内蒙古胡列也吐的鹤类及保护

胡列也吐位于内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔盟陈巴尔虎旗境内 ,地理位置在东经 4 9°4 8′,北纬 1 1 8°2 7′ ,总面积为 4 0km2 。 1 998年笔者对本区的鹤类资源进行了为期一年的调查。本区共有 5种鹤栖息 ,本次共记录到 4种鹤计 78只。其中白头鹤 52只 ,丹顶鹤 1 1只 ,白枕鹤 4只 ,蓑羽鹤 1 1只。灰鹤在本区有分布 ,但本次调查未见。此外还记录到我国最大的白头鹤夏季集群。     

沙丘鹤在中国的分布状况

沙丘鹤（Grus canadensis）在中国的分布状况传统上被认为是迷鸟。2013年3月29日在辽宁省沈阳市法库县獾子洞湿地进行水鸟调查时,发现一只大型涉禽,经野外观察和查阅文献后确认为沙丘鹤,是辽宁省鸟类新纪录。目前我国已有沙丘鹤分布记录的地区还包括上海、江苏、江西、山东、北京、河北、吉林和黑龙江。结合文献及近年来沙丘鹤在我国稳定的越冬记录,我们认为该种在中国的分布状况应为罕见冬候鸟。     

蓝蓑羽鹤的人工饲养繁育

蓝蓑羽鹤主要分布于非洲南部,北京动物园2001年开始饲养展出,2005年繁殖成功.在我国北方饲养蓝蓑羽鹤冬季需要保温设施,还需要适当的耐寒训练,提高对寒冷的适应能力.蓝蓑羽鹤选择植物性食物多,全年在繁殖期和非繁殖期饲料蛋白含量分别为34.9%和21.6%,平均能量16.6 kJ/kg.精液澄清、透明.雌鹤性成熟年龄早于雄鹤.北京地区繁殖期3～6月,平均窝卵数2枚.雏鹤生长高峰期在35～60日龄.     

北京地区2006～2010年鹤类救助情况分析

鹤类为世界珍稀濒危鸟类.北京市野生动物救护中心2006～2010年共接收鹤类4种21只.通过对这些鹤类救助时间、救助地点和伤病情况的分析,可查明北京地区鹤类的分布情况,找到有效的保护、救护方法,从而更好地保护北京地区的鹤类资源.     

鄂尔多斯蓑羽鹤小群体的GPS-GSM跟踪初步分析

在内蒙古鄂尔多斯遗鸥国家级自然保护区已多次发现有一个孤立的蓑羽鹤(Anthropoides virgo)小种群在此地繁殖和度夏。2015年7月,在该地区为5只成年蓑羽鹤(3只繁殖,2只非繁殖)佩戴了中国湖南生产的GPS-GSM发射器。截止到5只蓑羽鹤全部离开鄂尔多斯高原,共获得7 794个GPS位点信息。通过跟踪信息了解到1只个体在9月18日死于鄂尔多斯高原的中西部,其余个体于9月末至10月初先后迁出鄂尔多斯高原。迁徙过程中的最快瞬时速度为93.1 km/h。4只个体迁出鄂尔多斯高原的时间和路线均略有不同。     

鹤类的研究

世界现存鹤科鸟类共有15种,除南美洲和南极洲外,其余各洲均有分布。化石鹤计有17种,发现于始新世、渐新世、上新世和更新世。其中游荡鹤属5种,发现于始新世;鹳鹤属2种,分别发现于始新世和渐新世,这两属的鹤类均已灭绝;鹤属10种。 根据大陆漂移学说和古气候的资料,初步分析认为鹤科鸟类大约发生在7千万年以前(白垩纪末期至新生代的第三纪初期),正值世界第二次大冰期后的间冰期,气候温湿,世界上具有适于鹤类栖息的广泛环境。至第四纪冰期和喜马拉雅运动的影响,有些鹤类绝灭了,有些则继续留存。例如黑颈鹤适应了青藏高原的隆起而形成,是为最年轻的种类。蓑羽鹤广泛分布于欧、亚、非洲,蓝蓑羽鹤分布于非洲南部,有可能是最古老的种类。地中海、非洲和北美洲可能是世界鹤类的发源地。从赤颈鹤、澳洲鹤的形态看,有可能起源于冈瓦纳古陆,但从气管的形态来看,又与其他鹤属鸟类较为一致;肉垂鹤、澳洲鹤和两种冕鹤都具肉垂或垂囊,赤颈鹤亦或具肉垂。鹤属中的白鹤,其气管则与分布在非洲南部的肉垂鹤相似。无论从分类学及鹤科鸟类的起源地,均值得进一步研究。     

