培养破骨细胞扫描电镜样本制备方法的探讨

目的：探讨体外培养的破骨细胞在自制牛股骨磨片和细胞爬片中扫描电镜制备方法。方法：实验分两组,一组采用新鲜牛股骨制备成5mm×5mm大小的薄片,作为共培养之需;另一组,采用盖玻片制成5mm×5mm的细胞爬片。分别以5×104种植于骨磨片和爬片,培养5天后进行扫描电镜的制备并观察。结果：破骨细胞在牛骨磨片表面生长良好,充分伸展,有细胞突起伸入到实验组材料深部,并形成骨陷窝;在爬片表面生长的破骨细胞,细胞生长良好,粘附性强,细胞之间相互连接较紧密,细胞表面突起明显。结论：牛股骨磨片与破骨细胞在体外相容良好,材料有利于破骨细胞的生长及细胞功能的表达,而破骨细胞爬片更适于细胞外形的观察。将两种方法结合既能反映破骨细胞的形态结构又能展示其破骨功能。     

环孢素A抑制骨水泥颗粒诱导破骨细胞形成及功能

目的:探讨环孢素A对颗粒诱导破骨细胞形成及功能的影响。方法:取SD仔鼠双侧股骨和胫骨的骨髓,以不含血清的α-MEM培养液洗涤并收集骨髓细胞,再将细胞重悬于含10%胎牛血清及10~(-8)mol/L1,25-(OH)_2D_3的α-MEM培养液中,细胞计数后配成1.5×10~7/ml的细胞悬液,加入聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)颗粒和不同浓度的环孢素A(10~((-8)mol/L、10~(-7)mol/L、10~(-6) mol/L)于24孔培养板进行培养,并设置阳性对照组(只加PMMA颗粒)和阴性对照组(PMMA颗粒和CsA均不加),每组均有4孔放置骨磨片1片进行培养。培养2周后,行抗酒石酸(TRAP)染色检测破骨细胞形成;骨磨片行甲苯胺蓝染色观察。结果:PM- MA颗粒能够诱导大量TRAP染色阳性的破骨细胞形成,骨磨片有吸收陷窝形成;用环孢素A(10~(-8)mol/L、10~(-7)mol/L)和PMMA颗粒共同培养下TRAP染色阳性的破骨细胞形成数量明显减少,环孢素A浓度达到10~(-6)mol/L时无TRAP染色阳性的破骨细胞形成;环孢素A浓度在(10~(-8)mol/L、10~(-7)mol/L)时骨磨片有吸收陷窝形成,但少于阳性对照组,在10~(-6)mol/L时骨磨片则无吸收陷窝的形成。结论:环孢素A对PMMA颗粒诱导的破骨细胞的形成有着明显的抑制作用,且呈剂量依赖性。     

乳腺癌体外骨转移瘤3D模型的建立

目的:构建乳腺癌体外骨转移瘤3D模型。方法:新生CD-1小鼠的颅骨单独孵育为正常组,新生CD-1小鼠的颅骨与MDA-MB-231细胞低氧共孵育四天为模型组。通过扫描电镜(SEM)鉴定骨转移瘤模型,中性红染色法鉴定骨组织中的破骨细胞,硝酸银复染法观察骨的溶解,结晶紫染色法观察骨转移瘤模型中肿瘤细胞的生长。结果:正常组骨表面光滑完整;模型组骨组织表面黏附大量肿瘤细胞,破骨细胞活性增强,产生严重的溶骨,表面出现骨陷窝,骨纤维发生断裂。结论:成功建立了乳腺癌骨转移瘤体外3D模型,该模型能够模拟体内骨转移瘤微环境。     

