黄腹角雉的巢址选择

１９９１￣１９９３年，在浙江省乌岩岭自然保护区对黄腹角雉的巢址选择进行了研究。野外工作共发现黄腹角雉巢１５个，其中８０％位于人工柳杉林中，营果树以柳杉为主，占７３．３％。主成分分析表明，影响黄腹角雉巢址选择的主要因素有４种，依次为：营巢树因素（包括营巢树的高度、胸径、巢位高度和巢上方的植被盖度）、地形因素（包括坡向和坡度）、海拔因素和位置因素。     

新疆北部白冠攀雀的巢与巢址选择

2008年4—7月,在新疆北部对白冠攀雀巢址选择进行了研究。白冠攀雀的营巢习性特殊,巢呈囊袋状,结构甚为精致。对于白冠攀雀巢的研究,采用总面积调查法,进行地毯式的搜寻,并结合标图法对其进行标记,绘制分布图。研究结果共发现巢125个,营巢位于于临近湖泊、河流等水域附近的柳树、杨树、桦树等阔叶树上。营巢树种以柳树为主,占68.80%。巢的高度平均为(5.3±2.5)m,营巢于乔木的中下部（约1/3处）,约70%的巢离河边不足30 m。对于巢址选择的研究,将原始记录中与巢址选择有关的特征变量进行主成分分析,分析表明,影响白冠攀雀巢址选择的主要因素有4种,依次为：郁闭度因素（包括营巢树胸径、巢上郁闭度）、营巢树种因素(包括营巢树种、树高、巢位高度和乔木种类)、方位因素（包括距河边距离和巢向）、食物与巢材因素。     

山地次生林长耳Hao对喜鹊巢址的利用

1996年至1998年夏季,在左家自然保护区对长耳Hao(Aiso otus)的巢位及巢树进行了系统观察和初步研究。结果表明：喜鹊（Pica pica)巢址是长耳Hao选择巢位的重要资源,占发展总巢数的83%。在长耳Hao所利用的20棵喜鹊巢树中,蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica)所占的比例最大,喜鹊巢树的树种,胸径、及其附近的灌木数量等生态因子是该巢址能否被长耳Hao所利用的重要生态指标。被长耳Hao所利用的喜鹊巢址距农田的距离与那些未被利用的巢址差异显著。     

芜湖市及附近地区三种鹭鸟巢址特征

2005年,对芜湖市及附近地区4个营巢地的3种主要营巢鹭鸟--白鹭(Egretta garzetta)、夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax)和池鹭(Ardeola bacchus)的巢址特征进行了抽样调查,选取了11个巢址变量,即营巢树种、巢高、巢树高、巢上方郁闭度、巢周围1m半径内植被郁闭度、巢树胸径、巢离树干距离、巢下最大支撑枝直径、巢离巢区边缘的距离、坡位、巢位海拔,运用单因素方差分析和主成分分析方法研究3种鹭乌的巢址特征.结果表明,巢位因子、巢树因子、保护因子、坡位因子等4个主成分描述了3种鹭鸟的巢址特征,其贡献率分别为25.51%、24.42%、13.19%和12.32%.影响鹭鸟巢址选择的最主要因素是微栖息地适合度和巢捕食压力.     

人造园林中斑文鸟和白腰文鸟的巢址选择

巢址选择对保证鸟类生存和繁殖成功、降低被捕食率和种间竞争至关重要。2016—2017年,在中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园选取3个研究区域对同域分布的斑文鸟Lonchura punctulata和白腰文鸟Lonchura striata进行调查。在记录的15个巢址特征因子中,14个数值型因子用于拟合Logistic回归模型,找出影响文鸟巢址选择的关键因子;使用独立样本t检验和Mann-Whitney U检验比较2种文鸟在巢址特征因子选择上的差异性;置换检验(Permutation test)用于检验2种文鸟对营巢树种选择偏好的差异性。研究发现,2种文鸟的巢址分布模式在3个研究区域中的差异很大。异种鸟巢间最小间距、营巢树胸径、营巢树与水源最近距离以及巢位高度都是影响巢址选择的关键因子。与白腰文鸟相比,斑文鸟通常选择在胸径更小、位置更高、距离异种鸟巢更远、距离水源更近的地方营巢。斑文鸟多选择枝条紧密的树,而白腰文鸟多选择枝干带刺的树营巢,这可能是二者不同的对抗捕食者的防御策略。     

