黄海海域口虾蛄种群的遗传多样性

为了比较黄海海域口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)不同地理种群的遗传多样性水平,本研究通过分子标记探讨了6个口虾蛄种群的遗传变异.共获得72条627 bp的CO Ⅰ序列,检测到41个变异位点,平均核苷酸多样性为0.005 12;定义了39个单元型,平均单元型多样性为0.962 5.6个种群间的遗传距离在0.004 3 ～0.006 4之间;盐城海域口虾蛄种群具有较高的遗传多样性水平,而青岛和日照海域种群的核苷酸多样性水平则相对较低.歧点分布和中性检验Tajima‘s D及Fu's Fs值均说明黄海海域口虾蛄种群在历史上存在着一个快速扩张的事件,并且根据τ值和分子钟估计种群扩张时间大约距今5.5万年.本研究结果将为黄海海域口虾蛄野生资源的保护和合理利用提供科学依据.     

黄渤海海域口虾蛄野生资源的种群遗传学研究

本研究通过扩增测序共获得了148条口虾蛄线粒体COⅠ基因序列,定义了52个单元型,其中存在63个变异位点。在黄渤海海域中,盐城口虾蛄种群的遗传多样性最高;渤海与黄海海域口虾蛄群体间遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.006 12。经MEGA 4.0软件计算得知11个种群间的遗传距离为0.0009~0.0057,而渤海与黄海两大海域间的遗传距离为0.0043。系统发生关系显示,渤海与黄海海域的单倍型呈交错聚集状态,说明两大海域间不存在显著的遗传分化。本次研究初步评估了两个海域的口虾蛄种群的遗传多样性水平,为渤海海域与黄海海域口虾蛄种质资源保护提供了基础资料。     

东海海域口虾蛄种群遗传多样性

为准确掌握中国沿海口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)种群遗传结构、合理开发利用其资源,采用线粒体DNA(mt DNA)细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ(COⅠ)序列分析方法检测东海海域(庙子湖岛、南韭山、大陈岛、南麂岛)口虾蛄种群遗传多样性,并与黄渤海群体和南海群体进行比较分析(基因序列来源于Gen Bank)。经PCR扩增与测序获得100条658 bp的东海海域口虾蛄COⅠ基因序列,基于这些序列分析得到的变异位点数、单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数与核苷酸多样性指数分别为60、60、0.963±0.011和0.005 94±0.000 44,分析认为东海海域口虾蛄具有较高的单倍型多样性和较高的核苷酸多样性。单倍型分子系统树、分子方差分析及两两群体间的遗传分化系数(Fst)分析结果表明,东海海域口虾蛄遗传变异主要来自于群体内(Fst=﹣0.007 78,P0.05),各地理群体间遗传分化不显著,Fst值范围为﹣0.016 53~﹣0.009 08(P0.05),它们可能进行了一定程度的基因交流;通过与黄渤海群体及南海群体基因序列比较分析,口虾蛄东海群体、黄渤海群体与南海群体遗传变异主要来自于群体间(Fst=0.849 71,P0.01),且单倍型分子系统树存在2个显著分化的单倍型类群。东海群体与黄渤海群体间存在显著的遗传分化(Fst=0.884 58,P0.01),而与南海群体间不存在显著的遗传分化(Fst=0.020 44,P0.05),这种遗传结构模式可能与历史上的气候变化及所处海域海洋环境条件相关。建议今后对中国沿海口虾蛄资源进行开发利用时,将黄渤海群体看作一个管理单元,东海群体与南海群体看作一个管理单元。     

