牛心朴子与苦豆子两种提取物复配对小菜蛾幼虫的联合毒力作用

以牛心朴子和苦豆子为供试植物,小菜蛾幼虫为供试试虫,采用浸渍法测定了两种植物提取物复配后对小菜蛾幼虫的联合毒力。结果表明:牛心朴子与苦豆子提取物复配后具有增效作用,其中以干粉质量比为2∶1时增效作用最显著,其共毒系数(CTC)为248.30。复配物对小菜蛾幼虫具有显著的触杀活性,质量浓度为20.00 mg/mL时,72 h校正死亡率可以达到100%,致死中浓度LC50=2.0747 mg/mL。     

雷公藤总生物碱对粘虫生长发育及几种代谢酶系的影响

雷公藤生物碱是雷公藤Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f.中的主要杀虫活性物质。为进一步深入了解雷公藤总生物碱的杀虫作用，本研究采用小叶碟添加法测定了雷公藤总生物碱对粘虫Mythimna separate (Walker)5龄幼虫生长发育及几种代谢酶系的影响。结果表明：雷公藤总生物碱对粘虫5龄幼虫生长发育有明显抑制作用，表现为体重、体重增加量和相对生长率显著下降，幼虫龄期延长，幼虫存活率、化蛹率和成虫羽化率显著降低；可显著激活酯酶、羧酸酯酶； 明显抑制酸性磷酸酯酶和碱性磷酸酯酶的活性；对谷胱甘肽S-转移酶表现为先激活后抑制的趋势；细胞色素P450酶系的O-脱甲基酶在处理后3 h活性变化不明显，12和24 h后被激活，36 h后接近同期对照。     

保幼激素类似物苯氧威对异色瓢虫不同发育阶段的影响

【目的】本研究旨在明确保幼激素类似物苯氧威对天敌异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis的影响, 并探讨其作用机理, 以便进行安全性评价并为科学使用提供理论依据。【方法】应用连叶浸渍法、浸渍法、点滴法和药膜法分别处理异色瓢虫卵、2龄幼虫、蛹和成虫, 观察苯氧威对4个虫态的影响。【结果】用浓度为0.0001 μg/mL的药液处理初产卵, 能抑制胚胎的发育; 但用高达20 000 μg/mL的药液处理发育2 d的卵, 幼虫仍可正常孵化; 用浓度高达4 000 μg/mL的药液浸渍2龄幼虫, 对幼虫的致死作用极小; 用浓度为0.0001 μg/头的药液处理当天蛹, 形成蛹 成虫中间体, 羽化的成虫畸形; 用浓度为0.0125 μg/mL的药液处理成虫, 24 h后成虫的生命力受到明显影响。【结论】苯氧威对异色瓢虫初产卵有明显的毒杀作用, 严重阻碍蛹到成虫的变态和影响成虫的存活。在田间使用该杀虫剂时, 要避开异色瓢虫的敏感期。     

复配杀虫剂BtA对棉铃虫的杀虫效果及对天敌中红侧沟茧蜂蛹和成虫的触杀毒性(英文)

为了科学施药, 合理保护和利用天敌对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera进行综合防治, 本研究在室内测定和比较了复配杀虫剂BtA和7种常用杀虫剂（阿维菌素、 Bt、 β-氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、定虫隆、氰戊菊酯和丁硫克百威）对棉铃虫的杀虫效果及对其天敌中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator蛹和雌成虫的触杀毒性。采用浸叶法测定杀虫剂在室内72 h内对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的杀虫效果, 结果表明： 与其他杀虫剂相比, BtA对棉铃虫幼虫具有更高的毒性和致死效应 (LC₅₀=0.7364 mg/mL)。将棉铃虫3龄幼虫接到用浓度4 mg/mL上述杀虫剂分别处理过的大白菜上24, 48和72 h, 发现其死亡率之间存在显著差异（P≤0.05）。但在72 h后, BtA和其他杀虫剂对棉铃虫幼虫的杀虫效果之间并无显著差异(P>0.05)。BtA施药后, 随着时间的延长, 棉铃虫幼虫的死亡率也在增加。另外, 通过杀虫剂对寄生蜂中红侧沟茧蜂蛹和雌成虫的触杀毒性的生物测定发现： 与β-氯氰菊酯、 氰戊菊酯和丁硫克百威相比, BtA对中红侧沟茧蜂蛹和雌成虫的毒性较低, 对其蛹和雌成虫致死率分别仅为13.82%和7.33%。本研究证明BtA对鳞翅目害虫具有中等毒性, 而对寄生蜂中红侧沟茧蜂则具有较低毒性。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺对荔枝蒂蛀虫不同虫态的室内毒力测定

