野外模拟酸雨胁迫下接种外生菌根真菌对马尾松幼苗的缓解作用

外生菌根真菌能够提高宿主植物对外界环境胁迫的抵抗力。主要探讨野外条件下外生菌根真菌对酸雨胁迫下马尾松(Pinus massoniana)幼苗生长、养分元素以及表层土壤的影响,以期为酸雨严重区马尾松林恢复提供科学依据。以2年生马尾松幼苗为材料,采用原位试验,共设置6个处理:p H5.6(对照)处理未接种、对照处理接种、p H4.5酸雨处理未接种、p H4.5酸雨处理接种、p H3.5酸雨处理未接种、p H3.5酸雨处理接种。研究表明:(1)酸雨处理与对照处理相比显著降低了非菌根苗总生物量及各部位生物量(根、茎、叶),对株高无显著影响,接种外生菌根真菌可以缓解酸雨对马尾松幼苗生长的不利影响;(2)与对照处理相比,酸雨处理的非菌根苗的针叶中N、P、Ca含量升高,Mg含量降低,根系中N、P、Ca含量降低,Mg含量随p H的降低先升高后降低。接种外生菌根真菌显著提高了p H3.5酸雨处理的马尾松幼苗根系中N、P、Ca、Mg含量,而对针叶中N、P、Ca、Mg含量无显著影响。(3)在非菌根土壤中,p H3.5酸雨处理与对照处理相比显著降低了土壤中有机质、速效磷、速效钾、可溶性碳、可溶性氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量,而接种外生菌根真菌显著提高了上述指标。酸雨对土壤阳离子交换量无显著影响。总而言之,接种外生菌根真菌促进了酸雨处理的马尾松幼苗生长、缓解了酸雨对马尾松幼苗养分元素和表层土壤的不利影响,由此可见接种外生菌根真菌是减轻酸雨对马尾松危害的一个重要途径。     

模拟酸雨和接种外生菌根真菌对马尾松土壤养分、土壤团聚体及有机碳组分的影响

以2年生马尾松(Pinus massoniana)幼苗为试验对象,采用原位试验,研究了模拟酸雨和接种外生菌根真菌对土壤有机碳含量、土壤团聚体组成及土壤养分(N、P、K)含量的影响。设置3种强度(p H5.6(CK),4.5,3.5)的模拟酸雨条件,每个强度酸雨下分别设置接种外生菌根真菌和不接种外生菌根真菌,共计6个处理。结果表明:p H3.5酸雨处理显著降低了土壤中速效磷、总磷、速效钾、铵态氮、硝态氮及总氮含量,而外接外生菌根真菌则有效缓解了这一情况;与对照比,酸雨处理提高了微团聚体(0.053 mm,0.053～0.25 mm)含量,降低了大团聚体(0.25～2 mm)含量; pH3.5处理显著降低各粒级尤其是0.25～2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量,而接种外生菌根真菌显著增加了有机碳含量;未接种外生菌根真菌土壤中,酸雨处理显著降低了土壤轻组、重组有机碳含量,而接种外生菌根真菌显著提高了土壤轻组、重组有机碳含量;接种外生菌根真菌在一定程度上可以缓解酸雨胁迫对土壤质量的不利影响。     

菌根化马尾松对干旱胁迫的响应及其内源多胺的变化

以分别接种4种外生菌根真菌及其混合菌的5种菌根化马尾松植株为材料,在室内进行自然模拟干旱胁迫处理,考察了各处理植株的萎蔫率、萎蔫度及其针叶中的腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)含量的变化,探讨多胺在外生菌根提高马尾松抗旱能力过程中的作用.结果显示:接种外生菌根真菌能够显著提高植株定植土壤的保水能力,显著降低植株的萎蔫率和萎蔫度;在干旱胁迫过程中,菌根化植株的Spm含量、多胺总量均高于对照植株且含量相对稳定,而菌根化植株和对照植株的Spd含量均无明显变化, 对照植株和紫金蜡蘑菌根化植株的Put含量相对较高且变化幅度较大.研究发现,外生菌根能提高马尾松植株内源Spm含量和Put的降解能力,调节各种内源多胺的分配比例,最终显著提高马尾松植株的抗旱能力.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对青冈栎幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