应用资源选择函数研究朱鹮的巢址选择

本文介绍了资源选择函数的原理与方法,并分析了朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)的巢址选择我们将上述结果与主成分分析的结果进行了比较,发现两种方法都显示水田面积、营巢树高度海拔高度和人类干扰程度对朱鹮巢址选择有较大影响,而巢向、巢上郁闭度、坡向和坡度对朱鹮影响较小。然而,两种方法也有明显的差异：资源选择函数显示营巢地的坡位非常重要而主成分分析显示植被密度比较重要。分析表明资源选择函数更好地反映了多种生境因素对朱鹮巢址选择的影响。本文探讨了应用资源选择函数所必须注意的对照样方选择和参数的独立性问题,并提出了对朱鹮保护工作的建议。     

应用资源选择函数研究朱Huan的巢址选择

本文介绍了资源选择函数的原理与方法,并分析了朱Huan(Nipponia nippon)的巢址选择。我们将上述结果与主成分分析的结果进行了比较,发展两种方法都显示水田面积,营巢树高度,海拔高度和人类干扰程度对朱Huan巢址选择有较大影响,而巢向,巢上郁闭度,坡向和坡度对朱Huan影响较小。然而,两种方法也有明显的差异,资源选择函数显示营巢地的坡位非常重要,而主成分分析显示植被密度比较重要。分析表明资源选择函数更好地反映了多种生境因素对朱Huan巢址选择的影响,本文探讨了应用资源选择函数所必须注意的对照样方选择和参数的独立性问题,并提出了对朱Huan保护工作的建议。     

陇东地区金翅雀的巢址选择

为探究金翅雀(Chloris sinica)营巢是否偏好某些树种以及偏好原因,于2017—2019年4—8月,在陇东学院校园内,开展了金翅雀巢址选择调查。180个金翅雀巢址分析显示:金翅雀营巢利用圆柏(Juniperus chinensis)、刺柏(Juniperus formosana)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)、日本晚樱(Cerasus serrulata)等17种乔木,其中圆柏(χ2=13.6,df=1,P=0.000)和刺柏(χ2=9.8,df=1,P=0.002)是金翅雀选择的主要树种;与其他巢址比较,圆柏和刺柏巢址的巢树树冠直径(DNTC)、巢-缘距(DEC)和巢树-最近树距离(DT)显著小于其他树种巢址的相应参数,而圆柏和刺柏巢址的巢树树冠高度(HNTC)、巢-冠底距离(DBC)、巢树-草地距离(DM)、可利用林木数量(NT)和隐蔽度(CC)都显著大于其他树种巢址的相应参数(T或Mann-Whiteny U检验,全部P0.05);差异显著的8个巢址参数(DNTC、DEC、DT、HNTC、DBC、DM、NT和CC)的因子分析表明,环境隐蔽性、巢位隐蔽性和巢位不易接近性是导致金翅雀偏好在圆柏和刺柏上营巢的主要因素。本研究结果可为城市环境绿化中如何保护鸟类提供参考。     

四川南充农田区乌鸫的巢址选择

2007年3～5月在四川省南充市近郊农田区域对乌鸫Turdus merula sowerbyi的巢址选择进行了研究.共调查57个巢址样方,通过主成分分析(PCA)提取到影响乌鸫巢址选择的6个主要因子,其累积贡献率达74.44%, 其中乔木因子的贡献率最高,达26.58%.农田区中,乌鸫在4月中旬开始营巢,营巢树平均高度为16.02±2.29 m,主要巢树种类是白杨.     