荔枝蒂蛀虫Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley是为害荔枝和龙眼的重要害虫，其为害的隐蔽性增加了防治难度。为了探索安全、有效的药剂防治手段和明确氯虫苯甲酰胺的适合施药时期，本研究在室内条件下，以防控荔枝蒂蛀虫常用药剂高效氯氟氰菊酯为对照药，采用喷雾法和药膜法，分别测定了100、10、1、0.1和0.01 mg/L的 5个浓度梯度下，氯虫苯甲酰胺对荔枝蒂蛀虫卵、初孵幼虫的毒杀作用以及对成虫的触杀作用。研究结果表明，氯虫苯甲酰胺的5个浓度梯度对产后24 h、48 h和72 h蒂蛀虫卵孵化抑制率均显著高于高效氯氟氰菊酯；氯虫苯甲酰胺对蒂蛀虫初孵幼虫的毒力是高效氯氟氰菊酯的10倍，对荔枝蒂蛀虫初孵幼虫的LC50分别为3.32 mg/L和38.78 mg/L。而在100 mg/L浓度下氯虫苯甲酰胺和高效氯氟氰菊酯对成虫触杀的校正死亡百分率最高分别为34.36%和77.35%。综上所述，氯虫苯甲酰胺对荔枝蒂蛀虫具有较强的杀卵活性和杀初孵幼虫活性，在荔枝生产上具有潜在的应用价值；鉴于其对成虫的触杀作用不强，故建议在荔枝蒂蛀虫的产卵高峰期和初孵幼虫期使用，以期将荔枝蒂蛀虫于发生为害之前进行有效控制。     

低含水量饲料对黑水虻生长发育的影响

【目的】了解低含水量饲料对黑水虻Hermetia illucens生长发育的影响。【方法】在27℃、RH 80%、光周期14L∶10D的饲养条件下,以含水量70%人工饲料饲养黑水虻为对照,比较饲料含水量降为30%和50%时黑水虻幼虫的存活率、幼虫体重、雌雄成虫体长、羽化率以及不同发育阶段持续时间等生物学参数与对照组的差异。【结果】30%和50%含水量饲料饲养幼虫平均体重与对照幼虫相比显著降低（P<0.05）,30%和50%含水量两个处理间体重亦有显著差异（P<0.05）。黑水虻幼虫不能在含水量30％的人工饲料中发育至预蛹,大部分幼虫至13 d时死亡。50%含水量饲料饲养幼虫比对照延迟5 d出现预蛹,滞后14 d结束预蛹,预蛹过程耗时18 d,比对照延长8 d;50%含水量饲料饲养雌雄虫比对照成虫体长显著缩短（P<0.05）,雌雄成虫羽化时间亦比对照延后5 d,雌雄成虫羽化历期均为18 d,比对照增加5 d;50%含水量饲料饲养黑水虻自卵孵化至蛹全部羽化为成虫所需时间比对照延长10.67 d,所需时间为55.67 d,而对照仅需45.00 d;但是50%含水量饲料饲养幼虫存活率和成虫羽化率与对照相比差异均不显著（P>0.05）。【结论】含水量低于70%的人工饲料不利于黑水虻的生长发育。     

艾蒿精油对家蝇的忌避及熏蒸活性

应用“Y”型嗅觉仪对家蝇进行了生物测定。结果表明,艾蒿(Artemisia vulgars L．)精油20μL和25μL剂量对家蝇Musca domestica rieina有很强的忌避活性,平均忌避活力分别为86％和88％,显著高于5和10μL剂量。植物精油对家蝇成虫具有很好的熏蒸活性。随着精油浓度的升高和熏蒸时间的延长,试虫的死亡率显著增加。艾蒿精油浓度为20μL／mL时,家蝇成虫的死亡率在24h后即达到100％;对照在24,48,72和96h时家蝇成虫的死亡率分别为0,0,5％和11％。     