利用菌根真菌摩西球囊霉和根内球囊霉,对喀斯特地区造林树种青冈栎进行接种试验,测定菌根真菌对青冈栎幼苗生长、生物量和光合作用的影响。结果表明:接种丛枝菌根真菌能显著促进青冈栎幼苗株高、地径、叶面积和幼苗生物量的增长,并且能提高幼苗成活率和改善幼苗的光合能力。摩西球囊霉和根内球囊霉处理的青冈栎幼苗生物量分别是未接种处理的2.1和1.9倍;摩西球囊霉和根内球囊霉处理下的水分利用效率分别比对照处理提高了33.6%和8.8%;摩西球囊霉对青冈栎幼苗株高、地径、生物量的促进作用好于根内球囊霉,而根内球囊霉处理的幼苗叶面积、主根长、根冠比大于摩西球囊霉处理。总体而言,接种丛枝菌根真菌特别是摩西球囊霉能促进青冈栎幼苗的生长和生物量增长,在石漠化植被恢复中具有潜在应用价值。     

外生菌根菌接种马尾松和相思树幼苗的研究

以外生菌根菌Ｘｅｒｏｃｏｍｕｓｃｈｒｙｓｅｎｔｅｒｏｎ接种相思树与马尾松幼苗,不灭菌栽培,植株生长指标和生理特性测定,都优于对照．以外生菌根菌Ｃａｌｖａｔｉａｌｉｌａｃｉｎａ加ＶＡ菌根菌Ｇｌｏｍｕｓｓｐｉｇａｎｕｓ双接种于相思树幼苗,灭菌栽培．植株含Ｎ量和脯氨酸等含量优于ＶＡ菌根菌单接种的效果．幼根切片观察到接种的外生菌根菌进入根皮层细胞间隙,原有菌根的发育和结构状况有所改变．     

红花尔基樟子松优良抗旱菌树组合的筛选

为筛选红花尔基樟子松（Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica）优良抗旱菌树组合,采用樟子松林下5个优势外生菌根真菌菌株为接种体,分别对5个月龄樟子松实生苗进行人工接种,接种8个月后观察菌根侵染情况及菌根形态,并在非干旱胁迫和干旱胁迫条件下测定不同菌树组合的生长和生理生化指标。结果表明：5个乡土菌种均能成功侵染樟子松并形成典型的外生菌根;干旱胁迫下,菌根化樟子松的各项生长指标均显著高于对照（P<0.05）,且接种粘盖牛肝菌（Suillus bovinus）具有最高的菌根侵染率、苗高、地上及地下生物量和根茎比;外生菌根共生体可通过提高植物SOD活性与POD活性,同时降低MDA含量来提高樟子松对干旱的耐受力;干旱胁迫下,所有接种处理苗木的萎蔫时间较对照处理均推迟,推迟时间最长的是粘盖牛肝菌接种处理,较对照推迟96.3 h;另外,接种处理均能显著延长宿主临界致死时间,尤其是接种粘盖牛肝菌可延长113.8 h。因此,可以认为粘盖牛肝菌与樟子松是一个较为理想的抗旱菌树组合。     

酸雨胁迫对亚热带典型树种幼苗生长与光合作用的影响

通过对酸雨胁迫下中国亚热带典型针叶树和阔叶树,马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.)、甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei (Champ.) Tutch.)、苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindl.) Schott.)幼苗的光合生理研究,试图判断日益严重的酸雨是否会对中国亚热带森林产生影响,以便更好地对已退化的森林进行恢复.试验结果表明:在酸雨胁迫下,甜槠和杉木幼苗的高生长受到的影响不显著,而对马尾松幼苗的高生长有一定的促进作用;在pH4.0时,酸雨胁迫对甜槠、杉木和马尾松幼苗的地径生长有一定的促进;在不同酸雨处理下,苦槠、甜槠和马尾松幼苗的最大净光合速率随着酸雨浓度的增加而下降,说明这3种植物幼苗的光合能力受到影响,特别是阔叶树幼苗,苦槠和甜槠幼苗的最大净光合速率分别下降了30%和25%.     