脱细胞牛颈静脉内皮细胞黏附实验研究

目的:探讨去细胞处理后牛颈静脉血管片表面改性方法,增加内皮细胞在材料表面的黏附生长.方法:选取三种表面预衬组分:纤维连接蛋白(Fibronectin)单纯组,纤维连接蛋白+Ⅳ型胶原+明胶混合组,磷酸缓冲液空白组,采用物理包裹法.剪取多步骤去垢剂-酶消化法脱细胞处理的牛颈静脉片,无茵下静态培养7天,标本血管片表面细胞记数,切片染色,扫描电镜检测,比较不同组分预衬对细胞黏附生长的影响.结果:混合组在选取时间点表面细胞数目最多,单纯组次之.第7天HE染色结果显示混合组细胞连接成片,呈单层排布;单纯组表面细胞少量细胞黏附;对照组基本无细胞.扫描电镜显示:单纯组血管片表面细胞稀疏,细胞间无桥接,与下方的纤维结构联结不明显,数目较少;混合预衬组铺连成片,细胞间长梭形有桥接和突起,与去细胞的血管片纤维之间形成连接.结论:去细胞处理的牛颈静脉血管片可生长内皮细胞.经过纤维连接蛋白单独预衬处理的血管片表面,可增强内皮细胞黏附和贴壁生长,三组分混合预衬增强细胞黏附性及贴壁生长方面效果更好.     

雪旺氏细胞与同种异体骨支架的体外共培养研究

目的:探讨雪旺细胞(Schwann’s cells,SCs)在同种异体骨支架上的生物相容性,体外构建组织工程骨神经化模型。方法:利用新鲜人体骨骼制备同种异体骨支架材料,检测其物理性能;采用优化方法提取新生SD大鼠坐骨、臂丛神经培养SCs,实验分为三维培养实验组(SCs+同种异体骨)、二维培养对照组(SCs+胶原玻片),S-100抗体免疫荧光染色鉴定SCs纯度;细胞计数法检测两组细胞增殖特点;细胞接种后第3、7天取样,扫描电镜观察。结果:同种异体骨支架具有良好的三维孔隙结构,适宜细胞贴附生长;S-100免疫荧光染色证实SCs纯度95%;扫描电镜检测显示两组SCs均可正常粘附增殖,细胞间排布规律相似,培养早期实验组SCs胞体更加细长,伪足更加明显,随着培养时间的延长表现出较强的迁移能力;细胞增殖检测:两组SCs生长曲线特征基本一致,支架材料对SCs无毒性作用。结论:同种异体骨支架SCs具有良好的生物相容性,其三维立体多孔结构有利于SCs的粘附与迁移,初步构建了体外组织工程骨神经化模型。     

紫草素抑制破骨细胞分化及改善去卵巢诱导的小鼠骨质疏松

目的:研究紫草素对破骨细胞体外分化的影响,并探讨其对去卵巢(ovariectomized,OVX)诱导的骨质疏松模型小鼠的骨保护作用。方法:体外细胞生物学实验,采用CCK-8法检测不同浓度紫草素对C57BL/6J小鼠骨髓源性单核巨噬细胞的毒性;采用RANKL和M-CSF诱导单核巨噬细胞破骨分化模型,给予不同浓度的紫草素干预后,经TRAP染色对破骨细胞进行形态学观察,并通过Real-Time PCR技术检测破骨细胞特异性基因TRAP、c-Fos和NFATc1的表达。动物体内实验,随机将15只小鼠平均分为假手术组、OVX组、治疗组。造模成功后治疗组给予紫草素干预,假手术组和OVX组以等体积生理盐水处理。连续处理30天后取胫骨,用Micro CT扫描重建观察胫骨近端骨丢失状况。结果:(1)高于250 nmol/L的紫草素显著抑制小鼠单核巨噬细胞生长(P0.01)。(2)不同浓度的紫草素干预能显著抑制体外破骨细胞形成(P0.01)。(3)不同浓度的紫草素干预能显著抑制TRAP,c-Fos和NFATc1等参与破骨细胞分化的重要基因表达(P0.01)。(4)紫草素干预能显著改善去卵巢诱导的骨质疏松模型小鼠的骨丢失(P0.05)。结论:紫草素能在体外抑制破骨细胞分化并在体内改善去卵巢诱导的小鼠骨质疏松。     