四川洪雅县赤腹松鼠巢址选择研究

赤腹松鼠Callosciueus erythraeus在四川省洪雅县已经成为第一大森林害鼠.为了揭示赤腹松鼠巢址选择特征并为控制该物种的危害服务,2008年3～8月采取样线法对洪雅县赤腹松鼠的巢址选择状况进行了调查.共发现81棵巢树,对其巢位参数的统计显示,赤腹松鼠可在11种阔叶树和3种针叶树上营巢,对柏木Cpuressus funebris和楠木Phoebe zhennan有明显选择性,分别为营巢树数量的34.6%和33.3%.营巢树平均高度为18.6 m±0.6 m,巢距地面平均高度为16.2 m±0.5 m,巢位置一般靠近树的顶端,多朝东、南和东南方向,76.5%的巢位于树干与树枝的交界处.对无重复取样的巢址样方(n=65)和对照样方(n=65)中15个生境因子的对比分析表明,赤腹松鼠倾向在乔木平均高度较高、林下灌木盖度相对较高、坡度较大的生境中营巢.     

吉林向海自然保护区占用喜鹊巢繁殖的鸟类巢记述

部分鸟类在繁殖过程中,为避免被捕食、减少繁殖投入等而选择占用其他鸟类的巢。2014~2016年每年的4~8月,在吉林向海国家级自然保护区记录到4种占用喜鹊巢进行繁殖的鸟类,其中绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)8巢,纵纹腹小鸮(Athene noctua)4巢,长耳鸮(Aiso otus)5巢,麻雀(Passer montanus)6巢。大部分(82.6%)为利用喜鹊的废弃旧巢,而绿头鸭(1巢)、长耳鸮(2巢)和纵纹腹小鸮(1巢)少数侵占喜鹊当年新建的巢。     

Phylogeny of magpies (genus Pica) inferred from mtDNA data

We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of species and subspecies of the cosmopolitan genus Pica using 813 bp of the mitochondrial genome (including portions of 16s rDNA, tRNA-Leu, and ND1). The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Pica revealed in our molecular analyses can be summarized as follows: (1). the Korean magpie (Pica pica sericea) appears basal within the genus Pica; (2). the European magpie (Pica pica pica) shows a close relationship to the Kamchatkan magpie (Pica pica camtschatica); (3). two North American species (Pica hudsonia and Pica nuttalli) shows a sister-group relationship; (4). most importantly, the European+Kamchatkan clade appears more closely related to the North American clade than to Korean magpies. Based on these results and genetic distance data, it is possible that members of an ancestral magpie lineage in East Asia initially moved north to form Kamchatkan magpies and then crossed the Bering land bridge to found North American taxa. At a later date, a group might have split off from Kamchatkan magpies and migrated west to form the Eurasian subspecies. The divergence between the two North American taxa appears to have happened no later than the divergence of Eurasian subspecies and both processes appear to have been relatively rapid. Rather than the formation of P. hudsonia by re-colonization from an Asian magpie ancestor, as suggested by, our data suggest a shared ancestry between P. hudsonia and P. nuttalli. Based on the above findings, including phylogenetic placement of P. hudsonia and P. nuttalli as nested within the larger Pica pica clade, and the lack of evidence suggesting reproductive isolation within the genus Pica, we believe that the current classification may be inaccurate. A more conservative classification would recognize one monophyletic species (i.e., P. pica) and treat P. nuttalli and P. hudsonia as subspecies (i.e., P. p. nuttalli and P. p. hudsonia). More extensive studies on the population genetics and biogeography of magpies should be conducted to better inform any taxonomic decisions.     

Siedlungsdichte und Habitatwahl der Elster(Pica pica) in Nordbayern

Zusammenfassung Die durch Kartierung 1973–1975 ermittelte Siedlungsdichte der Elster(Pica pica) in Nordost-Bayern betrug 0,18 Nester/km². Die höchste Dichte wurde in Ortschaften mit Baumbestand erreicht (bis 4,5 Nester/km²). 39,9 % aller Nester befanden sich in, 60,1 % außerhalb von Ortschaften; ihre Dichte und Verteilung zeigen Tab. und Abb.

