植物谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶研究进展

氧化胁迫可诱导植物多种防御酶的产生,其中包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD,EC1.15.L1)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX,EC1.11.1.11)、过氧化氢酶(CAT,E.C.1.11.1.6)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPXs,EC1.11.1.9).它们在清除活性氧过程中起着不同的作用.GPXs是动物体内清除氧自由基的主要酶类,但它在植物中的功能报道甚少.最近几年研究表明,植物体内也存在类似于哺乳动物的GPXs家族,并对其功能研究已初见端倪.本文综述了有关GPXs的结构以及植物GPXs功能的研究进展.     

植物谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶研究进展

氧化胁迫可诱导植物多种防御酶的产生, 其中包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD, EC1.15.1.1)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX, EC1.11.1.11)、过氧化氢酶(CAT, E.C.1.11.1.6 )和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPXs,EC1.11.1.9)。它们在清除活性氧过程中起着不同的作用。GPXs是动物体内清除氧自由基的主要酶类,但它在植物中的功能报道甚少。最近几年研究表明, 植物体内也存在类似于哺乳动物的GPXs家族, 并对其功能研究已初见端倪。本文综述了有关GPXs的结构以及植物GPXs功能的研究进展。     

植物抗坏血酸过氧化物酶

植物抗坏血酸过氧化物酶沈文飚黄丽琴徐朗莱（南京农业大学理学院应用化学系,南京２１００９５）关键词抗坏血酸过氧化物酶植物抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ＡＰＸ,ＥＣ１．１１．１．１１）的发现至今已有２０多年了。Ｆｏｙｅｒ和Ｈａｌｉｗｅｌ［１］首先于１９７６年发现以...     

植物抗坏血酸过氧化物酶研究进展(综述)

本文从酶的作用机制、酶学特征、分子生物学等方面综述植物抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）的研究进展。     

植物过氧化物酶超家族的分子结构

过氧化物酶广泛存在于生物中。基于序列相似性比较,可将真菌、细菌和植物来源的过氧化物酶归为一个超家族－植物过氧化物酶超家族。作者对近几年来植物过氧化物酶超家族的分子结构与功能研究进展,从过氧化物酶的辅基（血红素）微循环结构、过氧化物酶超家族的序列结构域,以及酶分子中底物结合位点和Ca^2＋结合位点的结构等方面作了简要评述。     

植物维生素C过氧化物酶研究进展

维生素C过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX)是植物体内的重要酶系,是植物AsA-GSH氧化还原途径的重要组分,是清除H2O2(特别是叶绿体中的H2O2)的关键酶.本文综述了维生素C过氧化物酶表达调控方面的研究进展,包括逆境(干旱胁迫、空气污染、微量元素缺乏、离子胁迫、过度光强、照射以及盐胁迫等)与APX的表达调控、植物细胞程序性死亡(PCD)与APX的表达调控、植物生长发育与APX的表达调控、植物进化与APX表达调控等.植物体内的APX基因包括基质和类囊体两类,不同的APX基因序列存在一定差异,本文还综述了这两类APX基因在植物方面的分离和克隆进展情况,同时对APX基因的遗传转化进行了简要回顾,最后指出了APX今后的研究方向.     

过氧化物酶体生物发生研究进展

过氧化物酶体是存在于真核细胞中的一种亚细胞器,主要功能是参与脂肪酸等脂质的代谢过程和氧化应激的调节。近年来研究发现,多种疾病都与过氧化物酶体的生物发生异常有关。过氧化物酶体的生物发生指过氧化物酶体的形成过程,包括从头合成和分裂增殖两条途径。两条途径中,参与过氧化物酶体生物发生的蛋白质,即peroxin(PEX)的基因发生突变,会导致过氧化物酶体生成障碍,引起疾病的发生。因此,就过氧化物酶体生物发生的研究进展进行综述,有助于为相关疾病的诊断和治疗提供参考和依据。     

红树植物秋茄和海莲幼苗过氧化物酶对栽培盐度条件的反应

本文探讨了系列海水盐度砂培的红树植物秋茄和海莲幼苗叶片、根尖的过氧化物酶活性及其同工酶对不同盐度条件的反应。结果表明：(1)秋茄苗：在低盐度0‰至10‰范围,叶过氧化物酶活性随盐度提高而略有增强,15‰以上则降低;根尖过氧化物酶活性则不同,随盐度(0—35‰)提高而降低。(2)海莲苗：随其生长基盐度(5—25‰)提高,叶过氧化物酶活性迅速降低,而根尖过氧化物酶活性在5‰至10‰盐度时略有提高,15‰以上迅速降低;而后高盐度(25一35‰)活性降低不明显。这表明,在盐度的影响下,秋茄苗过氧化物酶活性变化程度小而海莲大。(3)在同工酶谱表现上,两种植物幼苗(叶,根)均为主级酶带受盐度影响不明显,但次级酶带对盐度敏感。     

Genetics of the peroxidase isoenzymes in Petunia

Summary The structural gene prxE, coding for a slow cathodic peroxidase in Petunia, has been located to chromosome II, linked to F1. The presence of two mobility alleles in Petunia hybrida can be ascribed to its hybrid descent. Some properties of peroxidase e are mentioned. A gene prxJ is postulated for a still slower cathodic band. The gene Rp1, regulating the onset of expression of the allele prxB2, has been located on chromosome VII (gene order Rp1-prxF-An4). A synopsis of the isoperoxidases and the corresponding genes is given.     