苦杏仁精油对粘虫的触杀活性研究

以粘虫4龄幼虫为对象,采用"点滴法"研究了山杏种仁两种苦杏仁精油(含HCN和去HCN)对粘虫的触杀活性及其生长发育的影响.结果显示,处理后48 h,5～100 μL/mL浓度处理的试虫死亡率均在51.67%以上,40和100 μL/mL浓度处理的粘虫死亡率分别达到了95%(含HCN)/98.33%(去HCN)和100%,48 h时含HCN与除去HCN两种苦杏仁精油对粘虫的触杀致死中浓分别为5.10和4.69 μL/mL;苦杏仁精油对粘虫的化蛹期以及羽化期提前1～3 d,并有一定数量的畸形蛹出现,部分试虫虽能正常化蛹并羽化,但其蛹以及成虫虫体均较对照小,且羽化后蛾体萎缩,活动力降低,因展翅困难而死.可见,两种苦杏仁精油对粘虫具有很强的触杀活性,且去HCN的苦杏仁精油对粘虫的活性高于含HCN的苦杏仁精油,其对粘虫生长发育抑制活性主要表现化蛹期以及羽化期提前,苦杏仁精油有望发展为植物性杀虫剂.     

染料标记对二化螟生长发育的影响

【目的】本研究主要目的是通过染色饲料饲喂获得标记的二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)成虫,且不影响其生理和行为,为二化螟成虫的扩散和运动行为提供一种标记方法。【方法】笔者所在实验室前期筛选出一个适合二化螟染料及浓度,通过连续3代饲养观察染色剂对二化螟标记效果及生长发育的影响。【结果】连续3代的幼虫期饲喂含500 mg·kg~(-1)浓度的苏丹红7B人工饲料后,幼虫、成虫及卵均可被染色,饲喂染色饲料后,其化蛹率、羽化率、成虫产卵量、寿命和卵孵化率与对照均没有显著差异。取食染色饲料的二化螟雌、雄平均蛹重比对照分别高5.3 mg和4.2 mg,雌、雄平均幼虫+蛹历期比对照延长2.8 d和2.3 d。【结论】该标记技术对二化螟没有明显的生物学影响,操作简便且经济可行,是一种较好的大规模标记二化螟的方法。     

极地与深海生境链霉菌产生的吲哚咔唑生物碱杀虫活性及作用机理初探

采用浸叶法、微量点滴法测定了吲哚咔唑生物碱对小菜蛾Plutella xyllostella、菜青虫Pieris rapae、甘蓝蚜Brevicoryne brassicae和美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea的生物活性及其对菜青虫幼虫体内酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase)、纤维素酶(cellulase)、几丁质酶(chitinase)和酯酶(esterase)活性的影响。结果表明:吲哚咔唑生物碱对上述害虫具有强触杀、胃毒和生长抑制作用,触杀活性最高为小菜蛾96.55%(48 h),胃毒活性最高为小菜蛾86.21%(48 h)。0.08 mg/m L剂量下对菜青虫幼虫体重生长抑制率为33.47%(4 d)、化蛹率为37.67%,不能正常羽化。同时,吲哚咔唑生物碱对菜青虫幼虫体内各种代谢酶存在不同程度的影响:对酚氧化酶表现抑制作用,抑制至48 h达到最大;对纤维素酶在处理的时间内表现为先抑制后升高;对几丁质酶、酯酶表现激活作用,分别至24 h、72 h达到最大。     

稀土氧化镧对黄粉虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

制备每kg麦麸分别含10,20,30,40,50,60,100,150,200和300mg氧化镧的饲料,用这10种剂量的饲料分别连续饲喂1日龄的黄粉虫TenebriomolitorL.幼虫和成虫。用40mg氧化镧kg麦麸的剂量处理79d后幼虫体重比对照组增加43%,同样的剂量使产卵高峰期的雌虫日平均产卵量增加59%,是最佳的处理剂量。自1日龄起连续取食50d最佳剂量氧化镧的幼虫,体内蓄积有0.4%的镧元素。用最佳剂量氧化谰处理黄粉虫在经济上具有很高的投入-产出比。     

