地表连年覆盖雷竹林叶片养分利用特征

对连续覆盖雷竹林换叶期林地土壤和叶片养分利用效率、养分再吸收效率进行了研究,旨在阐明地表连年覆盖栽培对雷竹林养分利用特征的影响.结果表明:连续覆盖3年雷竹林土壤N养分有效性、N素利用效率以及再吸收效率均显著性提高,雷竹林表现出较高的保存N养分的能力;土壤P元素有效性水平显著升高,而叶片P养分的利用效率显著降低,反映出叶片对土壤高P含量的适应策略,N、P养分利用效率之间存在显著的负相关关系(P＜0.05);土壤K元素的有效性水平显著降低,竹林通过提高自身的K再吸收效率来维持养分的正常循环,再吸收效率高达95.8％;不同覆盖年限雷竹林Nm/Pm均＜14,连续覆盖3年雷竹林Nm/Pm比值极显著下降,经推断是此时雷竹林对土壤有效P高吸收的结果.成熟叶片的Nm/Pm与N、P的再吸收效率均无显著相关性,Nm/Pm并不能很好地反映叶片在凋落前的养分再分配格局.     

文冠果叶片养分元素含量的动态变化及再吸收特性

以文冠果叶片为试材,运用原子吸收光谱法分析了叶片养分元素含量的季节动态变化和再吸收效率。结果表明：N、P、K均呈下降趋势,是“稀释效应”和养分再吸收导致;Mg呈“单峰”曲线走势,与Mg的生理功能有关;Fe、Mn呈“V”字型走势,Cu呈“W”型,Zn呈“N”型,与树体吸收特性和不同的物候期有关。总体来看,养分元素含量顺序是：N>P>K>Mg>Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu,且不同时期又有所不同。大量元素之间存在显著的相关关系;微量元素间相关关系不显著（Fe、Zn除外）,Fe与N显著负相关,与拮抗作用有关。C/N呈升高趋势,差异显著;N/P呈降低趋势,差别不大。养分再吸收效率由大到小的顺序是：Mg>N>K>P,差异显著。微量元素由于移动性较差,不能被再吸收。N、P、K、Mg养分再吸收效率反映了文冠果较高的养分保存能力和养分利用效率。     

黄土高原子午岭林区典型树种叶片N、P再吸收特征

为揭示黄土高原子午岭林区不同演替阶段和植被类型主要树种养分再吸收特征,研究选取4种次生植被树种(白桦、山杨、辽东栎和油松)和2种人工植被树种(刺槐和侧柏),测定其成熟叶、凋落叶和林下土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量,研究了叶片N、P再吸收率及其与养分指标的关系。结果表明:(1)不同树种叶片养分和林下土壤养分含量存在显著差异,土壤C、N含量和C∶N∶P计量比均表现为演替后期林地(辽东栎和油松)演替前期林地(山杨和白桦)人工林(侧柏和刺槐);(2)不同树种叶片N、P再吸收率分别为17.18%—43.34%和27.13%—58.12%,均表现为演替后期林地人工林演替前期林地,且P的再吸收率总体高于N的再吸收率;(3)不同树种叶片N、P再吸收率与叶片养分指标的关系强于土壤,与养分计量比的相关性大于养分含量的相关性。说明子午岭典型植被会通过叶片N、P再吸收来适应养分限制环境,尤其是演替后期植被再吸收能力更强,研究可为黄土高原植被恢复提供理论依据。     

