长期施肥对设施菜田土壤酶活性及土壤理化性状的影响

利用沈阳农业大学蔬菜长期定位施肥试验田,研究了长期施肥对设施菜田土壤酶活性及土壤理化性状的影响.结果表明:长期施用有机肥或有机肥与氮肥配合施用可明显提高土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾养分含量,改善土壤物理性状,增强土壤转化酶、脲酶和中性磷酸酶的活性;而长期单施氮肥造成土壤pH值和土壤酶活性降低.土壤酶活性与土壤养分因子的相关分析表明,转化酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷含量呈显著正相关;脲酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关,与碱解氮和速效磷含量呈显著正相关;中性磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷和速效钾含量呈显著正相关;脱氢酶活性与土壤各养分因子均无明显相关性.     

库布齐沙漠不同人工固沙灌木林土壤微生物量与土壤养分特征

在库布齐沙漠东段选取人工油蒿+杨柴半灌木混交林、人工柠条锦鸡儿灌木林和人工沙柳灌木林3种人工固沙灌木林为对象,以流动沙地为对照,研究了不同人工固沙灌木林土壤微生物生物量碳和氮、土壤微生物数量、土壤养分变化特征及其相互间的关系,并运用综合指数法对不同人工固沙灌木林的土壤恢复效果进行评价.结果表明: 与流动沙地相比,3种人工固沙灌木林土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷含量均有不同程度的提高,表现为油蒿+杨柴林地＞柠条锦鸡儿林地＞沙柳林地,且均随土层加深而依次降低;3种人工固沙灌木林土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量碳和氮均较流动沙地有不同程度的提高,油蒿+杨柴林地土壤微生物生物量碳氮和细菌相对数量高于柠条锦鸡儿林地和沙柳林地,而真菌与放线菌相对数量则表现为柠条锦鸡儿林地＞沙柳林地＞油蒿+杨柴林地;影响3种人工固沙灌木林土壤细菌相对数量、微生物生物量碳和氮的因素是土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷含量及C/N,而放线菌、真菌相对数量主要受土壤全磷、速效氮和速效磷含量的影响;不同人工固沙灌木林土壤质量排序为:油蒿+杨柴林地＞柠条锦鸡儿林地＞沙柳林地＞流动沙地,表明不同人工固沙灌木林的建植均能提高沙漠土壤质量,其中营造油蒿+杨柴半灌木混交林对提高土壤综合质量效果最好.     

不同植被被覆下温性草原土壤养分分异特征

以青海湖区4种不同植被被覆下温性草原为对象,研究在自然及放牧因素影响下土壤异质性分布格局.结果表明:速效养分(速效氮、速效磷、速效钾)具有明显的分层特征,表层土壤含量最高,随土层加深含量逐渐降低.紫花针茅退化样地各层土壤速效养分含量普遍低于其他3个样地,恢复时间较长的样地(早熟禾样地)和有外来物质输入的样地(赖草样地)含量较高.全量养分表现不同,全氮含量表现出分层现象,退化和恢复时间短样地(紫花针茅退化样地、垂穗披碱草样地)表层(0～10 cm)和第二层(10～20 cm)全氮含量高,下层含量迅速降低;早熟禾样地和赖草样地各层全氮含量都较高;全磷含量随土层降低没有出现显著差异(P＞0.05),紫花针茅退化样地0～40 cm土层全磷含量都显著低于其他样地(P＜0.05),其全钾和有机质含量也普遍低于其他样地;有机质与全量养分、速效养分均呈现极显著相关(P＜0.01).随土层加深土壤容重增高,退化使土壤pH值升高.退化温性草原在恢复6a后土壤基本得到恢复,人类扰动和自然因素都影响到土壤养分状况.     

