转Bt基因水稻对二化螟绒茧蜂生物学特性的影响

用转Bt基因 (cry1Ab) 水稻KMD1饲喂3龄、4龄和5龄二化螟Chilo suppressalis一定时间后, 作为二化螟绒茧蜂Apanteles chilonis的寄主,研究了转基因水稻经寄主对绒茧蜂生物学特性的影响。结果发现：KMD1处理后,三个龄期幼虫的寄生率都显著下降,其中4龄和5龄达极显著水平;3龄和4龄上的结茧率显著低于对照;蜂蛹历期均短于对照,但仅3龄差异显著;从5龄幼虫所羽化的雄蜂寿命显著短于对照;蜂茧长显著短于对照;而对卵＋幼虫期、茧块茧数、蜂羽化率及性比均无显著影响。     

二化螟绒茧蜂对二化螟及其寄主植物挥发物的趋性反应

利用Y-型嗅觉仪研究了二化螟绒茧蜂Cotesia chilonis对寄主植物（水稻或茭白）、二化螟Chilo suppressalis幼虫、虫粪及虫害苗挥发物的行为反应。健康植株、二化螟幼虫和虫粪的挥发物对二化螟绒茧蜂具有显著引诱作用。在虫害苗与健康苗挥发物之间,二化螟绒茧蜂显著地偏好虫害苗,但当去除虫害苗中的幼虫和虫粪后,寄生蜂对去虫苗与机械损伤苗的选择无显著差异;在虫害苗与有虫健康苗之间,寄生蜂显著趋向虫害苗,表明虫害苗本身释放的挥发物对二化螟绒茧蜂引诱作用与机械损伤苗无显著差异,但与二化螟幼虫或虫粪挥发物之间可能具有协同增效作用。水稻苗经机械损伤或损伤后以二化螟幼虫唾液处理,其挥发物对二化螟绒茧蜂的引诱作用无显著改变。二化螟绒茧蜂对不同为害程度水稻挥发物的选择无显著差异。二化螟绒茧蜂对两种寄主植物的健康苗、虫害苗、取食两种植物的幼虫及虫粪的挥发物的选择无显著差异。结果表明,二化螟绒茧蜂栖境定位和寄主选择过程中所利用的挥发物主要来自寄主植物、二化螟幼虫和虫粪以及虫害苗与幼虫和虫粪的协同作用。     

二化螟幼虫被二化螟绒茧蜂寄生后血淋巴的生理生化变化

二化螟Chila suppressalis幼虫被二化螟绒茧蜂Apanteles chilonis产卵寄生后,血细胞含量增加,在被产卵寄生后的第6—10天,血细胞数最比对照幼虫增加了1.53—2.79倍,但血细胞形成被囊的能力很弱,对于蜂卵和蜂幼虫形成被囊的百分率分别为0.34%和0.62%.绒茧蜂寄生后,对二化螟幼虫生理生化有一定的影响,在寄生前期和后期,寄主幼虫血淋巴蛋白质浓度显著下降,在寄生后第2天,血淋巴游离氨基酸总浓度明显上升,以后随蜂幼虫发育而逐渐下降.在16种氨基酸中,对苏、丝、赖、精氨酸的影响最大.此外,本文对二化螟绒茧蜂的营养生理和寄生后调节寄主的能力进行了探讨.     

二化螟幼虫被二化螟绒茧蜂寄生后血淋巴的生理生化变化

二化螟Chila suppressalis幼虫被二化螟绒茧蜂Apanteles chilonis产卵寄生后,血细胞含量增加,在被产卵寄生后的第6—10天,血细胞数最比对照幼虫增加了1.53—2.79倍,但血细胞形成被囊的能力很弱,对于蜂卵和蜂幼虫形成被囊的百分率分别为0.34％和0.62％。绒茧蜂寄生后,对二化螟幼虫生理生化有一定的影响,在寄生前期和后期,寄主幼虫血淋巴蛋白质浓度显著下降,在寄生后第2天,血淋巴游离氨基酸总浓度明显上升,以后随蜂幼虫发育而逐渐下降。在16种氨基酸中,对苏、丝、赖、精氨酸的影响最大。此外,本文对二化螟绒茧蜂的营养生理和寄生后调节寄主的能力进行了探讨。     

转Bt基因水稻对二化螟幼虫取食、生长及其存活的影响(英文)