微弧氧化和碱处理技术在多孔钽修复兔颅骨缺损中的应用

目的观察微弧氧化和碱处理对多孔钽表面性状、生物相容性和成骨能力的影响。方法微弧氧化和碱处理多孔钽片后,扫描电镜观察表面微孔数量、表面钙磷沉积和接触角。植入钽片修复兔颅骨缺损模型,在4周和12周观察骨愈合情况。结果扫描电镜显示处理组表面有更多的微孔和钙磷沉积以及更小的接触角(P<0.05)。植入多孔钽片后,所有动物均生长良好,伤口愈合佳。CT观察多孔钽片和周围骨组织耦合良好;钙黄绿素标记检测显示12周时有新生骨长入多空钽材料内部;扫描电镜观察发现4周时多空钽材料内部有新生血管,12周时有骨小梁长入材料内部。结论微弧氧化和碱处理能改变多孔钽材料表面形状,处理后多孔钽片具有良好的生物相容性和成骨能力。     

骨质疏松中破骨细胞活性与其RyR表达的关系研究

目的:研究骨质疏松病理状态下破骨细胞活性的变化与其线粒体表面RyR表达之间的关系。方法:构建骨质疏松SD大鼠模型,2周后取长管骨骨髓血提取破骨细胞,筛选出发育成熟细胞核大于3的破骨细胞,高速离心法分离细胞胞质Cytosol和细胞内质网SR,Western-Blot分析骨质疏松状态下OC表达RyR通道蛋白的变化;进一步用FlaxStation 3分析OC细胞[Ca2+]i释放;最后评测骨质疏松环境下OC细胞活性和骨吸收能力变化。结果:与对照组相比,骨质疏松实验组大鼠OC细胞内质网SR上RyR蛋白表达显著减少;,同时破骨细胞[Ca2+]i释放减少导致OC细胞活性骨吸收能力显著增加。结论:破骨细胞内RyR通过调控其细胞内钙释放程度对OC活性产生影响。     

利用新型聚羟丁酸酯材料构建组织工程软骨

目的:研究新型聚羟丁酸酯作为组织工程软骨支架材料的可行性.方法:取幼兔软骨组织中软骨细胞体外培养扩增.实验组接种软骨细胞于支架材料上,体外培养两周后埋植于新西兰大白兔背部皮下;对照组埋入未接种细胞的支架材料.扫描电镜观察材料表面形态及细胞生长情况.分别于第4、8、12周取出标本,大体观察后进行HE和Masson染色,观察组织工程软骨形成情况.结果:扫描电镜观察可见裸材料孔隙分布均匀,形状不规则;细胞材料复合体体外培养两周后材料表面爬满细胞且生长状态良好.埋植材料取出后可见不同时间点实验组标本大小无明显变化,对照组标本逐渐变小.HE和Masson染色显示各组支架材料至12周时已被完全吸收;实验组12周时可见较成熟软骨组织;对照组支架材料被吸收后最终被纤维结缔组织取代.结论:此新型聚羟丁酸酯材料可作为组织工程软骨支架材料.     

珍珠质自然涂层钛种植体表面对MC3T3E1成骨样细胞的作用

为了研究珍珠质自然涂层钛种植体表面的体外生物相容性,将珍珠质自然涂层的钛片与MC3T3E1成骨样细胞复合培养以观察细胞的生长、增殖和分化.分别以羟基磷灰石涂层钛片和没有涂层的纯钛片作为对照组,以MC3T3E1细胞单纯培养作为空白组,分别培养3天,5天和7天,通过倒置相差显微镜和扫描电镜观察细胞生长情况,流式细胞技术检测细胞增殖活性,金氏比色法检测碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性以及蛋白质印迹(Western blotting)法测定转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)表达水平.结果发现,细胞在珍珠质周围能形成良好附着,在其表面生长丰满.细胞培养第3天,第5天和第7天时,珍珠质表面的细胞增殖指数分别为(35.9±2.5)%、(69.7±3.3)%和(58.2±2.6)%,ALP活性分别为(6.123±2.917)U/g、(17.486±1.986)U/g和(23.987±1.372)U/g.第5天和7天时,实验组的细胞增殖指数、ALP活性和TGF-β1表达水平显著高于对照组和空白组(P<0.05).珍珠质自然涂层钛表面有利于MC3T3E1细胞的生长、增殖和分化,表明了珍珠质涂层能提高种植体表面的生物相容性,有可能会促进种植后的骨整合.     