三种鹤人工授精技术研究

使用人工授精技术可以提高笼养鹤的卵受精率。人工授精时精子的密度和活率是影响卵受精的重要参数,输精间隔和部位也是影响卵受精的因素。为了解人工授精时输入的活精子数与卵受精率的关系,2006年~2007年对3只白鹤Grus leucogeranus、1只黑颈鹤Grus nigricollis和1只蓝蓑羽鹤Anthropoides paradisea雌鹤进行了人工输精实验,采用输卵管内输精,输精间隔2 d,产完一枚卵后尽早完成一次输精的方法,采精后共输精56次,每次平均输入的活精子数为1.2×107个,3种鹤所产26枚卵中有20枚卵受精,卵受精率为77%。     

我国的鹤

“鹤”泛指鹤形目鹤科的各种类,世界上现存鹤类计15种,我国有9种,分属鹤亚科鹤属和衰羽鹤属（衰羽鹤）。均为大型迁徙性涉禽。头顶（或额）通常裸出或被羽（蓑羽鹤属）,橡强直,鼻孔呈直线状;初级飞羽11枚（第1枚较第2枚短）,次级飞羽比初级飞羽长;尾短,尾羽12枚;腔、跑路和趾均细长,后趾很小,位置高于前3趾;气管发达,在胸骨和胸肌间构成复杂的卷曲,利于发声共鸣。栖息于河口、湖泊等水域附近的沼泽湿地、草原或宽阔的农田,涉水取食蠕虫、软体动物、昆虫、小型脊椎动物以及植物的嫩芽和种子,较少飞翔。繁殖期通常有复杂的求…     

两种鹤科动物MHC-Ⅰ基因高变区的对比分析

主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）是脊椎动物基因组中高度多态的基因家族,其编码产物在脊椎动物免疫系统中起着重要作用。受湿地生境污染和破坏等因素的影响,全球现存鹤科（Gruidae）动物大都已处于受胁状态。为了解鹤科动物MHC-I基因序列信息,本研究设计通用引物对灰鹤（Grus grus）和肉垂鹤（Bugeranus carunculatus）MHC-I基因进行分离。结果从1只灰鹤和1只肉垂鹤血液基因组中分别分离到2条和3条长约1 500 bp的序列片段,这暗示鹤科动物至少存在两个MHC-I基因座位。分离到的核苷酸序列均可翻译成正常的氨基酸,表明它们具有一定的生物学功能。MHC-I抗原结合区的核苷酸和氨基酸变异率,灰鹤分别为5.0%和9.6%,肉垂鹤为9.1%和14.6%。两种鹤抗原肽结合位点的非同义替代率与同义替代率的比值分别为7.348 8和2.145 2,表明其受到强烈的正选择作用。贝叶斯系统发生树显示,鹤科动物MHC-I基因并未按物种聚类,暗示MHC-I基因跨物种多态性的存在。本研究获得的MHC-I基因通用引物及序列信息,可为今后濒危鹤科动物的保护遗传学研究奠定基础。     

山西省鹤形目鸟类的研究

本文作者于1980—1984年,在山西省对鹤形目鸟类的生物学进行了研究,其内容包括季节迁徙、鹤类组成、数量分布、食性分析,并对其有关繁殖的种类进行了探讨。     

Detection of parasitizing coccidia and determination of host crane species, sex and genotype by faecal DNA analysis