亚热带红壤侵蚀区马尾松针叶养分含量及再吸收特征

叶片衰老过程中的养分再吸收是植物适应养分贫瘠生境的一种重要策略,一直是生态学领域的研究热点。以亚热带红壤侵蚀区生态恢复先锋树种马尾松为研究对象,分析4种不同恢复水平下马尾松叶片养分含量随叶龄的变化情况及养分再吸收特征。结果表明:(1)叶片中N、P、K含量变化范围分别在(6.10±0.52)—(12.02±0.85)mg/g、(0.17±0.03)—(1.02±0.01)mg/g、(1.58±0.49)—(9.46±0.90)mg/g,随叶龄增长整体呈先增加后降低的趋势,具有一个快速积累期和一个相对漫长衰减期的动态特征,这表明叶龄也是影响叶片养分含量的重要因素;(2)叶片N、P、K含量随生境恢复水平的提高而增加,且N、P含量在除凋落叶外的叶龄阶段均表现出显著正相关,表明叶片中这两种营养元素在动态变化上存在协同性;(3)在叶片N、P、K再吸收效率中,P、K再吸收效率较高,而N相对较低。养分再吸收受生境中营养元素的含量水平、循环方式等因素的综合影响表现出一定选择性,对生境中较为贫瘠或使其生长受到限制的元素具有较高的再吸收效率。这不仅可以减小植物对外源养分的依赖性,同时也维持了体内重要营养元素的平衡。随叶龄增长叶片中N/P逐渐增大,反映出在叶片衰老过程中对限制元素P具有较强的再吸收能力,这种反馈调节提高了马尾松对养分贫瘠环境的适应性。本文的研究结果可为亚热带红壤侵蚀退化区先锋物种在贫瘠生境条件下的养分利用机制与适应对策方面的研究提供理论依据。     

重庆石灰岩地区主要木本植物叶片性状及养分再吸收特征

以重庆石灰岩地区15种常绿木本植物和14种落叶木本植物为研究对象,对两种生活型植物叶片衰老前后叶干物质含量(LDMC)、比叶面积(SLA)和叶片厚度(LT)进行了比较,并采用不同的计算方法(单位质量叶片养分含量、单位面积叶片养分含量)分析了两类植物叶片衰老前后养分含量及再吸收特征,最后对养分再吸收效率与其他叶性状因子之间的关系进行了相关分析。结果表明:常绿植物成熟叶LDMC、LT及衰老叶LT显著低于落叶植物,落叶植物成熟叶和衰老叶SLA均显著高于常绿植物(P0.05);基于单位质量叶片计算的养分含量,常绿植物成熟和衰老叶N、P量均低于落叶植物,而基于单位面积叶片计算的N、P含量则表现出相反的趋势;基于不同方法计算的N、P再吸收效率差异不明显,其中常绿植物基于单位质量叶片养分含量计算的N、P平均再吸收效率为39.42%、43.79%,落叶植物的为24.08%、33.59%;常绿和落叶植物N、P再吸收效率与LDMC、SLA、LT和成熟叶N、P含量之间没有显著相关性,但与衰老叶养分含量存在显著负相关(P0.05)。研究发现,无论是常绿植物还是落叶植物,衰老叶N、P含量均较低,表明石灰岩地区植物具有较高的养分再吸收程度。     

江西阳际峰30种阔叶树叶片氮磷含量及再吸收效率

养分再吸收是植物养分利用的重要策略,体现了植物对养分留存、利用和适应环境的能力。为研究亚热带不同生活型(常绿与落叶)阔叶树养分含量与养分再吸收的关系,以江西阳际峰国家级自然保护区内30种阔叶树为研究对象,测定成熟和衰老叶片氮(N)和磷(P)含量,分析常绿和落叶树种叶片N和P含量及其再吸收效率差异,揭示阔叶树种叶片养分再吸收效率对植物生活型的响应。结果表明: 落叶树种成熟叶片N和P含量显著高于常绿树种,衰老叶片P含量显著高于常绿树种,而两者衰老叶N含量差异不显著;30种阔叶林木叶片的氮再吸收效率(NRE)与磷再吸收效率(PRE)平均值分别为49.6%和50.9%,两种生活型树种间叶片的NRE与PRE无显著差异;落叶和常绿树种叶片的NRE均与衰老叶N含量呈显著负相关,PRE则与衰老叶P含量呈显著负相关,且这种关系在不同生活型之间差异不显著;总物种的PRE-NRE异速生长指数为1.18。江西阳际峰30种不同生活型阔叶树的养分再吸收效率会影响衰老叶片的养分状况,且相较于N,植物偏好从衰老叶中再吸收P。     