Quantifying osteogenic cell degradation of silk biomaterials

The degradation of silk protein films by human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), osteoblasts and osteoclasts, cells involved in osteogenic functions in normal and diseased bone, was assessed in vitro. The involvement of specific matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and integrin signaling in the degradation process was determined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to quantitatively compare degradation by the different cell types using surface patterned silk films. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts demonstrated significant degradation of the silk films in vitro in comparison to the hMSCs and the film controls without cells. The osteoclasts degraded the silk films the most and also generated the highest level of MMPs 1 and 2. The osteoblasts upregulated integrins α5 and β1, while the osteoclasts upregulated integrins α2 and β1. There was significant contrast in responses on the silk matrices between osteogenic cells versus undifferentiated hMSCs to illustrate in vitro the role of cell type on matrix remodeling. These are important issues in matching biomaterial matrix features and studies in vitro to remodeling in vivo, in both normal and disease tissue systems. Cell populations and niche factors impact tissue regeneration, wound healing, physiological state, and the ability to better understand the role of different cell types is critical to overall regenerative outcomes.     

Effects of ethanol on the ultrastructure of the hamster femur

Several previous studies have indicated that chronic ingestion of ethanol exerts harmful effects on bones. However, few data are available concerning the effects of ethanol on the ultrastructure of bone. To further elucidate the effects of ethanol on bone, we studied the morphology of femur in golden hamsters after long-term treatment with ethanol. Six-week-old male hamsters were divided into 4 groups. Ethanol-treated animals were given ethanol at a concentration of 7% with food and water freely available, whereas the pair-fed animals (weight-matched to ethanol hamsters) had tap water available as the only drinking fluid. The femur weight, blood ethanol and serum calcium concentrations were determined after 3 and 5 months. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the whole body was measured before and after the experiment. Femurs of both sides were dissected and processed for morphometric measurement, light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In the ethanol-treated hamsters, BMD of the whole body and the weight of femur tended to decrease when compared with those of the controls. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that the trabecula in the distal end of the femur from ethanol-treated hamsters were thinner than those of the controls. We also observed the disrupted swollen mitochondria of the femoral osteoblasts and osteocytes in the ethanol-treated hamsters. No significant difference in serum calcium levels and femoral osteoclasts was found. These results indicate that long-term treatment with ethanol results in disruption of femoral osteoblasts and reduction of bone mass in trabecular bone.     

Sex differences in bone resorption in the mouse femur

Summary In male and female dd-mice at 4, 7, and 14 weeks of age and in 7 and 14-week-old mice gonadectomized at 4 weeks of age, the number of osteoclasts and the number and size of bone resorption areas along the surface of bone trabeculae in the distal metaphysis of the femur were determined. Osteoclasts were counted at the light-microscopic level in paraffin sections of decalcified femora. The number and size of the bone resorption areas were examined by scanning electron microscopy of femora after removing organic material by means of KOH and NaOCl treatment. In untreated mice, the number of osteoclasts and the number and size of bone resorption areas showed no sex differences at 4 weeks of age but were larger in females than males at 7 and 14 weeks of age. In gonadectomized mice, the number of osteoclasts and the bone resorption areas increased in males and decreased in females. The results of the gonadectomy experiments suggest that bone resorption in young adult mice is stimulated by female sex hormone and inhibited by male sex hormone.     