In Japan, the three main crane species are the endangered red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) inhabiting Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan; the vulnerable hooded crane (Grus monacha); and the vulnerable white-naped crane (Grus vipio). Both the hooded and white-naped cranes migrate in winter to Izumi in Kyushu, the southern island of Japan. In this study, we investigated the cranes and their coccidian parasites, through a targeted molecular approach using faecal DNA to develop a noninvasive method for infectious disease research. To determine the origin of noninvasively collected faecal samples, host species were identified by sequencing a region of approximately 470 bp of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene in the faecal DNA. Furthermore, to avoid sample redundancy, individual determination was performed by fragment analysis using microsatellite and sex-linked markers. For microsatellite genotyping, previously reported markers and markers isolated in this study were examined, and seven loci for red-crowned cranes, eight for hooded cranes and six for white-naped cranes displayed polymorphisms. A low error rate was demonstrated by comparing microsatellite data generated from faecal DNA samples with that generated from feather DNA samples, indicating a high reliability. Polymerase chain reaction-based capillary electrophoresis (PCR-CE), employing genetic markers in the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, was employed to detect crane coccidia. The sensitivity of detection of PCR-CE using faecal DNA was inferior to that with traditional microscopy; however, our results suggest that PCR-CE can depict crane coccidia diversity with higher resolution and it is a useful tool to characterize community composition of coccidia in detail.     

Cryopreservation effects on sperm function and fertility in two threatened crane species

The capacity to cryopreserve semen from captive cranes facilitates production of offspring from behaviorally incompatible or geographically separated pairs, and allows for long-term preservation of valuable genetic materials. The present study sought to develop effective cryopreservation protocols for whooping (Grus americana) and white-naped (Grus vipio) cranes, through examining the influences of two permeating (DMA and Me₂SO) and one non-permeating (sucrose) cryoprotectants, as well as vitamin E on post-thaw sperm survival. In Study 1, ejaculates (whooping: n = 10, white-naped: n = 8) were collected and cryopreserved in one of six cryo-diluents (crane extender with: DMA; DMA+0.1M sucrose; Me₂SO; Me₂SO+0.1M sucrose; 0.1M sucrose; 0.2M sucrose) using a two-step cooling method. Frozen samples were thawed and assessed for overall motility, motion characteristics, membrane integrity, morphology, and ability to bind to the inner perivitelline membrane (IPVM). In Study 2, whooping crane ejaculates (n = 17) were frozen in crane extender containing Me₂SO alone or with vitamin E (5 μg/mL or 10 μg/mL). Frozen samples were thawed and assessed as in Study 1, except the binding assay. White-naped crane sperm were more tolerant to cryopreservation than whooping crane (15% vs 6% post-thawed motility). In both species, sperm cryopreserved in medium containing Me₂SO alone displayed higher post thaw survival and ability to bind to IPVM than the other cryodiluent treatments. Vitamin E supplementation exerted no benefits to post thaw motility or membrane integrity. The findings demonstrated that there was species specificity in the susceptibility to cryopreservation. Nevertheless, Me₂SO was a preferred cryoprotectant for sperm from both whooping and white-naped cranes.     

滦河上游——白枕鹤西部种群的重要停歇地

白枕鹤(Grus vipio)为国家II级重点保护野生动物, 被IUCN列为易危(VU)物种。白枕鹤西部种群繁殖于中蒙俄交界处的达乌尔地区, 数量呈下降趋势。我们于2017-2018年在蒙古国东部给白枕鹤西部种群的50只个体佩戴了GPS-GSM跟踪设备。截至2019年5月, 获得春季和秋季迁徙路径各48条。分析结果显示: 春季91.67%和秋季72.91%的跟踪个体在滦河上游(河北省沽源-内蒙古正蓝旗-多伦区域)停歇, 春季停留时间36.16 ± 15.00天、秋季20.26 ± 11.08天, 分别占春季和秋季迁徙时间的75%和67%, 确定了这一区域是西部种群迁徙途中最重要的停歇地。迁徙路线栖息地选择模型结果显示, 白枕鹤常在距离湖泊较近(< 210 km)、海拔1,200-1,500 m, 且坡度小(< 1°)的区域停歇。而滦河上游和整条迁徙路线停歇位点比较的模型结果显示, 滦河上游停歇地的海拔1,200-1,500 m与整条迁徙路线栖息地选择模型的结果一致; 此外这个区域离河流更近(< 70 km), 不仅有湿地和水体的栖息环境, 还有草地和农田可供觅食和栖息。保护空缺分析发现滦河上游现有四处保护地, 但在保护地内的迁徙停歇点不超过总位点的1.63%。综上, 我们建议将滦河上游整体纳入保护地体系进行管理, 为这一受胁物种及其栖息地管理和保护提供可靠保障。     