林地覆盖经营雷竹林叶片养分特征及其与土壤养分的关系

探讨了短期覆盖经营(覆盖1 a)、休养式覆盖经营(覆盖3 a 后休养3 a)、长期覆盖经营(覆盖6 a)和不覆盖雷竹林(CK)2年生立竹叶片养分含量、化学计量比和再吸收率及其与土壤养分的关系。结果表明：(1)短期和休养式覆盖经营促使雷竹叶片养分含量和再吸收率总体上提高,而长期覆盖经营对雷竹叶片 P 含量和N、K 再吸收率会产生较为明显的影响,叶片 P 含量、N 再吸收率显著升高,K 再吸收率降低;(2)短期和休养式覆盖经营对雷竹林土壤、叶片养分化学计量比影响不明显,但长期覆盖经营使雷竹林土壤、叶片 N∶P、K∶P 显著降低;(3)短期覆盖经营能增强雷竹林土壤养分与叶片的养分含量、化学计量比和养分再吸收率的相关性,但随覆盖经营年限的延长,相关性总体上呈减弱趋势;(4)土壤养分含量及其平衡关系对林地覆盖经营雷竹林叶片养分特征影响明显;(5)长期覆盖经营雷竹林土壤、叶片养分间相关性明显减弱,竹子吸收利用养分的能力下降,生产中应实行雷竹林休养式覆盖经营方式。研究结果为林地覆盖经营雷竹林的可持续发展提供了理论参考。     

黄土丘陵区草本植物叶片与枯落物生态化学计量学特征

以黄土高原延河流域森林、森林草原和草原3个植被区的4种典型草本植物达乌里胡枝子、长芒草、铁杆蒿、茭蒿的叶片和枯落物为对象,测定叶片和枯落物中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量及其比值,分析草本植物在该区域的养分限制及再吸收规律.结果表明: 4种植物叶片N/P均小于14,生长主要受氮元素含量限制;除达乌里胡枝子外,其他3种植物N、P、K的养分再吸收效率平均值分别为48.7%、32.5%、79.9%.茭蒿和铁杆蒿较高的N、P、K养分再吸收效率和叶片K含量有助于其在水分竞争中占据优势.铁杆蒿枯落物的C/N显著低于长芒草和茭蒿的枯落物,因而更易分解和进行养分循环.这可能是铁杆蒿在3个植被区分布广泛的原因之一.     

西藏东南部色季拉山主要类型森林叶片和枯落物养分含量特征

为阐明不同生长年限森林叶片和不同分解程度枯落物养分含量特征,为植物-土壤养分循环研究提供科学依据。以藏东南色季拉山几种典型森林植被(雪山杜鹃(Rhododendron aganniphum)、海拔4000 m和3900 m区域急尖长苞冷杉(Abies georgei var. smithii)、川滇高山栎(Quercus aquifolioides))为研究对象,分析了1年生和2年生植物叶片及不同分解程度枯落物有机碳(OC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和全钾(TK)含量。结果表明:色季拉山森林叶片和枯落物OC含量表现为2年生叶片1年生叶片未分解枯落物(ND)半分解枯落物(SD)完全分解枯落物(CD),即老叶片以C积累为主,而枯落物OC含量随分解程度的增加而下降,叶片OC平均含量(68.5%)显著高于中国平均水平(45.5%);叶片N、P、K含量表现为1年生2年生,即新叶以N、P、K等营养物质的吸收积累为主。枯落物TN含量低于中国森林的平均水平(12.03 g/kg),而TP含量显著高于中国森林平均水平(0.74 g/kg),枯落物TN和TP以SD最高,即分解初期表现为净固定,而后期则呈净释放,TK含量随分解程度的增加而增加,表现为K的净固定;叶片C∶N,C∶P和C∶K表现为2年生1年生,枯落物C∶N,C∶P和C∶K随着分解程度的增加而显著降低;叶片N∶P处于较低水平(6.08),显著低于全球平均水平(16.0),表现出明显的N限制营养型;研究结果为科学阐明藏东南森林生态系统植被-土壤养分循环研究提供了数据支撑。     