接种菌根菌剂对科尔沁沙地4种造林幼苗生长特性的影响

菌根真菌在干旱半干旱地区退化生态系统植被恢复与重建中具有重要作用。以科尔沁沙地乡土树种五角枫(Acer mono)和榆树(Ulmus pumila)及主要造林树种白蜡(Fraxinus chinensis)和樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)为供试植物,通过科尔沁沙地菌根化造林试验,分析4种造林幼苗接种菌根菌剂后幼苗的菌根侵染率、形态学指标、生物量积累和分配以及根际土壤养分在一个生长季内的变化。结果表明:两种菌根菌剂能较好地侵染幼苗,接种菌根菌剂显著提高了4种幼苗的株高、基径、顶枝长和生物量;显著影响幼苗的生物量分配,接种内生菌剂的白蜡根冠比显著减小,接种外生菌剂的樟子松根冠比显著增加;相关分析表明,菌根侵染率与白蜡幼苗株高和顶枝长呈显著正相关,与樟子松幼苗输导根质量、地上生物量和总生物量呈显著正相关;接种菌根菌剂还能提高根际土壤有机质和全氮含量,改良幼苗生长基质,但差异不显著。4种造林幼苗均表现出了显著的菌根效应,提示菌根菌剂在干旱贫瘠地区造林中具有很强的应用价值。     

菌根接种对长苞铁杉幼苗生长的影响

采用天然长苞铁杉林富含菌根真菌的根际土壤,对长苞铁杉种子进行盆栽接种育苗试验,比较接种处理和未接种的长苞铁杉种子萌发率、菌根侵染率、幼苗生长、生物量分配及氮磷钾含量的差异。结果表明,外生菌根对长苞铁杉种子的萌发没有影响,对幼苗生长和氮磷钾养分的吸收有明显的促进作用,接种幼苗菌根感染率超过75%,其株高、根生物量、叶生物量和氮磷钾含量等均比对照显著增加,但对生物量在器官中的分配没有显著影响。     

多生菌根菌接种马尾松和相思树幼苗的研究

以外生菌根菌Ｘｅｒｏｃｏｍｕｓ ｃｈｒｙｓｅｎｔｅｒｏｎ接种相思树与马尾松幼苗,不来菌栽培,植株生长指档和生理特性测定,都优于对照,以外生菌根菌Ｃａｌｖａｔｉａ ｌｉｌａｃｉｎａ加ＶＡ菌根菌Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｅｐｉｇａｍｕｓ双接种于相思树功苗,来菌栽培,植株含Ｎ量和脯氨酸等含量优于ＶＡ菌根菌单接种的效果,幼根切片观察到接种的外生菌根菌进入根皮层。细胞间隙,原有菌根的发育和结构状况有所改变。     

Ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculation alleviates simulated acid rain effects on soil ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers in Masson pine forest

Acid rain can cause severe effects on soil biota and nutrient biogeochemical cycles in the forest ecosystem, but how plant-symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi will modulate the effects remains unknown. Here, we conducted a full factorial field experiment in a Masson pine forest by simultaneously controlling the acidity of the simulated rain (pH 5.6 vs. pH 3.5) and the ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithus tinctorius inoculation (non-inoculation vs. inoculation), to investigate the effects on ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers. After 10 months, compared with the control (rain pH 5.6, and non-inoculation), simulated acid rain (pH 3.5) reduced soil nutrient content, decreased archaeal amoA gene abundance and inhibited denitrification enzyme activity. Also, simulated acid rain altered the community compositions of all the examined functional genes (archaeal amoA, bacterial amoA, nirK, nirS and nosZ). However, inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi under acid rain stress recovered soil nutrient content, archaeal amoA gene abundance and denitrification enzyme activity to levels comparable to the control, suggesting that ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculation ameliorates simulated acid rain effects. Taken together, ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculation – potentially through improving soil substrate availability – could alleviate the deleterious effects of acid rain on nitrogen cycling microbes in forest soils.     