在实验室中以转cry1Ab基因水稻 克螟稻 1号为材料 ,研究了不同温度下Bt水稻对二化螟Chilosuppressalis (Walker) 3龄和 5龄幼虫取食、生长及其存活的影响。结果表明 ,不同温度下 3龄和 5龄幼虫取食Bt水稻后 ,其取食量、体重增长和存活率均极显著低于对照。温度对 3龄幼虫取食、生长和存活无显著影响 ,但对 5龄幼虫的取食和体重增长则有显著影响。幼虫死亡率与其取食Bt水稻的累积食量间存在着正相关关系。     

扬州地区水稻二化螟寄生蜂种类及主要寄生蜂发生动态

本文报道了江苏扬州地区水稻二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)寄生蜂主要有10种,即中华钝唇姬蜂Eriborus sinicus(Holmgren)、二化螟盘绒茧蜂Cotesia chilonis(Munakata)、稻螟小腹茧蜂Microgaster russata Haliday、螟甲腹茧蜂Chelonus munakatae Munakata、中华茧蜂Amyosoma chinensis(Szepligeti)、螟黄足盘绒茧蜂Cotesia flavipes(Cameron)、夹色姬蜂Auberteterus alternecoloratus(Cushman)、桑蟥聚瘤姬蜂Iseropus(Gregopimpla)kuwanae(Viereck)、螟蛉瘤姬蜂Itoplectis naranyae(Ashmead)以及二化螟盘绒茧蜂的重寄生蜂绒茧灿金小蜂Trichomalopsis apanteloctena(Crawford)。田间系统调查表明:扬州地区7-9月水稻二化螟寄生蜂的主要种类为二化螟盘绒茧蜂、中华钝唇姬蜂、螟甲腹茧蜂、稻螟小腹茧蜂、螟蛉瘤姬蜂、桑蟥聚瘤姬蜂,但这些寄生蜂对一代水稻二化螟幼虫的寄生率较低,对二代水稻二化螟幼虫的寄生率高。水稻二化螟越冬期的系统调查表明:扬州地区二化螟越冬幼虫的寄生蜂主要有3种,即二化螟盘绒茧蜂、中华钝唇姬蜂和稻螟小腹茧蜂,其中二化螟盘绒茧蜂和中华钝唇姬蜂是寄生水稻二化螟越冬幼虫的优势种。水稻二化螟越冬幼虫的寄生率调查表明,扬州地区水稻二化螟越冬幼虫的寄生率在不同年份间有一定的波动,但一般都在15%以上,有的甚至高达89.88%,因此寄生蜂对二化螟越冬幼虫具有很好的控制作用,能有效压低来年水稻二化螟的田间越冬基数。此外,3种寄生蜂出茧时间在1月和2月之间达到最长,分别达到19.79 d、17.26 d和27.00 d,该结果表明,在扬州地区这3种寄生蜂可能都存在滞育现象。     

化学农药与二化螟盘绒茧蜂对控制二化螟的不相容

【目的】近年来,多个地区二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)发生危害加重,对水稻生产造成新的重大威胁。由于水稻二化螟对常规防治药剂产生了抗药性,二化螟盘绒茧蜂Cotesia chilonis(Munakata)作为田间二化螟幼虫的优势寄生蜂,正逐渐引起大家关注。本论文通过研究室内繁殖的二化螟盘绒茧蜂对田间二化螟的防治效果,以探明室内繁殖的二化螟盘绒茧蜂的防控能力;同时研究多种环境友好型农药对田间二化螟的防治效果,并分析比较药剂防治对二化螟盘绒茧蜂寄生控制的影响。【方法】设置2个放蜂密度和7种不同药剂处理,通过全查法系统调查不同处理小区的枯心数、白穗数、枯孕穗数、残留活虫数等变化以分析比较防效。【结果】2个放蜂密度(125头蜂茧和250头蜂茧)处理下都可有效减少二化螟对水稻的为害;但2个放蜂密度之间无显著性差异。同时,放蜂密度高,寄生率就高。药剂实验结果发现溴氰虫酰胺悬浮剂防效最佳,氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂和苏云金杆菌悬浮剂次之,杀虫双的防效最差。不同剂量的溴氰虫酰胺悬浮剂防治效果也有较大差异。此外,放蜂处理的小区二化螟盘绒茧蜂具有最高的寄生率,但无论那种农药处理都显著降低了二化螟被二化螟盘绒茧蜂寄生的寄生率。【结论】二化螟盘绒茧蜂在田间对水稻二化螟具有一定的防控能力,但放蜂密度和技术仍然需要进一步研究。同时,所试验的7种杀虫剂均显著降低了二化螟绒茧蜂的控害效能,与释放二化螟绒茧蜂不兼容。在水稻二化螟药剂防治时不仅要考虑防治效果和使用剂量,还应考虑对天敌以及生态环境的影响。因此,本实验的结果为后续建立以二化螟盘绒茧蜂为中心的二化螟绿色防控体系提供了理论和实践基础。     