Obtaining an Interspecific Hybrid of Cranes by Artificial Insemination with Frozen–thawed Semen

Studies of artificial insemination of cranes and cryoconservation of their semen have been carried out in the nursery of rare species at the Oka Biosphere Reserve for many years. The criterion of successful cryoconservation of the semen is the obtaining of fertilized eggs after artificial insemination by the thawed semen. An experiment is described on artificial insemination of females of the white-naped crane Grus vipio by the frozen–thawed semen of the Siberian white crane G. leucogeranusafter one-year storage of semen in liquid nitrogen. As a result, an interspecific hybrid of cranes was obtained, which confirmed the possibility of producing a bank of cryoconserved crane semen. The use of the white-naped crane females was due to the absence of conspecific males and unavailability of Siberian white crane females. Problems of artificial insemination and cryoconservation of semen of rare crane species are discussed.     

Obtaining an Interspecific Hybrid of Cranes by Artificial Insemination with Frozen–thawed Semen

Studies of artificial insemination of cranes and cryoconservation of their semen have been carried out in the nursery of rare species at the Oka Biosphere Reserve for many years. The criterion of successful cryoconservation of the semen is the obtaining of fertilized eggs after artificial insemination by the thawed semen. An experiment is described on artificial insemination of females of the white-naped crane Grus vipio by the frozen–thawed semen of the Siberian white crane G. leucogeranus after one-year storage of semen in liquid nitrogen. As a result, an interspecific hybrid of cranes was obtained, which confirmed the possibility of producing a bank of cryoconserved crane semen. The use of the white-naped crane females was due to the absence of conspecific males and unavailability of Siberian white crane females. Problems of artificial insemination and cryoconservation of semen of rare crane species are discussed.     

Crane reproductive physiology and conservation

Some unique features of crane reproduction, management, and conservation are described. Because cranes are sexually monomorphic, sexing is difficult and must be accomplished using behavior, laparoscopy, cloacal examination, genetic techniques, or fecal steroid analysis. Although husbandry techniques for cranes are similar to those used with other nondomestic birds, a number of basic characteristics, such as extreme aggressiveness, imprinting by the crane chick on man, a delayed molt in the immature crane, delayed sexual maturity, and infertility, pose special problems for the propagator. Artificial insemination is a practical solution to crane infertility. Vigorous captive management and propagation efforts must become increasingly important if several endangered crane species are to survive the continuing decline in wild populations. The ultimate goal is the restoration of suitable habitat and sustainable native populations.     

