两种集合繁殖体形态及间歇性萌发特性——以蒺藜和欧夏至草为例

集合繁殖体(synaptospermy)是荒漠植物为适应恶劣环境条件而演化出的关键性特征,其作为植物生活史特性之一,有助于了解在荒漠环境下集合繁殖体植物的适应策略。蒺藜(Tribulus terrestris)和欧夏至草(Marrubium vulgare)分别为一年生及多年生草本植物,蒺藜扩散单位由一朵花发育而成的集合繁殖体组成,欧夏至草扩散单位由多朵花发育的集合繁殖体和种子组成,以这两种植物为材料,对其集合繁殖体形态、活力、吸水及萌发特性进行初步研究。结果显示:(1)蒺藜集合繁殖体依照发育成熟先后位置在质量、附属物刺的长度、附属物占质量百分比、种子数、活力、吸水量、萌发率及萌发速率均存在显著差异;欧夏至草集合繁殖体质量及吸水量明显大于种子,而活力、萌发率及萌发速率不存在显著差异。(2)萌发位置上,蒺藜集合繁殖体仅在长刺端位置的种子萌发,属非随机萌发,而欧夏至草集合繁殖体萌发不具有规律性,属随机萌发;萌发时间上,蒺藜和欧夏至草集合繁殖体在当季下均只萌发部分种子,具间歇性萌发特性。(3)对不同生活型植物而言,其集合繁殖体附属物对种子的保护、保水、扩散及萌发行为的功能相同,但一年生草本植物的萌发行为侧重于种群繁衍,因此蒺藜集合繁殖体在当季萌发率及萌发速率较高;多年生草本植物的萌发行为侧重于种群扩散,因此欧夏至草扩散单位多样化,且萌发率及萌发速率较低。     

蒺藜集合繁殖体形态及间歇性萌发特性

蒺藜(Tribulus terrester)果实由5个集合繁殖体构成, 是一种常见的具集合繁殖体的一年生植物。该文对不同月份成熟的蒺藜果实及果实集合繁殖体的形态、活力、吸水率、萌发率及萌发速率进行了比较观察, 初步探讨其生态学意义。主要结果如下: 1)果实各集合繁殖体间在质量、附属物质量百分比、种子数、活力、吸水率、萌发率及萌发速率方面随其发育顺序依次减小, 存在显著差异; 2)果实平均活力及萌发率随成熟时间依次升高, 而吸水率依次降低, 平均活力及萌发率与果实成熟时间正相关, 而与吸水率负相关, 成熟时间越早, 活力及萌发率越低, 吸水率越高; 3)除9月最晚成熟的集合繁殖体在最适条件下均能萌发外, 其余月份的果实各集合繁殖体只能部分萌发, 且只有位于集合繁殖体长刺端的种子能萌发, 这种在当季只萌发部分种子, 剩下的种子仍然保持在一个扩散单元中并在数周、数月或数年间不规则地间隔萌发属于间歇性萌发。上述结果表明: 不同月份成熟果实及果实不同发育顺序的集合繁殖体在形态、活力及吸水率方面存在梯度变化, 这种变化可能是造成蒺藜间歇性萌发的主要原因, 这种萌发对策可以降低同胞后代间的竞争, 使其对可变环境中的生存风险进行有效的分摊, 为物种的延续提供保障。     

Morphology and intermittent germination characteristics of synaptospermy of Tribulus terrester

 蒺藜(Tribulus terrester)果实由5个集合繁殖体构成, 是一种常见的具集合繁殖体的一年生植物。该文对不同月份成熟的蒺藜果实及果实集合繁殖体的形态、活力、吸水率、萌发率及萌发速率进行了比较观察, 初步探讨其生态学意义。主要结果如下: 1)果实各集合繁殖体间在质量、附属物质量百分比、种子数、活力、吸水率、萌发率及萌发速率方面随其发育顺序依次减小, 存在显著差异; 2)果实平均活力及萌发率随成熟时间依次升高, 而吸水率依次降低, 平均活力及萌发率与果实成熟时间正相关, 而与吸水率负相关, 成熟时间越早, 活力及萌发率越低, 吸水率越高; 3)除9月最晚成熟的集合繁殖体在最适条件下均能萌发外, 其余月份的果实各集合繁殖体只能部分萌发, 且只有位于集合繁殖体长刺端的种子能萌发, 这种在当季只萌发部分种子, 剩下的种子仍然保持在一个扩散单元中并在数周、数月或数年间不规则地间隔萌发属于间歇性萌发。上述结果表明: 不同月份成熟果实及果实不同发育顺序的集合繁殖体在形态、活力及吸水率方面存在梯度变化, 这种变化可能是造成蒺藜间歇性萌发的主要原因, 这种萌发对策可以降低同胞后代间的竞争, 使其对可变环境中的生存风险进行有效的分摊, 为物种的延续提供保障。     