四种显微技术观测大鼠颌下腺细胞与丝素-壳聚糖体外共培养的形态学特点

目的采用倒置显微镜、扫描电镜（scanning electron microscopy,SEM）、荧光显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜（（laser scanning confocal microscopy,LSCM））技术对大鼠颌下腺细胞（rat submandibular gland cells,RSMGs）与丝素-壳聚糖（silk fibroin-chitosan,SFCs）的体外复合培养进行形态学观察。为观测、评估种子细胞在三维支架的内部生长情况提供技术支持。方法取0～8 d龄SD大鼠的颌下腺,对大鼠颌下腺细胞进行原代培养、分离纯化并传代;用抗细胞角蛋白单克隆抗体（CK8）及淀粉酶抗体的免疫细胞化学染色鉴定细胞来源。选取传至第二代的对数生长期的RSMGs作为种子细胞,选取SFCs共混膜（5×5×2）mm作为支架材料构建组织工程化涎腺样结构。将种子细胞与支架材料复合培养并分别于倒置显微镜、SEM、荧光显微镜和LSCM下观察二者复合生长情况。结果倒置显微镜可以直接观察活细胞与支架复合生长情况,方法简单易行。SEM可以较精确的展示细胞支架复合生长的表面超微结构。经过荧光染料的着色,荧光显微镜和LSCM都可以观察到支架上锚定的种子细胞。荧光显微镜可见细胞核的荧光信号均匀的分布在支架孔隙内。LSCM通过层扫描及三维重建技术对较厚的标本获取图像;并可以通过旋转图像,从不同角度观察细胞支架复合物的三维剖面或整体结构,得到更为准确的定位信息。结论四种显微技术均可应用于RSMGs与SFCs体外共培养的形态学观测。LSCM的三维重建技术结合荧光染料标记可以较好地获得RSMGs与SFCs复合生长的情况,有着较广泛的应用价值。     

Mussel-inspired immobilization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for enhanced endothelialization of vascular grafts

Most polymeric vascular prosthetic materials have low patency rate for replacement of small diameter vessels (<5 mm), mainly due to failure to generate healthy endothelium. In this study, we present polydopamine-mediated immobilization of growth factors on the surface of polymeric materials as a versatile tool to modify surface characteristics of vascular grafts potentially for accelerated endothelialization. Polydopamine was deposited on the surface of biocompatible poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) elastomer, on which vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was subsequently immobilized by simple dipping. Surface characteristics and composition were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Immobilization of VEGF on the polydopamine-deposited PLCL films was effective (19.8 ± 0.4 and 197.4 ± 19.7 ng/cm(2) for DPv20 and DPv200 films, respectively), and biotin-mediated labeling of immobilized VEGF revealed that the fluorescence intensity increased as a function of the concentration of VEGF solution. The effect of VEGF on adhesion of HUVECs was marginal, which may have been masked by polydopamine layer that also enhanced cell adhesion. However, VEGF-immobilized substrate significantly enhanced proliferation of HUVECs for over 7 days of in vitro culture and also improved their migration. In addition, immobilized VEGF supported robust cell to cell interactions with strong expression of CD 31 marker. The same process was effective for immobilization of basic fibroblast growth factor, demonstrating the robustness of polydopamine layer for secondary ligation of growth factors as a simple and novel surface modification strategy for vascular graft materials.     

Electrospun poly(lactic acid)/chitosan core-shell structure nanofibers from homogeneous solution

The core-shell structure nanofibers of poly(lactic acid)/chitosan with different weight ratios were successfully electrospun from homogeneous solution. The preparation process was more simple and effective than double-needle electrospinning. The nanofibers were obtained with chitosan in shell while poly(lactic acid) in core attributing to phase separation, which were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The electrospun nanofibrous membrane was evaluated in vitro by using mouse fibroblasts (L929) as reference cell lines. Cell culture results indicated that these materials were good in promoting cell growth and attachment, thus they could be used for tissue engineering and wound healing dressing.     