The reproductive success of sandhill cranes in midwestern landscapes

A number of wildlife species have recovered from the brink of extinction to flourish and, in some cases, even become a commonly recognized urban species (e.g., Canada goose [Branta canadensis]). Broadly extirpated from much of their historical range in North America, the sandhill crane (Antigone canadensis) demonstrated this potential for population recovery. The trajectory of the eastern population of greater sandhill cranes is remarkable—perhaps as many as 90,000 cranes now occur throughout the same Great Lakes states that reported only dozens of birds less than a century ago. However, understanding future population growth of the species remains uncertain because breeding birds are increasingly exposed to the pressures of urban sprawl and a changing agricultural landscape. From 2009 to 2014 we investigated the survival of sandhill crane nests and young up to 11 weeks of age (the point at which they are capable of flight) in the core of the eastern population's range in central Wisconsin and at its peripheral extent in a rapidly developing urban region of northeastern Illinois, USA. We located crane nests via systematic surveys on foot and from helicopters, we then radio-tagged the young and monitored them until they died or were capable to sustained flight. Overall, young were more likely to hatch from nests in Illinois (60%) than in central Wisconsin (46%), regardless of differences in land cover surrounding the nest site. In contrast, the survivorship of young was positively correlated with urban land cover in both regions but higher in central Wisconsin (54%) than in northeast Illinois (27%). Overall, the probability of producing young was greater in landscapes with more urban development, regardless of region. We suggest that differences in predator composition, predator behavior, and crane density between rural and urban areas is the primary reason for the difference in crane productivity. Higher recruitment of sandhill cranes using urban landscapes may allow cranes to echo the population trajectory of urban Canada geese. We anticipate that sandhill cranes will continue to use urban landscapes, and likely expand their geographic range as breeding pairs benefit from the increased survivorship of young in those landscapes. © The Wildlife Society, 2019     

Allozyme evidence for crane systematics and polymorphisms within populations of Sandhill, Sarus, Siberian, and whooping cranes.

Electrophoretic analysis of proteins yielded evidence on the relationships of species of cranes and on genetic diversity within populations of some species. Diversity within the Greater Sandhill crane and a Florida population of the Florida Sandhill crane was similar to that of most other vertebrates, but diversity was low in the Mississippi Sandhill crane, in the Okefenokee population of the Florida Sandhill crane, and within the Siberian and Sarus cranes. Diversity was surprisingly high among whooping cranes, whose number dropped to less than 25 early in this century. Phylogenetic analysis, using both character state and distance algorithms, yielded highly concordant trees for the 15 species. The African crowned cranes (Balearica) were widely divergent from all other cranes. Species of Anthropoides, Bugeranus, and Grus clustered closely but sorted into two lineages: a Whooper Group consisted of the whooping, common, hooded, black-necked, white-naped, and red-crowned cranes of genus Grus; and a Sandhill Group included the Sandhill, Siberian, Sarus, and Brolga cranes of genus Grus, the wattled crane of genus Bugeranus, and the Demoiselle and blue cranes of genus Anthropoides.     

Effect of heterospecifics on foraging of endangered red-crowned and white-naped cranes in the Korean Demilitarized Zone

We determined how the presence of heterospecific individuals in the vicinity of a focal individual affects the behavior of two critically endangered species of cranes on their wintering grounds at Cheolwon in the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The red-crowned crane, Grus japonensis, is larger than the white-naped crane, Grus vipio, and it dominates the white-naped crane in aggressive interactions. We showed that the dominant species increases foraging activity in the presence of the subordinate species presumably because of scrounging of food from the subordinate. Because interspecific interactions may affect avian endangerments these behavioral findings should be taken into account when managing winter refuges for the two endangered crane species.     

黑龙江扎龙自然保护区白枕鹤巢址选择特征

为了探讨白枕鹤Grusvipio的巢址选择特征,2007～2009年的4～5月,在黑龙江省扎龙自然保护区采用定点观察法、样方调查法、因子调查法和因子分析及显著性检验等,对白枕鹤的营巢生境类型和营巢生境特征进行了调查。结果表明,白枕鹤对营巢生境类型的要求比较单一,仅选择芦苇沼泽;巢址生境特征具有明显的偏好,即(1)距干扰区的距离多在1.5km以上(86.36%),(2)巢周的水深多小于16cm(95.45%),(3)巢周明水面面积多小于200m2(90.90%),(4)巢距火烧地的距离以1.0～2.5km居多(63.64%),(5)剩余苇丛面积多小于200m2(86.37%)、距剩余苇丛距离多大于30m(81.82%)、剩余苇丛密度多小于500株/m2(77.27%)、剩余苇丛高度以大于1.5m的居多(72.73%)。进一步分析表明,白枕鹤对营巢生境特征的要求具有普遍性和特殊性,表现出一定的适应能力,火烧地、剩余苇丛、干扰区和水是其营巢的主要环境特征。