云南南涧干热退化山地人工植被恢复初期生物量及土壤环境动态

 研究了云南南涧干热河谷退化山地人工恢复植被初期阶段(3～5年)主要植物群落的地上生物量和恢复植被后土壤水分及养分的相关动态。结果表明,几种外来植物的适应性强,早期生长迅速并能很快郁闭。人工群落生物量都高于当地次生的坡柳灌草丛。引进种的地上生物量和总平均生长量分别是坡柳的3～16倍和5～20倍,其生长速度也高于乡土树种云南松。雨季人工植被下土壤含水量比光坡地增加约100％,表土层则增加2倍以上。但在旱季,林地土壤含水量与光坡地相近甚至低于光坡地。植被的恢复使土壤养分朝着良性循环转变。土壤有机质、速效钾含量提高,全氮含量稍有降低但不明显,速效磷含量降低,pH值有所下降。这些变化主要发生在土壤表层,人工植被及其土壤生态系统的恢复仍处于不稳定状态。     

西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤养分的空间变异特征

基于网格(20 m×20 m)取样,采用经典统计学和地统计学方法,研究了西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤养分的空间异质性和分布格局.结果表明:峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤养分含量为中等和强变异,变异性大小顺序为:速效磷全钾有机质碱解氮全氮全磷速效钾,pH值表现为弱变异,有机质表现为中等程度的变异;不同土壤养分具有良好的空间自相关性,其自相关函数均表现出由正相关向负相关方向发展,拐点为80~100 m,其中全钾和速效磷的Moran I较小,其他指标较大;不同土壤养分的空间变异特征不同,全钾和速效磷最佳拟合模型为指数模型,块金值与基台值的比值[C0/(C0+C)]和变程(A)很小,分形维数(D)较高,空间相关性强烈;其他土壤养分指标的最佳拟合模型均为球状模型,C0/(C0+C)、A和D均呈中等程度的空间相关;Kriging分析表明,pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷和碱解氮呈凹型分布,速效磷和速效钾呈斑块状分布.植被、地形、人为干扰和高异质性的微生境是造成峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤养分格局差异的主要因素.     

库布齐沙地两种植被恢复类型根际土壤微生物和土壤化学性质比较研究

油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)与中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)是库布齐沙地分布广泛的优良固沙植被类型,在植被恢复过程中受到关注。以库布齐沙地自然恢复的油蒿群落与人工种植的中间锦鸡儿群落为研究对象,以流动沙地为对照,采用野外调查、室内生化实验与统计分析相结合的方法,分析两种植被恢复类型根际与非根际土壤微生物、土壤化学性质的差异,研究土壤微生物与土壤化学性质间的相关关系,并运用综合指数法评价两种植被恢复类型对土壤生态系统的恢复效果,为库布齐沙地植被恢复与重建提供科学依据。主要结论如下:(1)与流沙对照相比,两种植被恢复类型根际、非根际土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量碳、氮含量均有不同程度的提高,其中,自然恢复的油蒿群落根际土壤微生物总数、细菌数量、微生物量碳和氮含量均显著高于中间锦鸡儿根际,真菌和放线菌数量分布表现为中间锦鸡儿油蒿;(2)两种植被恢复类型根际、非根际土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效钾含量均比流动沙地有不同程度地提高,其中,油蒿根际、非根际土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮含量显著高于中间锦鸡儿;(3)影响油蒿和中间锦鸡儿群落土壤微生物数量、生物量碳和氮的土壤因子是有机质、p H值、全氮、速效氮、速效钾、速效磷,其中,对两种植被恢复类型土壤微生物数量和生物量有正向促进作用的主要因子是土壤有机质、速效钾和全氮含量;(4)运用综合指数法计算出基于14个土壤指标的土壤质量综合指数(SQI),SQI值排序为:油蒿根际中间锦鸡儿根际油蒿非根际中间锦鸡儿非根际流沙对照。自然恢复的油蒿群落对土壤质量的改良效果显著优于人工种植的中间锦鸡儿群落,是库布齐沙地生态恢复的适合途径之一。     