Salinity effects on germination,growth, and seed production of the halophyte Cakile maritima

The growth ofEucalyptus regnans seedlings in forest soil is enhanced when it has been air-dried. In undried forest soil seedlings grow poorly and develop purple coloration in the foliage, indicating P deficiency. This paper reports the results of pot experiments designed to investigate the relationship between growth and P acquisition, ectomycorrhizal infection and age of seedlings grown in air-dried and undried soil. The effect on seedling growth of their inoculation with air-dried or undried soil or with ectomycorrhizal roots from plants growing in air-dried or undried soil was also investigated. Ectomycorrhizal root tips were detected in 3-week-oldE. regnans seedlings in both air-dried and undried soil, and from then on the frequency of ectomycorrhizal root tips increased rapidly. In air-dried soil, seedlings were fully ectomycorrhizal at 9 weeks, and the occurrence of maximum ectomycorrhizal infection coincided with enhanced P acquisition and the initiation of rapid seedling growth. In undried forest soil, seedling growth remained poor, even though the seedlings had well-developed ectomycorrhizae and the incidence of ectomycorrhizal root tips was the same as in air-dried soil. The dominant ectomycorrhizae in airdried soil were associated with an ascomycete fungus, whereas in undried, undisturbed soil they were commonly associated with basidiomycete fungi. Inoculation of sterile soil/sand mix with washed ectomycorrhizal roots from air-dried soil increased the P acquisition and growth of the seedlings significantly compared with controls, whereas ectomycorrhizal inocula from undried soil had no effect on seedling growth, although both inocula resulted in a similar incidence of ectomycorrhizal root tips. Similarly, addition of a small amount of air-dried soil into sterile soil/sand mix resulted in a significantly greater increase in the P content and dry weight of the seedlings, compared with the control, than addition of undried soil. In both treatments, the incidence of ectomycorrhial root tips was similar. As (i) the differentiation in seedling growth between air-dried and undried soil occurred after seedlings became ectomycorrhizal, (ii) the dominant ectomycorrhizae in air-dried soil were different from those in undried soil, and (iii) inocula from air-dried soil, but not from undried soil, stimulated seedling growth in sterile soil/sand mix, it is concluded that development of particular ectomycorrhizae may be involved in seedling growth stimulation and enhanced P acquisition associated with air drying of forest soil.     

Effect of Acidity and Aluminium on the Growth of Pinus massoniana Seedlings

Effect of pH and A1 on the growth of masson pine (Pinus massoniana )seedlings was studied with liquid medium culture method. The masson pine seedlings exhibited strong tolerance toward acid conditions, growing normally at the pH range of 3.5—5.5. Growth was promoted in ultra-low concentration of Al. The masson pine seedlings were moderately sensitive to the toxicity of aluminium. The threshold of toxic concentration for aluminium to masson pine was about 4.0 ppm. Calcium ions could ameliorate the inhibition effect of A1 to some extent. The threshold ratio of A1 to Ca was about 0.2 at the level of A1 inhibition to growth of masson pine.     