中哈边境区域黑腿星翅蝗遗传多样性与遗传分化研究

【目的】为了明确中哈边境区域黑腿星翅蝗Calliptamus barbarus Costa的遗传多样性,阐明其区域性发生的遗传机制。【方法】测定中哈边境新疆边境区域阿勒泰、塔城、博乐、伊犁等和哈萨克斯坦境内黑腿星翅蝗5个种群100个体的COⅠ基因全长序列(1 540 bp),利用DnaSP 5.0,MEGA 6.0和Arlequin3.5等软件分析种群遗传多样性与分化情况。【结果】共获得100条COⅠ基因序列,在5个地理种群中发现122个变异位点,包含69个单倍型,其中1个单倍型为4个种群所共享。种群间的遗传距离范围为0.001-0.086。总群体单倍型多样性指数H_d=0.987,各地理种群单倍型多样性介于0.973-0.995之间,总群体核苷酸多样性P_i=0.008 4,总群体的遗传分化系数G_(st)=0.004 5,总群体固定系数F_(st)=0.014 2,总基因流N_m=4.61。中性检验(Tajima's D=-1.553 3,P0.05;Fu’s Fs=-3.732 4,P0.05)结果表明中哈边境黑腿星翅蝗种群在较近的历史上没有出现群体扩张。单倍型网络图和NJ单倍型系统树结果一致,博乐种群与其他种群分化较明显,AMOVA分子变异分析结果表明中哈边境不同地理种群黑腿星翅蝗的遗传分化主要来自种群内部(98.56%),种群间变异水平很低(1.44%)。不同地理种群的遗传距离与地理距离间的相关性不显著。各单倍型散布在不同地理种群中,未形成明显的系统地理结构。【结论】中哈边境区域不同地理种群黑腿星翅蝗基因交流频繁,遗传分化程度低。     

四纹豆象不同地理种群的遗传分化

【目的】通过对四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius不同地理种群mtDNA-Cytb和COⅠ基因部分序列进行比较, 分析其不同地理种群间的遗传分化情况, 为揭示其与生物入侵的关系及入侵过程中种群系统发育地理格局与演变机制提供依据。【方法】用PCR产物直接测序法对分别来自中国海南、喀麦隆、韩国和泰国的四纹豆象4个地理种群的mtDNA-Cytb和COⅠ序列进行测序, 运用软件MEGA3.1对四纹豆象不同地理种群mtDNA-Cytb和COⅠ序列进行序列分析, 以绿豆象C. chinensis为外群构建了不同单倍型的分子系统树。【结果】34条420 bp Cytb序列中共检测到14个多态位点和5种单倍型, 33条822 bp COⅠ序列中检测到28个多态位点和9种单倍型, 其中4种单倍型为独享单倍型, 其余为全部或部分种群的共享单倍型。AMOVA分析结果显示, 四纹豆象4个地理种群间的遗传结构差异并不明显, 遗传差异主要发生在地理种群内。对4个地理种群进行了Fst值和基因流动统计, 结果表明4个地理种群间既存在着一定数量的基因交流, 也存在一定程度的遗传分化。【结论】根据单倍型分布格局初步推测, 中国不可能是四纹豆象的原产地, 而喀麦隆有可能是原产地之一, 并且喀麦隆种群与泰国种群之间的基因交流比较充分, 而中国种群与其他种群之间的遗传分化相对较大。     

中国橘小实蝇不同地理种群遗传多样性分析

【目的】为推测中国橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis向北方扩散的路径和北方地区的传播来源。【方法】本研究对橘小实蝇15个地理种群的144个样本的mtDNA COⅠ序列进行测定;依据mtDNA COⅠ序列利用相关软件对橘小实蝇不同地理种群的遗传多样性、遗传分化等进行分析。【结果】在橘小实蝇144个样本的mtDNA COⅠ序列中获得了75个单倍型,其中单倍型H＿7为7个地理种群所共享,北方地理种群与原发生地区种群间存在共享单倍型,绝大部分为种群独享单倍型。15个橘小实蝇地理种群总体表现出高水平的核苷酸多样性(Pi=0.02076)和单倍型多样性(Hd=0.99413),不同橘小实蝇地理种群间遗传分化较大。系统进化树显示,橘小实蝇各地理种群中的单倍型分布格局较为混杂,未形成明显的系统地理结构;系统进化树分为2支,湖北武汉、重庆北碚、福建福州、湖南衡阳、江苏南京、海南海口、河北保定、河南郑州、广东广州的地理种群聚为一支,海南三亚、广西南宁、云南丽江、湖南邵阳、山东泰安、山东临沂的地理种群聚为一支,北方新发生地理种群在两个分支中均有分布。橘小实蝇整体错配分析结果显示为单峰,表明橘小实...     

