reduced. In contrast, drought tolerant variety exhibited efficient hydrogen peroxide scavenging mechanisms with higher catalase and GST activities under control and salt stress conditions, but not in the sensitive one. In conclusion, our comparative studies indicate that drought tolerant and susceptible varieties of sorghum induce efficient differential oxidative components of enzymatic machinery for scavenging ROS thereby alleviating the oxidative stress generated by salt stress during seedling growth.     

Influence of waterlogging on some anti-oxidative enzymatic activities of two barley genotypes differing in anoxia tolerance

The experiment was conducted to investigate the formation of oxidative stress and the development of anti-oxidative enzymes in two barley genotypes differing in anoxia tolerance. Waterlogging led to significant reduction in root and shoot weight, green leaf area and tillers per plant, but tolerant Xiumai 3 was much less reduced than sensitive Gerdner. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, an indicator of membrane lipid peroxidation, significantly increased in Gerdner when the plants were subjected to waterlogging, but remained little changed in Xiumai 3. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was increased with waterlogging treatment and the sensitive cultivar had higher activity than the tolerant one during the experimental duration. At early stage of waterlogging treatment, both peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities significantly increased in Xuimai 3, while obviously decreased in Gerdner. Moreover, both cultivars showed substantial increase in both POD and CAT with the progress of waterlogging exposure. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity was increased in both tolerant- and sensitive cultivars under waterlogging. It may be assumed from the current results that SOD activity appears to be not a constraining factor limiting the scavenging of ROS, and it is the change of POD and CAT activity under waterlogging that determine the status of oxidative stress. The difference between genotypes in waterlogging tolerance could be distinguished from the changed patterns of these enzymatic activities.     

Induction of new isoforms of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes in the flag leaf of wheat during monocarpic senescence.

Leaf senescence is a programmed cell death phenomenon and involves oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and catalase (CAT EC 1.11.1.6) activities were studied in the flag leaf of Triticum aestivum cv. Kundan at different stages of grain development. Both SOD and CAT activities showed a decline during monocarpic senescence. Three SOD isozymes were observed in the cytosol, of which one isozyme was observed in the chloroplasts as well. Mitochondria showed the presence of three low abundant SOD isoforms. Inhibitor studies revealed the cytosolic and chloroplastic isoforms to be Cu/Zn SODs. In mitochondria however, two isozymes were MnSOD and one of them appeared to be FeSOD. These isoforms present in the mitochondria increased in activity as senescence progressed. Three isoforms of CAT were observed in peroxisomes which responded differentially during monocarpic senescence. The changes in the kind and pattern of the antioxidant enzymes supported the ordered sequence of events during leaf senescence. This is the first report showing an increase in mitochondrial FeSOD activity during leaf senescence.     

Physiological response of wheat varieties to elevated atmospheric CO2 and low water supply levels

In the phytotron experiment, the effect of elevated atmospheric CO₂ (EC, 750 μmol mol^?1) on the drought tolerance was studied in two winter varieties (Mv Mambo, tolerant; Mv Regiment, moderately tolerant) and in one spring variety of wheat (Lona, sensitive to drought). Changes in net photosynthetic rate (P _N), stomatal conductance, transpiration, wateruse efficiency, effective quantum yield of photosystem II, and activities of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-Stransferase (GST), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were monitored during water withdrawal. Drought caused a faster decline of P _N at EC, leading to the lower assimilation rates under severe drought compared with ambient CO₂ (NC). In the sensitive variety, P _N remained high for a longer period at EC. The growth at EC resulted in a more relaxed activation level of the antioxidant enzyme system in all three varieties, with very low activities of GR, GST, APX, and POD. The similar, low values were due to decreases in the varieties which had higher ambient values. A parallel increase of CAT was, however, recorded in two varieties. As the decline in P _N was faster at EC under drought but there was no change in the rate of electron transport compared to NC values, a higher level of oxidative stress was induced. This triggered a more pronounced, general response in the antioxidant enzyme system at EC, leading to very high activities of APX, CAT, and GST in all three varieties. The results indicated that EC had generally favourable effects on the development and stress tolerance of plants, although bigger foliage made the plants more prone to the water loss. The relaxation of the defence mechanisms increased potentially the risk of damage due to the higher level of oxidative stress at EC under severe drought compared with NC.     

Fine and coarse regulation of reactive oxygen species in the salt tolerant mutants of barnyard grass and their wild-type parents under salt stress

The growth of the wild-type and three salt tolerant mutants of barnyard grass ( Echinochloa crusgalli L.) under salt stress was investigated in relation to oxidative stress and activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD: EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT: EC 1.11.1.6), phenol peroxidase (POD: EC 1.11.1.7), glutathione reductase (GR: EC 1.8.1.7) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX: EC 1.11.1.1). The three mutants ( fows B17, B19 and B21) grew significantly better than the wild-type under salt stress (200 m M NaCl) but some salt sensitive individuals were still detectable in the populations of the mutants though in smaller numbers compared with the wild-type. The salt sensitive plants had slower growth rates, higher rates of lipid peroxidation and higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in their leaves compared with the more tolerant plants from the same genotype. These sensitivity responses were maximized when the plants were grown under high light intensity suggesting that the chloroplast could be a main source of ROS under salt stress. However, the salt sensitivity did not correlate with reduced K ⁺/Na ⁺ ratios or enhanced Na ⁺ uptake indicating that the sensitivity responses may be mainly because of accumulation of ROS rather than ion toxicity. SOD activities did not correlate to salt tolerance. Salt stress resulted in up to 10-fold increase in CAT activity in the sensitive plants but lower activities were found in the tolerant ones. In contrast, the activities of POD, APX and GR were down regulated in the sensitive plants compared with the tolerant ones. A correlation between plant growth, accumulation of ROS and differential modulation of antioxidant enzymes is discussed. We conclude that loss of activities of POD, APX and GR causes loss of fine regulation of ROS levels and hence the plants experience oxidative stress although they have high CAT activities.     

不同品种(系)小豆根系活力与叶片衰老的关联研究

以高产小豆品种(系)‘2000-75’、‘冀红9218’和低产品种(系)‘红宝1号’、‘湾选1号’为材料,测定小豆开花至成熟期,根系与始花节位叶片生长指标、保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量等变化,分析其根系与始花叶协同衰老的相关性,以揭示小豆根系活力与地上部叶片衰老之间的关系。结果表明:(1)各品种(系)开花后,植株根系伤流强度随着花后生育进程的推进呈单峰增长趋势,但根系活力的衰老起始期晚于叶片功能的衰退开始期。(2)从开花至成熟期,小豆根系活力与叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白、叶片净光合速率都存在正相关关系,与丙二醛含量呈负相关关系。(3)与低产品种相比,高产小豆品种(系)‘2000-75’和‘冀红9218’的根系活力强,叶片功能期持续时间长,叶绿素含量下降速度慢,保护性酶含量高,使花后小豆的功能叶捕获光能的能力增强,从而形成较高光合能力的小豆群体,最终获得高产。