七株外生菌根真菌与三种松苗菌根的形成能力

松树外生菌根菌资源丰富,但实际应用的种类不多。为筛选出与松苗形成菌根能力较强的菌种,采用播种接菌和芽苗截根移栽接菌两种方法,对7株外生菌根真菌与马尾松、湿地松和黑松3种松苗的菌根合成进行了研究。结果表明：形成的菌根以二叉分枝状为主,棒状菌根相对较少,多叉状菌根以马尾松较多。PC2形成的菌根表面菌丝厚且紧密,504、EG、Pt,形成的菌根表面菌丝紧密程度中等,而505、ZJ和HX形成的菌根其表面菌丝则比较稀疏;Pt1、Pt2、EG形成的菌根外延菌丝较长,而505、HX形成的菌根外延菌丝极短。截根接菌时的感染率和感染指数要高于播种接菌。504形成菌根的能力最强,在3种松苗上的菌根感染率都达100％,感染指数最高可达90,最低也达70;Pt2和EG与马尾松和黑松形成菌根的能力较强;而505和HX仅与马尾松形成菌根的能力较强;Pt1形成菌根的能力较差,在3种松苗上菌根感染率和感染指数都较低。在3种松苗中,马尾松的菌根化状况最好,其次为黑松,湿地松的菌根化状况较差。     

Seasonal ectomycorrhizal fungal biomass development on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings

Ergosterol, a membrane sterol found in fungi but not in plants, was used to estimate live mycelial biomass in ectomycorrhizae. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seeds were sown in April 1993 and grown with standard nursery culture practices. Correlations between total seedling ergosterol and visual assessment of mycorrhizal colonization were high during July and August but low as ectomycorrhizal development continued into the growing season. Percentages of mycelial dry weight over lateral roots decreased from 9% in July to 2.5% in November because seedling lateral root dry weight accumulated faster than mycelial dry weight. Total ergosterol per seedling increased from July through February. As lateral root dry weight ceased to increase during winter months, ectomycorrhizal mycelia became the major carbohydrate sink of pine seedlings. No distinctive seasonal pattern of soil ergosterol content was observed. The impact of ectomycorrhizal fungi on plant carbohydrate source-sink dynamics can be quantitatively estimated with ergosterol analysis but not with conventional visual determination.     

外生菌根菌不同接种方法对樟子松苗木生长的影响

 以提高外生菌根真菌对樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)苗木促生长效果为目的, 在前期研究的基础上, 采用菌株配对培养的方法对获得的樟子松外生菌根真菌进行混合接种菌株组合筛选; 采用苗木截根-菌液浸根和沟施接种方法分别对2年生和3年生樟子松苗木进行野外单接种及混合接种。研究外生菌根真菌不同接种方法、菌株单接种及混合接种对樟子松苗木生长的影响。试验结果表明: 供试菌株及菌株组合对樟子松苗木生长均有一定的促进作用。菌株GT005和菌株035为供试菌株中对樟子松苗木促生长效果最佳的菌株。采用苗木截根-菌液浸根方法接种2年生樟子松苗木130 d, GT005接种的苗木高生长提高54%, 地径生长提高15%, 过氧化氢酶活性提高48%, 而根系活力降低3%; 菌株035接种的苗木高生长提高42%, 地径生长提高56%, 过氧化氢酶活性提高47%, 根系活力提高11%。沟施接种方法接种3年生樟子松苗木100 d, GT005接种苗木高生长提高10%, 地径生长提高15%, 过氧化氢酶活性提高90%, 而根系活力降低34%; 菌株035接种苗木高生长提高7%, 地径生长提高9%, 过氧化氢酶活性提高6%, 而根系活力降低46%; 菌株组合044/GT001和GT001/GT005 接种的苗木高生长仅比对照提高3.47%和2.07%, 而菌株组合 044/025 和044/009 接种的苗木高生长低于对照; 混合接种的苗木其地径生长高于对照0.16%～7.98%。综上所述, 苗木截根-菌液浸根接种方法对苗木的促生长效果显著高于沟施接种方法; 外生菌根菌高效菌株与一般菌株混合接种会弱化高效菌株自身接种效果; 苗木过氧化氢酶活性、苗木根系活力与苗木的生物量间无相关性。     