塔里木河下游主要荒漠植物繁殖体的形状、大小与质量比较

研究了塔里木河下游主要荒漠植物(21种)繁殖体的形状、大小、质量(17种为种子,4种为果实)。用三维方差衡量繁殖体形状,用三维之和衡量繁殖体大小,繁殖体百粒质量衡量繁殖体质量。结果表明：1)21种植物繁殖体的形状差异很大,且豆科(Fabaceae)植物的繁殖体形状接近圆球形,菊科(Compositae)植物的繁殖体形状较大地偏离圆球形(方差>0.05)。21种植物繁殖体大小、质量差异也很大;2)繁殖体大小的表现趋势与其相应的质量的表现趋势具有一定的一致性;3)研究区主要荒漠植物中,多年生草本植物的种类虽然不及灌木(半灌木)的种类丰富,但其繁殖体平均质量却比灌木(半灌木)多18%;4)在21种植物的繁殖体中,9种具有持久土壤种子库。100%的柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)植物、100%的菊科植物都具冠毛,这些附属物对植物繁殖体的传播和定居具有重要的意义。     

环境因子对蒙古莸种子萌发及幼苗建成的影响

蒙古莸(Caryopteris mongolica)是珍稀濒危的资源性植物,具较高的观赏和药用价值。其分布范围正日渐缩小。通过对内蒙古中西部干旱草原区蒙古莸天然种群实生苗的调查,以及在室内模拟不同环境条件,对蒙古莸种子萌发和幼苗建成进行研究,旨在探究这一物种珍稀、濒危的原因。结果显示:1)自然条件下蒙古莸种子在5—7月大量萌发,但在幼苗生长初期死亡率较高,使得自然种群更新强度仅为0.11株/m~2。2)蒙古莸种子不存在休眠现象,成熟采收后很快即可萌发。萌发对水分要求较宽范,但适宜其种子萌发的温度范围较窄,为25—30℃。3)蒙古莸幼苗生长的最适温度为25℃,能耐受每日短暂的高温胁迫(50℃)。持续的高温、低温和频繁的降水显著增大幼苗死亡率。研究认为,蒙古莸种子萌发的条件与幼苗存活的条件差异较大,同时满足其萌发和幼苗存活和生长的窗口条件比较严苛。其野生生长地的生境条件往往难以满足要求,这是限制蒙古莸通过有性繁殖进行自然种群扩散的主要原因之一。     

植物种群更新的补充限制

补充限制基于生态位理论, 从种子萌发、幼苗存活和生长、繁殖体扩散等生活史阶段的种群统计特征及环境因素(土壤水分、养分、凋落物等)着手, 探讨种群的更新问题。种源限制和微生境限制是补充限制理论研究的核心内容, 但是哪个更为重要并没有统一的结论。种源限制与种子生产、土壤种子库和地下芽库中的繁殖体数量不足有关。其中, 气候的年际波动、土壤种子库寿命和动物的捕食都会影响种子生产在种群更新中的作用; 土壤种子库常被视为种群更新的保险库, 与地上种子雨共同促进种群更新, 但是, 如果土壤里种子具有较高的死亡率和休眠率, 将会降低种子库的作用; 地下芽库及其产生的无性分株对于种群更新的意义更多地体现在干扰后种群更强的恢复能力上。扩散限制是种群更新中的普遍现象, 与种子产量、散布能力、传播媒介、幼苗密度等因素有关。微生境限制主要表现为水分、养分、凋落物等非生物因素以及竞争、捕食等生物因素对种子的活力、萌发性、幼苗的存活力、物质分配等过程的影响, 其重要性随着植物生活史阶段而发生变化。未来需要进行综合的、长期的实验, 并应着重加强种源限制及相关生态过程的进化与生态相结合的机理性研究, 从而更深刻地认识和理解种群更新问题, 建立更为综合、系统的种群更新理论体系。     

破碎化生境中粗柄独尾草种群大小对繁殖特性的影响

景观破碎化是目前存在的一种普遍现象,导致物种生存的原有生境总面积减小,产生许多大小不一的斑块种群。不同斑块生境中植物种群的大小直接反映植物对环境的响应特征和适应对策,与植物繁殖有关的开花结实特性、种子形态及萌发特性的研究将有助于深入了解植物在不同生境中的生存策略。以粗柄独尾草(Eremurus inderiensis)为研究对象,以野外调查为基础,对比研究不同斑块粗柄独尾草种群的种群大小和生殖成功,揭示不同生境中粗柄独尾草的生态适应性。结果表明:(1)不同斑块生境中,种群大小差异较大,且较小的种群幼苗比例也较小,种群大小与种群幼苗比例呈显著相关;(2)较小的种群自然座果率、结籽率较低,种群间差异显著;(3)随着生境破碎化程度增加,种子千粒重,种子长、宽等形态特征呈减小趋势,但种翅占比增大;(4)在粗柄独尾草最适萌发温度下,随着生境破碎化程度增加,种子萌发率有下降趋势。针对人类干扰程度强的衰退型粗柄独尾草种群,亟需减少人为干扰,依据不同生境中的干扰因素及种群生存现状,制定科学与切实可行的保护和恢复策略。     