二化螟越冬幼虫三种寄生蜂发生动态

本文报道浙江部分地区二化螟Chilo suppressalis越冬幼虫寄生蜂的主要种类、寄生率以及它们在冬前与冬后的羽化动态.在兰溪,寄生蜂对二化螟越冬幼虫的寄生率较低,常见种类仅有二化螟绒茧蜂.在安吉与嘉兴两地,除二化螟绒茧蜂为主外,稻螟小腹茧蜂和中华钝唇姬蜂也较为常见,三者对双季晚稻田二化螟越冬幼虫寄生率为18～19%.明显高于单季晚稻田的寄生率(8～15%).3种寄生蜂的羽化动态有较大差异,二化螟绒茧蜂和稻螟小腹茧蜂在进入11月后即不再羽化,而中华钝唇姬蜂的羽化则持续到11月中旬之后;越冬后,后者的羽化时间明显早于前两者.     

二化螟绒茧蜂室内饲养方法的研究

室内用稻种苗法大量饲养二化螟幼虫．然后用该幼虫在室内连续累代饲养二化绒城茧蜂达15个世代．先用55℃温水浸稻种10分种,然后在室温下浸种24小时．催芽后,将发芽的种苗放入大口玻璃瓶中,在恒温室内饲养二化螟幼虫．取二化螟幼虫一头,放在直径15mm．长100mm的指形管中。再接入已交配的二化螟绒茧蜂雌蜂。待产卵寄生后,取出被寄生的幼虫放入另一指形管中。用适量稻种苗饲养．至绒茧蜂化蛹羽化即完成一个世代．在饲养过程中,用5℃低温冷藏被绒茧蜂寄生的和未被寄生的二化螟幼虫1—90天,或绒茧蜂茧块1-10天,使之停止发育,从而达到使寄主二化螟幼虫和绒茧蜂成蜂发生期相遇的目的．     

转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻对大螟幼虫的取食、生长及存活的影响

本文采用活体生测的方法测定了转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻对大螟Sesamia inferens(Walker)幼虫的取食、生长以及存活的影响。结果表明,以转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻为食的大螟3龄和5龄幼虫的累计取食量和相对摄食率与对照相比都显著的减少。取食转Bt水稻后,大螟3龄和5龄幼虫体重均出现负增长。随着取食转基因水稻时间的延长,大螟3龄幼虫的校正死亡率可以达到100%,5龄幼虫的校正死亡率达到85%。     

转cry1Ac/sck基因抗虫水稻对稻田寄生蜂群落影响的评价

以转cry1Ac/sck双基因抗虫水稻MSA、MSB、MSA4（对照： MH86）及其杂交稻KF6-304（对照： Ⅱ-YM86）为材料,系统地研究了转基因抗虫水稻对稻田寄生蜂群落的影响及生态安全性。结果表明： 在群落水平上,转基因抗虫水稻MSA、MSB、MSA4及杂交稻KF6-304对稻田寄生蜂的物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀性指数和优势集中性指数的总体情况与时间动态以及个体总数无明显负面影响,但在生长中期转基因稻可降低稻田寄生蜂的个体数量。按寄生蜂功能团分析,MSA与MSA4在水稻生长发育的后期初始,提高卵寄生蜂的数量,MSA、MSB、MSA4及杂交稻KF6-304显著降低以靶标害虫稻纵卷叶螟为寄主的寄生蜂功能团的个体数量,对其他寄生蜂无明显负面影响。     

The biology, egg and larvae of Acaenitus dubitator (Panzer) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae: Acaenitinae)

Acaenitus dubitator (Panzer) is found to be a koinobiont endoparasitoid of the larva of an endophytic beetle, Cleonis piger (Scopoli) (Curculionidae), in Britain, suggesting a similar mode of development for the ichneumonid subfamily Acaenitinae as a whole. The parasitoid can overwinter in its cocoon in one of two ways. Individuals overwintering as essentially unaltered mature larvae do not become adult the following summer, while those that overwinter as morphologically distinct prepupae are committed to pupate and become adult immediately afterwards. The change from mature larva to prepupa takes place in late summer, soon after the time of cocoon formation, but a proportion of mature larvae lie over in the first year, and perhaps subsequently. This appears to be an adaptation to life in a particularly harsh and uncertain environment. The egg, prepupa, and first, second and final instar larvae are described and figured. Previous interpretations of the cephalic sclerites of final instar acaenitines are revised.     