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Abundance and habitat selection of the magpie(Pica pica) in northern Bavaria

Summary By mapping 1972/73 and 1974/75 in 23 study areas from 43,8 to 550 km² (= 9649 km²) the abundance of the magpie amounted 0,18 nests/km². Magpies reached highest densities within villages with many trees (up to 4,5 nests/km²). 39,9 percent of all nests were recorded within villages and 60,1 percent in the country side. For details about magpie's density and distribution within their habitats see table and fig.

     

The Antsy Social Network: Determinants of Nest Structure and Arrangement in Asian Weaver Ants

Asian weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) are arboreal ants that are known to form mutualistic complexes with their host trees. They are eusocial ants that build elaborate nests in the canopy in tropical areas. A colony comprises of multiple nests, usually on multiple trees, and the boundaries of the colony may be difficult to identify. However, they provide the ideal model for studying group living in invertebrates since there are a definite number of nests for a given substrate, the tree. Here, we briefly examine the structure of the nests and the processes involved in the construction and maintenance of these nests. We have described the spatial arrangement of weaver ant nests on trees in two distinct tropical clusters, a few hundred kilometres apart in India. Measurements were made for 13 trees with a total of 71 nests in the two field sites. We have considered a host of biotic and abiotic factors that may be crucial in determining the location of the nesting site by Asian weaver ants. Our results indicate that tree characteristics and architecture followed by leaf features help determine nest location in Asian weaver ants. While environmental factors may not be as influential to nest arrangement, they seem to be important determinants of nest structure. The parameters that may be considered in establishing the nests could be crucial in picking the evolutionary drivers for colonial living in social organisms.     

盐城滨海海堤林中黑尾蜡嘴雀和黑卷尾的巢址选择与生态位

繁殖期鸟类的巢址选择受到很多因素的影响。许多雀形目鸟类选择在树上营巢,但开阔的沿海地区通常缺乏成片的自然林地,人工种植的廊道状海堤林则成为多种雀形目鸟类的营巢地。2018年4-8月在江苏省大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区境内的海堤林中,对繁殖鸟类巢的分布及两种优势繁殖鸟类---黑尾蜡嘴雀(Eophona migratoria)和黑卷尾(Dicrurus macrocercus)的巢址选择进行了研究,分析了两种鸟类的生态位重叠情况。结果表明:海堤林生境中共发现10种繁殖鸟的127个巢,鸟巢多数位于5 m以上的空间;影响黑尾蜡嘴雀巢址选择的主要因素是巢树和灌木等,巢位置、乔木和安全等因素是次要因素(前5主分量累计贡献率为71.9%);影响黑卷尾巢址选择的主要是巢树因素和灌木因素,巢向、乔木因子是次要因素(前5主分量累计贡献率78.0%);在巢址生态位分化上:两种鸟类的巢向(Utest,Z=-3.013,P<0.01)、巢高(Utest,Z=-6.718,P<0.01)、巢位置(Utest,Z=-5.402,P<0.01)、隐蔽性(Utest,Z=-4.081,P<0.01)选择上存在极显著的差异,两者在这些因子存在生态位分化;两种鸟类在12个巢址因子选择上的生态位重叠值都较大(最小值为0.500,最大值为0.998),存在激烈的种间竞争;在滨海地区,海堤林是依赖树木筑巢繁殖鸟类的重要栖息地,需要加强保护与管理。     

Ecological and Behavioral Aspects of Nest Building in Wild Bonobos (Pan paniscus)

Data on nest building behavior were collected from free ranging bonobos (Pan paniscus). Considering the physical features of both nests and trees used for nest construction, bonobos appeared to show various preferences: (1) Trees with small leaves were chosen more frequently than expected; (2) The majority of nests were constructed in trees of the middle forest layer (15 to 30 m) and at a mean height of 16 m; (3) nests built during the day were located higher than night nests and differed in the general mode of construction (number of trees involved). Comparing nests made by mature males and females it became apparent that females (4) built nests higher, (5) constructed day nests more frequently and (6) used them for a longer time than males. Comparison of data collected at different study sites indicates site-specific differences concerning selection of trees and location of nesting sites. Behavioral observations made clear that nests were not only used for rest but also for other activities like feeding, social grooming and play. Moreover, the study provided the first evidence that bonobos build nests also in order to avoid potential or imminent conflicts with other party members. Field observations indicate that these nests symbolize a taboo zone and show another facet of the social abilities of bonobos for the solution of intra group conflicts. It is suggested that this behavior derives from the spatial intolerance shown by females during the process of weaning.     