Insecticidal and antifeedant effects of two alkaloids from Cynanchum komarovii against larvae of Plutella xylostella L

A bioassay‐guided fractionation of Cynanchum komarovii crude alkaloid extract led to the isolation of two alkaloids. The isolated alkaloids were identified as 7‐demethoxytylophorine (1) and 6‐hydroxyl‐2,3‐dimethoxy phenanthroindolizidine (2) based on the comparison of their spectroscopic characteristics with the literature data. Insecticidal, antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects of these two alkaloids against the 3rd instar larvae of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) were examined. The results showed that alkaloid 1 was more toxic than alkaloid 2 against the 3rd instar larvae of Plutella xylostella L., but both alkaloids were less toxic than the total alkaloid fraction. For antifeedant activity, alkaloid 1 showed AFC₅₀ of 1.82 mg/ml at 24 h after treatment, alkaloid 2 showed 3.89 mg/ml, while total alkaloids showed 1.56 mg/ml. In dipping toxicity test, alkaloids 1 and 2 produced 93.3% and 63.3% mortality at 72 h after treatment, respectively, while total alkaloids produced 96.7% mortality. The LC₅₀ values for alkaloids 1, 2 and the total alkaloids were 3.54, 9.21 and 2.63 mg/ml, respectively. The development of larvae was also inhibited, and the growth inhibition rates at the concentration of 15.00 mg/ml were 92.8%, 78.2% and 98.6% for alkaloids 1, 2 and total alkaloids, respectively, at 72 h after treatment. Compared with antifeedant and dipping effect, the alkaloids 1, 2 and total alkaloid fraction revealed weak feeding toxicity, and their corrected mortality rates at the concentration of 15.00 mg/ml were 60.0%, 40.0% and 63.3% at 7 days after treatment. The LC₅₀ values for alkaloids 1, 2 and total alkaloids were 12.58, 32.37 and 8.88 mg/ml, respectively, at 7 days after treatment.     

Effects of diet on development of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Het., Pentatomidae), a predator of the cotton leafworm

Abstract:  The effects of diet on development of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Het., Pentatomidae) were studied at 25°C, relative humidity of 60 ± 10%, and photoperiod of 14 h light : 10 h dark. Development times of P. nigrispinus nymphs were similar when fed with third or fifth instar larvae of cotton leafworm ( Alabama argillacea Hübner) (Lep., Noctuidae) or Tenebrio molitor L. (Col., Tenebrionidae). When fed with housefly larvae ( Musca domestica L.) (Dipt., Muscidae) or artificial diet, the predator had a longer development time. Independent of diet, instar or sex, the females of P. nigrispinus showed a longer longevity than the males. The total survival of the nymphal stage, on the different diets, varied from 22.46 (fed with housefly) to 77.33% (fed with T. molitor larvae). P. nigrispinus males were heavier when fed with third or fifth instar cotton leafworm larvae than when fed with artificial diet. The weight of the females varied from 37.91 (with artificial diet) to 64.68 mg (with fifth instar cotton leafworm larvae). Independently of the diet, newly emerged females of P. nigrispinus were heavier than the males. Females of P. nigrispinus which were fed with fifth instar cotton leafworm larvae had heavier ovaries than those fed other diets.     

平卧川牛漆甾酮对小菜蛾生长发育的影响(英文)

平卧川牛漆甾酮是紫背金盘中的主要植物蜕皮甾类 ,在筋骨草属植物中普遍存在。试验结果表明 ,用 5 0mg L平卧川牛漆甾酮处理小菜蛾卵 ,其孵化受到抑制 ,总孵化率为 94.7% ,显著低于对照的 1 0 0 %孵化。平卧川牛漆甾酮对幼虫具有弱的毒杀活性和良好的拒食活性 ,且与浓度相关。小菜蛾的生长发育也受平卧川牛漆甾酮的影响。用高于 5 0mg L浓度处理幼虫 ,其生长受抑及蛾的产卵量下降 ,而较低浓度处理则有利于幼虫生长 ,卵量提高。这种双重作用可能是由于平卧川牛漆甾酮的激素活性和拒食活性的作用结果 ,后者导致昆虫营养不良。处理幼虫后 ,试虫的化蛹和羽化受阻。小菜蛾对平卧川牛漆甾酮比 2 0 羟基蜕皮酮更敏感。     