海南东北部4 种典型人工林土壤化学性质研究

选取大叶相思、木麻黄、桉树和湿加松四个海南东北部沿海平原地带典型的人工林树种进行土壤取样和分析,研究土壤pH 值、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾和速效钾以及有机碳和全氮的比值(C/N 比)在四种类型林分中的差异, 同时对不同深度的土壤养分进行比较分析。结果显示该区森林土壤呈强酸性, 土壤有机质含量低、土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾均处于中度到中度贫瘠的水平。由于小枝单宁含量高, 阻碍木麻黄凋落物分解和养分归还进行, 除有效磷外, 其它土壤养分元素含量均低于另外三种类型人工林, 过熟阶段的桉树林的有机质、全氮、C/N比高于其他三种林分。除了桉树林土壤C/N 比外, 土壤养分含量随土层深度增加总体上表现为不断减少的趋势, 最后本研究给出提高土壤质量的一些经营建议。     

长期模拟增温对矮嵩草草甸土壤理化性质与植物化学成分的影响

采用国际冻原计划(ITEX)长期模拟增温试验装置,研究了退化和未退化的矮嵩草草甸上植物化学成分(粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、木质素、粗脂肪、粗蛋白和无氮浸出物)含量、土壤环境因子(速效氮、速效钾、速效磷、全氮、全磷、全钾、有机质和土壤含水量)的变化及其相互关系。结果表明:长期模拟增温明显影响了土壤理化性质和3个功能群植物的化学成分含量(P0.05);在退化的矮嵩草草甸上长期模拟增温,两者存在明显的交互效应(P0.05),增温增加了植物可直接利用的土壤养分含量,但土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾和含水量均低于其各自对照,增温降低了优良牧草(禾草和莎草)粗脂肪、粗蛋白和无氮浸出物的含量,增加了粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和木质素含量,降低了牧草消化率;长期模拟增温条件下,土壤理化性质对植物化学成分的贡献大小依次是:速效氮有机质含水量速效钾。典型对应分析表明,长期模拟增温进一步巩固了未退化矮嵩草草甸禾草类和莎草类优势牧草的地位,杂类草逐渐衰退;而在退化矮嵩草草甸样地上长期模拟增温,群落优势种的优势度下降,加剧了草地退化。     

广州市道路绿地土壤肥力特征研究

通过对广州市12条道路绿地土壤进行采样调查,结合主成分分析法,研究广州市道路绿地土壤肥力特征及筛选出主导因子。结果表明,广州市道路绿地土壤pH值为5.52～8.76,碱性和强碱性土壤比例为78.26%;EC值和有机质平均值分别为0.19 mS/cm和26.52 g/kg;有效磷含量很高,全氮和全钾含量较高,全磷、碱解氮和速效钾含量较低。筛选结果显示,广州市道路绿地土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和有效磷可作为土壤肥力评价的主要因子,全钾和速效钾为次要因子。     

陇中黄土区坡面整地和植被类型对土壤化学性状的影响

合理的坡面整地和人工植被恢复能够改善土壤状况,进而促进植被生长和生境改善。在半干旱黄土高原地区,研究不同植被类型和整地方式下的土壤属性变化规律,对于揭示整地-植被-土壤之间的相互作用机制有重要意义。基于外业采样和室内测定的方法,测定了样品的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷和酸碱度,对比和分析黄土高原小流域不同整地方式和植被类型下的土壤养分特征。结果表明:(1)土壤养分变化的总体规律是明显的表聚性,土壤养分含量随土层的增加而减少,0—1m养分平均含量只有表层含量的43.1%—86.8%,除此之外全磷、全钾养分含量还具有波动性、富集性等特点;(2)整地和植被类型对土壤养分的影响:整地方式下养分含量依次为:水平沟、水平阶鱼鳞坑反坡台,植被类型养分对比结果:柠条油松山杏侧柏,同时发现整地方式对速效养分的影响较大,而植被恢复对全量养分的影响占主导优势;(3)植被对不同土壤养分的吸收利用响应:分析植被的养分利用特点,发现侧柏对磷素的消耗较大,柠条对钾素的消耗较大,并且发现有机质含量存在波动层、渐变层和稳定层等分布特征。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。