Individual variation in nest size and nest site features of the Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

Nest construction is a daily habit of independent orangutans for sleeping or resting. Data on their nests have been used in various ecological studies (e.g., density estimation, ranging behavior, evolution of material culture) because they are the most observable field signs. We investigated nest size and nest site features of Bornean orangutans in the wild during 10 months' fieldwork at three sites in East Kalimantan, Indonesia: Kutai National Park, Birawa, and Meratus. To examine individual variation, we followed 31 individual orangutans and recorded the 92 nests they made for nest size (diameter) and nest site features (height of nest above ground, tree species used for the nest site, the diameter and height of the tree, whether the nest was new or reused, and nest location within the tree). Analyses taking age–sex classes of the focal individuals into consideration showed significant age–sex differences in nest size and location, but not in nest height or nest tree features (diameter, height of tree, and height of lowest branch). Mature orangutans (adult females, unflanged and flanged males) made larger nests than immatures (juveniles and adolescents). Flanged male orangutans with larger nests used stable locations for nesting sites and reused old nests more frequently than immatures. The overall proportion of nests in open (exposed) locations was higher than in closed (sheltered) locations. Flanged males and immatures frequently made open nests, whereas adult females with an infant preferred closed locations. The good correspondence between nest size and age–sex classes indicates that nest size variation may reflect body size and therefore age–sex variation in the population. Am. J. Primatol. 71:393–399, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

北京小龙门林场黄眉姬鹟的巢与巢址特征

2003—2006年,在北京小龙门林场共发现黄眉姬鹟(Ficedula narcissina elisae)巢43个。其中34巢筑于天然巢址:开放巢占29.4%,位于树枝间(10巢);洞巢占70.6%,位于树桩顶端凹坑中(10巢)和树洞中(14巢)。开放巢距地高度高于洞巢。黄眉姬鹟的主要营巢树种是棘皮桦(Betula dahurica)。在研究区内共悬挂了100个大洞口巢箱和130个小洞口巢箱,结果发现黄眉姬只利用大洞口巢箱(9巢),不利用小洞口巢箱。以巢为中心,取半径6m的样方测量巢址的植被特征。对海拔、坡向、林冠郁闭度、乔木数量、乔木高、乔木胸径、枯树数量、树桩数量和林下郁闭度等变量进行主成分分析。结果表明,黄眉姬鹟的巢址具有乔木高大、林冠郁闭度高、多枯树和树桩等特征。黄眉姬鹟的繁殖成功率为51.2%,天敌破坏是造成繁殖失败的主要原因。     

The effect of food supplementation on the reproductive success of Black-billed Magpies Pica pica

The effect of supplementary food on the reproductive success of Black-billed Magpies Pica pica was studied in an urban habitat in the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. We provided supplementary food (pelleted dog food) regularly from August 1986 to June 1988 in a feeder situated outside all known magpie territories. Magpies using the supplementary food showed (i) an advancement of 7 days in the initiation of laying, (ii) no increase in clutch-size, (iii) higher survival of nest contents (eggs and young) during a spring snow storm, (iv) an increase in rate of nestling weight gain, and (v) an increase in fledging success. Supplementary food did not prompt the fed pairs to select nest sites nearer the feeder in 1988 than in 1987. The feeder did not affect the breeding density because the nearest neighbour distances of fed magpies did not differ from unfed magpies in either year, nor did they differ between the two years for either fed or unfed magpies. This study provided evidence that magpies frequently renest even if their initial nests fail after the eggs hatch—a practice that has been reported to be absent or rare in other studies. Although brood reduction was equally frequent in the nests of food-supplemented and control pairs, the actual number of nestlings disappearing from the former (1.56 per nest) was significantly smaller than that from the latter (2.60 per nest), suggesting that the availability of food plays a major role in magpie reproductive success.