不同林龄马尾松针叶凋落前后养分含量及回收特征

以湖南会同地区10、23和45年生马尾松人工林为研究对象,采用不同参数(单位质量养分含量、单位长度养分含量和单叶养分含量)分析了针叶凋落前后养分含量及回收特征.结果表明：3个林龄马尾松针叶凋落后的单叶质量、单叶长度和单位长度质量平均分别下降了15.9%、4.6%和13.9%；不同林龄针叶养分含量不同；凋落前马尾松单叶N、P、K回收平均在50%以上；养分再吸收效率和转移度均随林龄先增后减.除N外,基于不同参数计算所得养分再吸收效率差异不明显.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

Exercise, dobutamine, and combined atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine compared

We compared the cardiovascular effects evoked in conscious dogs by 1) submaximal exercise; 2) infusion of dobutamine (40 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1); and 3) infusion of a combination of atropine (0.15 mg/kg), norepinephrine (0.19 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1), and epinephrine (0.05 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1). Myocardial O2 demand, as estimated by the double product (heart rate X systolic blood pressure), was similar during all three interventions. Cardiac output and heart rate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) during each of the three interventions. Arteriovenous O2 difference and total body O2 consumption, however, increased only during submaximal exercise. Although myocardial blood flow increased similarly during each of the three interventions, blood flow to skeletal muscle and the tongue increased only during exercise. Exercise and the combined infusion of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine produced similar increases in blood flow to the diaphragm and similar decreases in blood flow to the stomach. These changes in blood flow were associated with appropriate changes in vascular resistance. Additionally, blood flow to the brain, kidney, adrenal glands, liver, and intestine did not change during any of the three interventions. Thus, in dogs, submaximal exercise, infusion of dobutamine, and infusion of a combination of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine to evoke a given level of estimated myocardial O2 consumption produce similar increases in cardiac output, heart rate, and myocardial blood flow. In contrast, the changes in total body O2 consumption, arteriovenous O2 difference, regional blood flow, and regional vascular resistance that occur during each of these three interventions are different.     

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis. Ricardo A. Godoy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 274 pp.     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Incorporating Science,Technology, Fairness,and Accountability in Environmental,Health, and Safety Decisions

The Precautionary Principle is in sharp political focus today because (1) the nature of scientific uncertainty is changing and (2) there is increasing pressure to base governmental action on more “rational” schemes, such as cost-benefit analysis and quantitative risk assessment, the former being an embodiment of ‘rational choice theory’ promoted by the Chicago school of law and economics. The Precautionary Principle has been criticized as being both too vague and too arbitrary to form a basis for rational decision making. The assumption underlying this criticism is that any scheme not based on cost-benefit analysis and risk assessment is both irrational and without secure foundation in either science or economics. This paper contests that view and makes explicit the rational tenets of the Precautionary Principle within an analytical framework as rigorous as uncertainties permit, and one that mirrors democratic values embodied in regulatory, compensatory, and common law. Unlike other formulations that reject risk assessment, this paper argues that risk assessment can be used within the formalism of tradeoff analysis—a more appropriate alternative to traditional cost-benefit analysis and one that satisfies the need for well-grounded public policy decision making. This paper will argue that the precautionary approach is the most appropriate basis for policy, even when large uncertainties do not exist, especially where the fairness of the distributions of costs and benefits of hazardous activities and products are a concern. Furthermore, it will offer an approach to making decisions within an analytic framework, based on equity and justice, to replace the economic paradigm of utilitarian cost-benefit analysis.