野外土壤增温对胡桃楸幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

全球气候变化将增加地表土壤温度,从而影响植物幼苗生长和种群动态。本研究以温带地带性顶极植被——阔叶红松林的优势树种胡桃楸为对象,研究野外土壤增温2 ℃对1年生和2年生胡桃楸幼苗生长与生理特性的影响。结果表明: 与对照相比,土壤增温使1年生胡桃楸幼苗的基径、根长、总叶面积、叶干重、根干重、总生物量、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)和表观光合电光化学淬灭系数(q_P)分别显著增加18.3%、66.7%、 94.4%、105.9%、 95.8%、37.8%、89.5%、100.0%和71.4%;土壤增温使2年生幼苗的基径、总叶面积、叶干重、总生物量、叶片超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性和游离脯氨酸含量、ETR、Φ_PSⅡ和q_P分别显著增加12.5%、180.5%、97.3%、42.5%、23.9%、20.4%、14.9%、20.7%、66.7%、283.3%和284.6%。苗龄和增温对幼苗的根冠比以及叶绿素荧光参数中的Φ_PSⅡ、q_P存在交互作用,表现为土壤增温显著降低了2年生幼苗的根冠比,2年生幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的增幅(4.1～4.6倍)远高于1年生幼苗(1.5～1.8倍)。野外土壤增温2 ℃有利于1年生和2年生胡桃楸幼苗生长,提高胡桃楸幼苗的更新潜力,尤其是2年生胡桃楸幼苗通过大幅增大叶面积、提高叶片光化学效率和提升体内的保护酶活性产生抗逆性来应对土壤增温。     

Effect of ectomycorrhizal composition on survival and growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus thunbergii</Emphasis> seedlings varying in resistance to the pine wilt nematode

Key message

Ectomycorrhizal composition and associated fungi affect the intra-specific ability of resistant black pines for physiological adaptation.

Abstract

Since Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) forests have been widely devastated by pine wilt disease, several kinds of resistant black pines have been developed. Although all of the resistant black pines are the same species, these resistant trees show different physiological characteristics. We investigated the survival rates and growth rates, as well as ectomycorrhizal composition and associated fungi, on four kinds of Japanese black pine seedlings (three pine wilt-resistant and one non-resistant), and elucidated the factors affecting the various physiological characteristics. We found that the abundance of ectomycorrhizal types differed even though seedlings were grown sympatrically in the same areas for about 2 years. The seedlings that had plentiful white ectomycorrhizae showed the highest survival and growth rates regardless of the variety of black pine. Sequence similarities of the white ectomycorrhizae in the rDNA ITS region were best matched with members of Astraeus sp., Atheliaceae, Boletaceae and Thelephoraceae. Our findings indicate that intra-specific physiological adaptation might be affected by ectomycorrhizal composition or by the specific ectomycorrhizal species.

     

Buried charcoal layer and ectomycorrhizae cooperatively promote the growth of Larix gmelinii seedlings

Charcoal produced by fire on the soil surface mixes into the soil over time and is heterogeneously distributed within the soil profile in post-fire forests. To determine how different patterns of vertical distribution of charcoal and ectomycorrhizal formation affect the growth of Larix gmelinii (Gmelin larch) in post-fire forests, we conducted a model experiment in the pots. In this study, pots with a layer of charcoal in the middle of the soil profile promoted growth of the root system of the seedlings significantly more than did pots with no charcoal or with charcoal scattered throughout the soil. Along with the development of the root system, above-ground biomass and total biomass were also increased. Furthermore, in addition to the positive effects of charcoal in the soil, there were also strong positive effects on the growth of seedlings from ectomycorrhizal root formation. As a result, the largest above-ground biomass and total biomass were found for seedlings grown in layered charcoal with ectomycorrhizae. Furthermore, the highest phosphorus concentration in needles was also found for seedlings grown in layered charcoal with ectomycorrhizae. This is attributable to the frequent contact of roots with charcoal in the middle layer of the soil and the utilisation of phosphate by ectomycorrhizae. This suggests that buried and layered charcoal occurring in patches in post-fire stands may provide a suitable habitat for the growth of Gmelin larch seedlings.