迁飞性昆虫甜菜夜蛾遗传分化研究

【目的】甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua逐渐成为世界性重要害虫,为明确甜菜夜蛾不同地理种群的遗传分化及遗传多样性,本研究探讨其在中国的种群遗传变异。【方法】测定了采自15个地理种群154个甜菜夜蛾的线粒体COⅠ基因的547 bp序列,利用DnaSP 5.0、Arlequin 3.5.1.2等软件对甜菜夜蛾不同种群间的遗传多样性、遗传分化及分子变异进行分析,并建立单倍型系统进化树。【结果】在所分析的154个COⅠ序列中,共检测出5个单倍型,其中H1为各种群所共享种群内遗传多样性较低(Hd=0.172±0.041,Pi=0.00077±0.0002),种群内遗传分化相对较大(FST=0.3182),基因流水平较高(Nm=1.071)。中性检验结果不显著(Tajima’s D=-1.278,P0.10,Fu’s Fs=-1.660,P0.10),说明中国地区甜菜夜蛾在较近的历史时期内没有出现种群扩张现象。分子变异分析(AMOVA)结果表明,甜菜夜蛾遗传变异主要来自种群内部(68.18%),而种群间未发生明显的遗传分化。根据各地理种群的单倍型建立的系统发育树表明,各单倍型散布在不同的地理种群中,无明显的地理分布格局。【结论】甜菜夜蛾不同种群的遗传距离与地理距离间无显著线性相关性,不同种群间的基因交流不受地理距离的影响。这些数据表明,除了遗传因素之外,不同因素的组合,例如地理距离、环境条件和生理行为,可能在甜菜夜蛾种群内和之间形成变异中起重要作用。     

基于线粒体COⅡ基因的大豆蚜不同地理种群遗传分化研究

【目的】大豆蚜Aphis glycines逐渐成为栽培大豆上的世界性重要害虫,为明确大豆蚜不同地理种群的遗传分化及遗传多样性,本研究探讨其在中国的种群遗传变异。【方法】测定了采自7个省共14个地理种群339头大豆蚜的线粒体COⅡ基因的673 bp序列,利用Dna SP 5.0、Arlequin 3.5.1.2、Network4.6.1.3等软件对地理种群间的大豆蚜的遗传多样性、遗传分化程度及分子变异进行分析,并建立了单倍型网络图及单倍型系统进化树。【结果】在所分析的339个COⅡ序列中,共检测出7个单倍型,其中H1为各种群所共享。种群内遗传多样性较低(Hd=0.479±0.030,Pi=0.00166±0.00018),种群内遗传分化相对较大(Fst=0.1985),基因流水平较高(Nm=2.019)。中性检验结果不显著(Tajima’s D=﹣0.931,P>0.10,Fu’s Fs=0.220,P>0.10),说明中国地区大豆蚜在较近的历史时期内没有出现种群扩张现象。分子变异分析(AMOVA)结果表明,大豆蚜遗传变异主要来自种群内部(80.15%),而种群间未发生明显的遗传分化。根据各地理种群的单倍型建立的系统发育树、单倍型网络图表明,各单倍型散布在不同的地理种群中,无明显的地理分布格局。【结论】大豆蚜不同地理种群的遗传多样性不高,各种群的遗传距离与地理距离之间没有显著线性相关性,各种群间的基因交流并未受到地理距离的影响。     

基于线粒体COI基因序列的大豆食心虫中国东北地理种群遗传多样性分析

【目的】大豆食心虫Leguminivora glycinivorella (Matsumura)是一种危害大豆的主要害虫,在中国北方地区危害较重。本研究旨在探讨大豆食心虫在中国东北不同地理种群间的遗传变异。【方法】测定了10个不同地理种群153个个体的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ (mtCOI)基因的657 bp序列,利用DnaSP 5. 0和Arlequin 3. 5. 1. 2等软件对大豆食心虫种群间的遗传多样性、基因流水平和分子变异进行分析。【结果】结果表明：10个地理种群间的COI基因共有36个变异位点和17个单倍型,其中1个单倍型为10个种群所共享。总种群的单倍型多样性指数Hd为0.456,各地理种群单倍型多样度范围在0~0.634之间。总群体的固定系数Fst为0.12545,遗传分化系数Gst为0.06326,总基因流Nm为3.49,且各种群间的基因流均大于1,种群间基因交流的水平较高。【结论】大豆食心虫种群内遗传多样性水平处于中低等水平。总群体和各种群的Tajima’s D检验结果皆不显著,说明中国东北地区大豆食心虫在较近的历史时期内没有出现种群扩张现象。AMOVA分子变异分析结果表明,大豆食心虫的遗传分化主要来自种群内部,而种群间未发生明显的遗传分化。各地理种群的单倍型在系统发育树上和中介网络图上散布在不同的分布群中,缺乏明显的地理分布格局。各种群的遗传距离与地理距离之间没有显著线性相关性,种群间的基因交流并未受到地理距离的影响。     