科尔沁沙地78种植物繁殖体重量和形状比较

研究了科尔沁沙地 78种植物的繁殖体 (2 3种为种子 ,5 5种为果实 )重量和形状 ,其重量差别很大 ,最小的单粒重不足 0 .1mg,最大的超过 130 mg;形状差异也很大 ,最小的方差不足 0 .0 3,最大的超过 0 .18。综合本研究和以前研究的全部 14 0种植物的研究结果 ,进行了分析。结果表明 :1计有 2 4种植物繁殖体单粒重小于 1mg并接近圆球形 (方差小于 0 .0 9) ,它们可能具有持久种子库 ;2 1年生植物 (平均方差为 0 .0 70 )与 2年生植物 (平均方差为 0 .12 9)间的形状差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,2年生植物的繁殖体更加扁、长 ;1年生植物也与多年生草本植物 (平均方差为 0 .10 9)之间形状差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,多年生草本植物的繁殖体更加扁、长 ;3有 5 5 %的豆科植物、70 %的藜科植物繁殖体接近圆球形 (方差 <0 .0 6 ) ,所有的菊科、萝摩科植物繁殖体都很扁、长 (方差 >0 .0 6 )。豆科植物显著比菊科、禾本科、藜科植物繁殖体的重量大 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;4繁殖体附属物在植物的传播和定居方面具有重要的作用 :6种萝摩科植物和 3种杨柳科植物具有绢毛 ,6 0 %的菊科植物具有冠毛 ,6种植物有翅 ,8种植物有宿存花柱或宿存花萼 ,这些植物可能易于被风传播 ;5 4 %的禾本科植物具芒 ,减小了传播可能 ;苍耳、雾冰藜、鹤虱、蒺藜、     

海拔对入侵植物粗毛牛膝菊种群繁殖力与种子扩散力的影响

外来入侵植物在高大山体中沿着海拔扩散的过程中, 由于环境选择压力的改变, 其繁殖力和种子扩散力可能会发生改变。为探究入侵植物粗毛牛膝菊(Galinsoga quadriradiata)在秦巴山区扩散过程中的繁殖力和种子传播力的变化趋势, 通过野外调查对比分析了其位于不同海拔梯度(505—1947 m)上的种群密度、盖度、单株种子产量和种子羽流载荷(MAR)等的差异, 并对比分析了不同生境类型中的粗毛牛膝菊种群繁殖特性上的差异。研究结果显示: (1)粗毛牛膝菊的种群盖度和密度随海拔升高均未表现出显著的变化趋势; (2)单个花序成熟种子数随海拔升高而增加, 但单株花序数、单株种子产量(数量和重量)均随海拔升高而降低; (3)种子MAR随海拔升高而显著升高, 即种子传播力呈显著下降趋势; (4)相较于荒地生境中的种群, 农田中的粗毛牛膝菊种群盖度和单株种子重量更高, 且MAR更小。研究结果说明随着海拔升高, 粗毛牛膝菊繁殖力和种子传播力均呈显著下降趋势, 农田中的粗毛牛膝菊种群繁殖力和种子传播力均显著高于荒地中的种群, 这暗示了秦巴山地在降低该物种的入侵扩散速度方面具有重要意义, 但农业生产活动带来的人为干扰可能会促进该种的入侵与扩散进程。     

金丝李果实、种子形态分化及外源物质对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

通过采集3个天然种群的金丝李(Garcinia paucinervis)果实,观察果实和种子的形态性状,分析其种群内和种群间的形态分化,观察不同种群种子萌发和幼苗生长的规律;采用四种植物生长调节剂和两种化学药剂,研究浸种对金丝李种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:金丝李种子长2.48~3.08 cm、宽1.49~1.67cm、百粒重392.50~438.18 g;3个种群果实和种子已产生明显的形态分化,胡润种群多数表型性状值在3个种群中最小,安宁种群的果实和种子偏圆,弄岗种群偏窄;在种群内部,果实和种子重量的分化较显著,整体形态较稳定;在萌发过程中,种子留存,不定根逐渐取代胚根成为主根;3个种群的萌发过程均缓慢,中间阶段几乎停滞,出苗极不整齐,萌发率表现为安宁种群(78.33%)弄岗种群(55%)胡润种群(48.33%),种子存在休眠;从种子萌发来看,以80 mg·L~(-1)的6-BA浸种24 h处理效果最好,萌发时滞最短、萌发率最高、平均萌发时间最短;结合幼苗生长情况来看,10~50 mg·L~(-1)的6-BA和500 mg·L~(-1)的GA_3处理均适宜,以50 mg·L~(-1)的6-BA效果最佳。低浓度的KNO_3和NH_4NO_3能提高萌发率,但未显著加快萌发进程,IAA和NAA对种子萌发和幼苗生长有抑制作用。该研究结果为金丝李的遗传多样性提供了形态学资料,为更好地保护、开发和利用这一珍贵树种提供了科学依据。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.