Impaired Olfactory Associative Behavior of Honeybee Workers Due to Contamination of Imidacloprid in the Larval Stage

The residue of imidacloprid in the nectar and pollens of the plants is toxic not only to adult honeybees but also the larvae. Our understanding of the risk of imidacloprid to larvae of the honeybees is still in a very early stage. In this study, the capped-brood, pupation and eclosion rates of the honeybee larvae were recorded after treating them directly in the hive with different dosages of imidacloprid. The brood-capped rates of the larvae decreased significantly when the dosages increased from 24 to 8000 ng/larva. However, there were no significant effects of DMSO or 0.4 ng of imidacloprid per larva on the brood-capped, pupation and eclosion rates. Although the sublethal dosage of imidacloprid had no effect on the eclosion rate, we found that the olfactory associative behavior of the adult bees was impaired if they had been treated with 0.04 ng/larva imidacloprid in the larval stage. These results demonstrate that a sublethal dosage of imidacloprid given to the larvae affects the subsequent associative ability of the adult honeybee workers. Thus, a low dose of imidacloprid may affect the survival condition of the entire colony, even though the larvae survive to adulthood.     

枯草芽胞杆菌发酵玉米秸秆后对家蝇的饲养效果

作物秸秆是重要的农业资源,为有效利用作物秸秆,本文利用枯草芽胞杆菌发酵玉米秸秆,配制成人工饲料来饲养家蝇。从菌液加入量和发酵天数来考察对家蝇饲养效果的影响,结果表明:枯草芽胞杆菌菌液加入量为3 mL(3.2×10~(11)cfu/mL),发酵天数3d时对家蝇饲养效果较好,幼虫质量为16.91g,与不加菌液的对照组(13.30g)相比存在显著性差异(P0.05)。经过枯草芽胞杆菌发酵和家蝇幼虫处理后,玉米秸秆的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的绝对含量都显著降低(P0.05)。经过家蝇取食后的饲料残渣,经检测,有机质等均达到国家标准。最优家蝇饲料配方为:枯草芽胞杆菌菌液加入量3mL(3.2×10~(11) cfu/mL),发酵天数3d,玉米秸秆和麦麸各125g,每250g饲料添加初孵幼虫200mg。本研究利用枯草芽胞杆菌发酵玉米秸秆,提高其营养价值,并进一步饲养家蝇,为秸秆的资源化利用和家蝇规模化饲养奠定了基础。     

饥饿程度对美国白蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

不同龄期幼虫饥饿对美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea(Drury)生长发育和繁殖影响的研究结果表明:美国白蛾低龄(2龄)幼虫短时间的饥饿对其生长发育和繁殖的影响不明显;美国白蛾中龄(4龄)幼虫饥饿2,4,6d使美国白蛾的历期相应增长,存活率、化蛹率、羽化率、产卵量都相应降低,交配率与对照之间没有差异;老熟(6龄)幼虫短时间饥饿(4d)的存活率、羽化率、交配率、产卵量都稍有下降;长时间饥饿(12d)的老熟幼虫有70%左右因饥饿而提前化蛹,提前化蛹的蛹体外没有薄茧的包裹。提前化蛹的美国白蛾的羽化率、交配率均非常低,产卵量很少。     

黄荆提取物对小菜蛾幼虫毒力及对成虫的产卵忌避作用

系统地研究了黄荆种子和叶片的二氯甲烷、石油醚和甲醇提取物对小菜蛾2龄和4龄幼虫的毒力及其对成虫的产卵忌避作用.结果表明,6种提取物中,以二氯甲烷种子提取物对幼虫的毒力最高,二氯甲烷叶片提取物次之,甲醇叶片提取物的毒力最低.二氯甲烷种子提取物对2龄和4龄幼虫的毒力分别是甲醇叶片提取物的2.62倍和3.09倍,对4龄幼虫的毒力达辛硫磷的0.73倍,杀虫活性较高.甲醇叶片提取物和二氯甲烷种子提取物对小菜蛾成虫有较高的产卵忌避作用,在4 000 mg·L^-1浓度下,处理后24 h,产卵忌避率分别为60.6％和55.2％,且持效性也较好,处理后72 h忌避率仍分别达50.9％和46.1％.