基于线粒体COⅠ、Cytb和COⅡ基因的中国草地螟不同地理种群遗传分化分析

【目的】揭示中国草地螟Loxostege sticticalis不同地理种群的遗传分化程度。【方法】采用PCR技术扩增中国西北和华北地区草地螟11个地理种群的线粒体COⅠ,Cytb和COⅡ基因序列,基于其序列变异及单倍型贝叶斯系统发育树和单倍型网络图分析,探讨不同地理种群间的遗传距离、分子系统发生关系及遗传分化程度。【结果】草地螟11个地理种群的线粒体COⅠ,Cytb和COⅡ基因序列分别有24, 12和69个变异位点(分别占总序列的3.6%, 2.7%和8.8%),检测到的单倍型分别为22, 14和16个,单倍型多样度(Hd)分别为0.7600, 0.5842和0.7341,核苷酸平均差异度(K)分别为1.704, 0.752和3.997,不同单倍型间的遗传距离平均值分别为0.004, 0.005和0.013。总种群的Tajima’s D和Fu’s Fs值皆不显著,表明草地螟不同地理种群间的遗传分化不明显,群体大小稳定。根据各地理种群的单倍型建立的系统发育树和单倍型网络图表明,各单倍型散布在不同的地理种群中,无明显的地理分布格局。【结论】草地螟各地理种群的遗传距离与地理距离间不具有显著的相关性,其遗传分化不明显。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Shapes of curves of pH-dependence of reactions

A simple case is considered in which the rate of a two-step reaction depends on pH because the intermediate formed in the first step has to gain (or lose) a proton before it can react in the second step, and in which the rate-determining step therefore changes with pH. The curves of reaction rate against pH are shown to be symmetrical, and the sharpest peak possible has a width at half its height of 1.53pH units, i.e. of 2log(3+2 radical2). Any particular curve for this situation proves to be identical with a curve that could be generated for the pH-dependence of a single-step reaction in which the rate is proportional to the concentration of a particular ionic form of a reactant. Curves for the latter situation, however, can have forms impossible for the former case in which the rate-determining step changes, but only if the protonations that activate and deactivate the reactant are co-operative. The peak can then become even sharper, and its width at half its height can fall to 1.14pH units, i.e. to 2log(2+ radical3).     

Overview of mechanisms of action of lycopene

Dietary intakes of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene have been shown to be associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases in numerous studies. Serum and tissue lycopene levels have also been inversely related to the risk of lung and prostate cancers. Lycopene functions as a very potent antioxidant, and this is clearly a major important mechanism of lycopene action. In this regard, lycopene can trap singlet oxygen and reduce mutagenesis in the Ames test. However, evidence is accumulating for other mechanisms as well. Lycopene at physiological concentrations can inhibit human cancer cell growth by interfering with growth factor receptor signaling and cell cycle progression specifically in prostate cancer cells without evidence of toxic effects or apoptosis of cells. Studies using human and animal cells have identified a gene, connexin 43, whose expression is upregulated by lycopene and which allows direct intercellular gap junctional communication (GJC). GJC is deficient in many human tumors and its restoration or upregulation is associated with decreased proliferation. The combination of low concentrations of lycopene with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exhibits a synergistic effect on cell proliferation and differentiation and an additive effect on cell cycle progression in the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line, suggesting some interaction at a nuclear or subcellular level. The combination of lycopene and lutein synergistically interact as antioxidants, and this may relate to specific positioning of different carotenoids in membranes. This review will focus on the growing body of evidence that carotenoids have unexpected biologic effects in experimental systems, some of which may contribute to their cancer preventive properties in models of carcinogenesis. Consideration of solubility in vitro, comparison with doses achieved in humans by dietary means, interactions with other phytochemicals, and other potential mechanisms such as stimulation of xenobiotic metabolism, inhibition of cholesterogenesis, modulation of cyclooxygenase pathways, and inhibition of inflammation will be considered. This review will point out areas for future research where more evidence is needed on the effects of lycopene on the etiology of chronic disease.