The occurrence of porosity in reline acrylic resins. Effect of microwave disinfection

Background: Microwave energy has proved to be an effective method for disinfecting acrylic dentures. However, the effect of microwave heating on the porosity of autopolymerising denture reline resins has not been investigated. Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of microwave disinfection on the porosity of autopolymerised denture reline materials (Kooliner‐K, New Truliner‐NT, Tokuso Rebase Fast‐TR and Ufi Gel Hard‐UGH) and a conventional heat‐polymerised denture base resin (Lucitone 550‐L). Material and methods: Specimens (10 mm × 20 mm × 1 mm) were obtained from the impression surface of the palatal mucosa in a single person and divided into four groups (n = 5). The porosity was evaluated after polymerisation (C1), after two cycles of microwave disinfection (MW2), after seven cycles of microwave disinfection (MW7) and after 7 days storage in water at 37°C (C2). Specimens from group MW7 were exposed to microwave disinfection daily being stored in water at 37°C between exposures. All the replicas were sputter coated with gold and micrographs/digital images were taken of each replica using scanning electron microscopy at magnification × 100. The SEM micrographs were then examined using an image analyser to determine the number of pores. Comparison between materials and groups were made using Kruskal–Wallis tests. Results: MW7 resulted in a significant increase in the number from the pores of material K, but decreased in number in reline material TR and UGH reline resin. The number of pores in materials NT and L remained unaffected following microwave disinfection. Conclusion: Differences in the porosity amongst the materials and for different experimental conditions were observed following microwave disinfection.     

Ultrastructure of alveolar bone during tooth eruption in the dog

Previous work from our laboratories has established that eruption of the permanent mandibular premolars in dogs is dependent upon the presence of the dental follicle and that it involves resorption of alveolar bone and the roots of the deciduous predecessor above and formation of alveolar bone below the developing crown. This study illustrates the topography of the bone surfaces of the crypt by scanning electron microscopy and the ultrastructure of the cells on alveolar bone surfaces during tooth eruption. Above the developing crown where the eruption pathway forms, the bone surface is a pitted sheet, the characteristic topographic feature of bone resorption; between the crown and the mandibular canal, the bone surface has numerous interconnecting trabeculae. Transmission electron microscopy of bone cells lining the eruption pathway area of the crypt showed numerous osteoclasts with adjacent mononuclear cells. Both cell types contained specific, membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles shown by the work of others to be characteristic features of osteoclasts and their precursors. Basal trabeculated bone in the crypt was covered by plump osteoblasts. These data show that the metabolic events in alveolar bone associated with tooth eruption have the appropriate cellular and bony surface correlates and that the suspected control of alveolar bone resorption by the dental follicle may be mediated by its recruiting and directing to adjacent bone surfaces the mononuclear precursors of osteoclasts.     

Resorption of vital or devitalized bone by isolated osteoclasts in vitro

Summary The maintainance of resorptive capability towards vital or devitalized bone in osteoclasts isolated from the medullary bone of laying hens and cultured for five days in vitro has been investigated morphologically with the aid of light and transmission electron microscopy. Devitalized bone particles ranging in size from 50 to 100 m, added to cultures of osteoclasts, were rapidly surrounded by the osteoclasts which, in transmission electron microscopy, showed ruffled borders and clear zones at the surfaces of contact with bone — features typical of resorptive activity. Alternatively osteoclasts were added onto the endosteal surfaces of vital or devitalized diaphyses of quail femurs after removal of the endosteal and periosteal cell layers. The results indicated that, when the vital or devitalized bone surfaces were devoid of cells, the osteoclasts adhered and resorbed bone (as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy). When vital bone of quail was cultured for 24 h before the addition of osteoclasts a new cell layer was formed; it enveloped all bone surfaces and precluded the access of osteoclasts to bone. The role of these lining cells, ultrastructurally indistinguishable from resting osteoblasts, is discussed.