美丽青背姬小蜂生物学特性研究

美丽青背姬小蜂Chrysonotomyiaformosa（Westwood）是美洲斑潜蝇的优势天敌,在美洲 斑潜蝇的自然控制中发挥着非常重要的作用。本文对其生物学进行了研究,结果表明：在实验 温度范围内,随着温度的升高,寄生蜂羽化趋早,羽化时间更集中,羽化高峰也更明显;随着 温度的升高,成蜂的寿命逐渐缩短。在提供清水时,寄主可以显著地延长雌蜂的寿命;在有寄 主时,提供10%蜂蜜水,雌蜂的寿命显著延长。美丽青背姬小蜂对3龄寄主幼虫有偏好,对3龄寄 主幼虫的致死率和寄生率都高于对1～2龄寄主幼虫的,且产下后代的雌雄性比为5.11∶1。在 实验温度范围内,发育历期随温度的升高而缩短。     

Developmental interaction between suboptimal instars of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) and its parasitoid Microplitis rufiventris (Hymenoptera:Braconidae)

Relative effects of parasitism by Microplitis rufiventris on the development of the third instar Spodoptera littoralis (preferable, optimal host) with the development of penultimate (5th) and last (6th) instars (suboptimal hosts) were investigated. Newly molted 6th instar hosts were more acceptable for parasitization by the wasp female than older hosts. In singly parasitized 3rd instar hosts, 82.0 +/- 3.9% of the parasitoid eggs developed to full-grown instar wasp larvae. However, parasitoid eggs deposited singly in 73.9 +/- 3.3% of 5th and 100% of 6th instar hosts failed to develop. Superparasitization in the 3rd instar hosts reduced the production of pseudoparasitized larvae and, conversely, all parasitized hosts yielded viable parasitoid offspring. In suboptimal hosts, the development interaction between the parasitoid and its host larvae was highly influenced by the age of hosts at parasitism, load of deposited eggs, and other parasitoid factors. The latter factors, e.g., mainly calyx fluid particles, might be involved in establishing parasitoid eggs in the suboptimal hosts. In the last two host instars, superparasitization significantly increased the number of parasitoid larvae successfully reaching their final instar. Variation in host quality, e.g., physiological status, might be attributed, in part, to the partial breakdown of the solitary habit observed in the earlier instars. More parasitoid eggs developed to mature parasitoid larvae in hosts superparasitized as 6th instar than parasitoid eggs laid in 5th instar hosts. Superparasitization significantly lengthened the developmental period of 5th and 6th host instars and inhibited their development to the pupal stage. Studying parasitoid development in suboptimal instars of its habitual host provided physiological insight, as shown here. The results may have implication for biological control and in vitro mass rearing programs with solitary parasitoids.     

A new stem-borer of the genus Bucculatrix (Lepidoptera: Bucculatricidae) from Japan, with description of the life history

A new species of bucculaticid moth, Bucculatrix hamaboella sp. nov. (Host plant: Hibiscus hamabo , Malvaceae) is described from Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. The feeding habit of the new species is unique in that: (i) the young larva is a leaf miner forming a long red linear mine but in the later instars the larva becomes a stem borer; (ii) later instar larvae undergo double molts within a cocoonet (molting cocoon); and (iii) penultimate and final instars appear on the surface of the leaf as non-feeding stages. The external non-feeding larvae of B. hamaboella undergoing double molts within one cocoonet are considered to be an abbreviated form of the external feeding instars of other bucculatricids typically making first and second cocoonets, undergoing a single molt within each cocoonet. On the basis of morphological characters, this species is related to the species of Sections I and II (Host: Asteraceae) of Braun (1963), rather than to the species of Section VIII (Host: Malvaceae).     

Dose-dependent influence of Microplitis rufiventris factors on developmental rate and growth of last-instar Spodoptera littoralis larvae

The solitary endoparasitoid, Microplitis rufiventris, attacks and can develop in earlier instars of Spodoptera littoralis larvae with preference to third‐instar larvae. We used the last stadium (sixth instar), a stage which is not naturally parasitized. The newly moulted larvae (0–3 h old) of this stadium were more acceptable for parasitization by the wasp females than the older ones (24 h old). Parasitization by M. rufiventris wasp of last instar S. littoralis larvae leads to dose (no. of eggs + parasitoid factors)‐dependent effects which were more pronounced at 20°C than at 27°C. A single oviposition into a sixth instar host larva resulted in normal development of the host. However, superparasitization increased the proportions of developmentally arrested hosts and number of live wasp larvae. Development of supernumerary individuals of the parasitoid in the host larva leads to dose‐related adverse effects on host growth and development. The present study may provide interesting opportunities for studying the physiological bases of host–parasitoid interactions and parasitoid intra‐specific competition in the biological system considered.     