植物水孔蛋白研究进展

水孔蛋白是植物重要的膜功能蛋白,不仅介导植物各组织间水分的高效转运,还参与植物体内其他物质的跨膜转运,同时在植物光合作用、生长发育、免疫应答以及信号转导等生理过程中也发挥重要作用。本文主要综述了植物水孔蛋白结构特征和分类,多种生理功能,以及其转录水平和转录后水平活性调节等方面的最新研究进展,并就如何系统全面地开展水孔蛋白参与植物生长发育过程的分子调控机制研究提出展望。植物水孔蛋白的深入研究有助于阐明植物体内物质转运的分子机理及其生理作用机制,对指导农业生产中作物的生长发育调控有重要理论意义。     

转化酶在高等植物蔗糖代谢中的作用研究进展

蔗糖转化酶在高等植物蔗糖代谢中起着关键的作用。研究表明 ,转化酶参与植物的生长、器官建成、糖分运输、韧皮部卸载及调节库组织糖分构成及水平。近年来关于该酶的生化特性、基因表达与调控以及结构与功能等的研究取得了重要进展。本文介绍了转化酶在植物体内的种类、分布、分子结构特点、生理作用及分子生物学研究进展。     

Regulation of plant alternative oxidase activity: A tale of two cysteines

Two Cys residues, Cys_I and Cys_II, are present in most plant alternative oxidases (AOXs). Cys_I inactivates AOX by forming a disulfide bond with the corresponding Cys_I residue on the adjacent subunit of the AOX homodimer. When reduced, Cys_I associates with α-keto acids, such as pyruvate, to activate AOX, an effect mimicked by charged amino acid substitutions at the Cys_I site. Cys_II may also be a site of AOX activity regulation, through interaction with the small α-keto acid, glyoxylate. Comparison of Arabidopsis AOX1a (AtAOX1a) mutants with single or double substitutions at Cys_I and Cys_II confirmed that glyoxylate interacted with either Cys, while the effect of pyruvate (or succinate for AtAOX1a substituted with Ala at Cys_I) was limited to Cys_I. A variety of Cys_II substitutions constitutively activated AtAOX1a, indicating that neither the catalytic site nor, unlike at Cys_I, charge repulsion is involved. Independent effects at each Cys were suggested by lack of Cys_II substitution interference with pyruvate stimulation at Cys_I, and close to additive activation at the two sites. However, results obtained using diamide treatment to covalently link the AtAOX1a subunits by the disulfide bond indicated that Cys_I must be in the reduced state for activation at Cys_II to occur.     

Structure of Soybean Serine Acetyltransferase and Formation of the Cysteine Regulatory Complex as a Molecular Chaperone

Serine acetyltransferase (SAT) catalyzes the limiting reaction in plant and microbial biosynthesis of cysteine. In addition to its enzymatic function, SAT forms a macromolecular complex with O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase. Formation of the cysteine regulatory complex (CRC) is a critical biochemical control feature in plant sulfur metabolism. Here we present the 1.75–3.0 Å resolution x-ray crystal structures of soybean (Glycine max) SAT (GmSAT) in apoenzyme, serine-bound, and CoA-bound forms. The GmSAT-serine and GmSAT-CoA structures provide new details on substrate interactions in the active site. The crystal structures and analysis of site-directed mutants suggest that His¹⁶⁹ and Asp¹⁵⁴ form a catalytic dyad for general base catalysis and that His¹⁸⁹ may stabilize the oxyanion reaction intermediate. Glu¹⁷⁷ helps to position Arg²⁰³ and His²⁰⁴ and the β1c-β2c loop for serine binding. A similar role for ionic interactions formed by Lys²³⁰ is required for CoA binding. The GmSAT structures also identify Arg²⁵³ as important for the enhanced catalytic efficiency of SAT in the CRC and suggest that movement of the residue may stabilize CoA binding in the macromolecular complex. Differences in the effect of cold on GmSAT activity in the isolated enzyme versus the enzyme in the CRC were also observed. A role for CRC formation as a molecular chaperone to maintain SAT activity in response to an environmental stress is proposed for this multienzyme complex in plants.     

Lignin-modifying enzymes from selected white-rot fungi: production and role from in lignin degradation

Abstract: White-rot fungi produce extracellular lignin-modifying enzymes, the best characterized of which are laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), lignin peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.7) and manganese peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.7). Lignin biodegradation studies have been carried out mostly using the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium which produces multiple isoenzymes of lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase but does not produce laccase. Many other white-rot fungi produce laccase in addition to lignin and manganese peroxidases and in varying combinations. Based on the enzyme production patterns of an array of white-rot fungi, three categories of fungi are suggested: (i) lignin-manganese peroxidase group (e.g. P. chrysosporium and Phlebia radiata ), (ii) manganese peroxidase-laccase group (e.g. Dichomitus squalens and Rigidoporus lignosus ), and (iii) lignin peroxidase-laccase group (e.g. Phlebia ochraceofulva and Junghuhnia separabilima ). The most efficient lignin degraders, estimated by ¹⁴CO₂ evolution from ¹⁴C-[Ring]-labelled synthetic lignin (DHP), belong to the first group, whereas many of the most selective lignin-degrading fungi belong to the second, although only moderate to good [¹⁴C]DHP mineralization is obtained using fungi from this group. The lignin peroxidase-laccase fungi only poorly degrade [¹⁴C]DHP.     

植物Shaker K+通道的研究进展

钾离子通道是植物钾离子吸收的重要途径之一。Shaker K+家族通道是K+通道中最早发现、且研究最深入的K+通道家族。近年来,已从多种植物或同种植物的不同组织器官中分离得到多个Shaker K+钾离子通道基因,如AKT1,AtKC1,QsAKT1,GORK,AKT2等。从结构、表达部位、生理功能和调控等方面介绍了植物Shaker K+通道的研究进展。