营养改变对潜蝇姬小蜂寄生行为和寄主取食行为的影响

为了研究营养状态对卵育型寄生蜂潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea (Walker)雌蜂的寄主取食行为和产卵寄生行为及其二者行为权衡的影响, 在培养皿条件下, 比较了饥饿、加蜂蜜水和不加蜂蜜水3种营养状态的潜蝇姬小蜂雌蜂对美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blanchard各龄幼虫（低、中、高）的寄生、取食及致死能力。结果表明: 非选择条件下, 3种营养状态寄生蜂对高龄幼虫均具有较高的寄生率, 对中龄幼虫具有较高的取食率, 致死率和致死量之间存在显著性差异。3种状态的寄生蜂对低龄幼虫均没有表现出致死能力。有选择条件下, 饥饿状态的寄生蜂对寄主的寄生率最低（5.0%±1.6%）, 取食率最高（16.0%±2.9%）, 特别是对高龄幼虫的取食率占到了整个寄主食物取食率的91.9%; 加蜂蜜水状态下, 寄生蜂对寄主有最低的取食率（8.3%±0.9%）和致死率（17.7%±1.1%）; 不加蜂蜜水状态下, 寄生蜂对寄主有最高的寄生率（13.3%±1.1%）和致死率（28.4%±1.8%）。综合分析发现, 取食寄主的雌蜂比取食蜂蜜水的雌蜂具有更强的致死能力和活动能力。     

Infochemicals influencing the host foraging behaviour of Dahlbominus fuscipennis, a pupal parasitoid of the European spruce sawfly (Gilpinia hercyniae)

The chalcidoid wasp Dahlbominus fuscipennis Zett. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitises pupae of the European spruce sawfly Gilpinia hercyniae Htg. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). In this parasitoid-host system the role of infochemicals for successful parasitisation was studied. Olfactometer experiments and dual choice bioassays in petri dishes showed that D. fuscipennis was not attracted by volatiles from a plant-host complex consisting of spruce, sawfly larvae and pupae. On the other hand, odours from needles of Picea abies (L.), that were collected from the ground, attracted D. fuscipennis to the habitat of the sawfly. Volatiles from host pupae were not attractive, whereas a contact kairomone from sawfly pupae elicited frequent antennal drumming, a behaviour that indicates host recognition. This contact kairomone was extracted with methanol from the outer cocoon layer of the pupa. The kairomone is not produced by the silk glands of the last instar larva spinning the cocoon, since a methanolic extract of silk gland secretion did not elicit any response in D. fuscipennis. Further bioassays revealed that non-volatile components of the integument of the prepupa within the cocoon also elicited antennal drumming. We suggest that chemicals of the prepupal integument diffuse from inside the cocoon to the outside where they inform the parasitoid on the suitability of the host.     

Growth and development of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): effect of host age

The tiny parasitoid wasp, Encarsia formosa, has been used successfully to control greenhouse whiteflies (GHWFs) in greenhouses in many countries throughout the world. Therefore, there has been considerable interest in developing methods for artificially rearing this wasp. However, little information is available concerning the regulation of its development including the host-parasitoid interactions that are required for the parasitoid to complete its life cycle. Here we confirm that parasitoid developmental rates differ significantly based upon the host instar parasitized. Development was faster when 3rd and 4th instar GHWFs were offered for parasitization than when 1st or 2nd instars were used. Our results show that it is primarily the embryo and the first two parasitoid instars that exhibit prolonged developmental times when 1st and 2nd instar whiteflies are parasitized. Although percent emergence was not affected by host age at the time of parasitization, adult longevity as well as adult emergence pattern varied greatly depending upon the instar parasitized. When 3rd and 4th instar GHWFs were selected for oviposition, adult wasps lived significantly longer than when 1st or 2nd instars were used; also, there was a sharp emergence peak on the 2nd day after emergence was first observed (reduced or absent when 1st or 2nd instar GHWFs were parasitized) and the emergence period was reduced from between 8 and 11 days to 5 days. In general, the younger the host instar parasitized, the less synchronous was parasitoid development. Previous reports that E. formosa will not molt to the 2nd instar until the host has reached its 4th instar were not confirmed. When 1st instar host nymphs were parasitized, 2nd instar parasitoids were detected in 3rd instar hosts. Importantly, however, no matter which instar was parasitized, the parasitoid never molted to its last instar until the host had reached Stage 5 of its last instar, a stage in which host pharate adult formation has been initiated. It appears, then, that a condition(s) associated with host pharate adult formation is required for the parasitoid's final larval molt. Results reported here should facilitate the development of in vitro rearing systems for E. formosa.