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1.
广东省大中型供水水库营养现状及浮游生物的响应   总被引:62,自引:4,他引:58  
林秋奇  胡韧  段舜山  韩博平 《生态学报》2003,23(6):1101-1108
于2000年调查了广东省18座大中型供水水库的水质现状并探讨了浮游生物对营养水平的响应。总氮、总磷、透明度和叶绿素a分别为0.15~7.15mg/L、0.003~0.387mg/L、0.4~6.3m和0.6~32.3ug/L。总氮、总磷、透明度均与叶绿素a呈较高的相关性。根据这4个因子的综合加权营养状态指数为23.7~55.1,季节差异不大,大多数水库处于中营养状态。金藻在中-富及富营养型水库中没有分布,而蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻和甲藻在调查水库中均有比较广的营养生态位,但它们的密度及相对优势度在各营养型水库中有一定的差异。高营养水平水库有较高的细胞密度和叶绿素a含量。营养水平较低的水库浮游植物以硅藻-甲藻、硅藻-绿藻或金藻-硅藻为主;营养水平较高的水库以蓝藻-硅藻或蓝藻-绿藻为主,并有较高的裸藻密度。浮游动物基本上以桡足类为优势种群,但在中-富营养和富营养型水库中,哲水蚤种类比低营养型水库中少。枝角类优势种类在各营养型水库差别不大。轮虫对水体营养水平的响应相对比较显著。低营养水平水库的轮虫以广营养型、中营养型或寡中营养型种类为主,种类数目比较少;富营养和中-富营养型水库的轮虫以喜在中营养到富营养条件下生长的种类为主,且轮虫种类数目比较多。  相似文献   

2.
甲藻的异养营养型   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
孙军  郭术津 《生态学报》2011,31(20):6270-6286
综述了甲藻的异养类型。目前已知异养营养型在甲藻中广泛存在,只有很少几种甲藻营严格自养营养方式。有近一半的甲藻物种是没有色素体的,还有很多甲藻即使具有色素体也会有异养营养需求,称为兼养营养类型。这些兼养类群不一定主要以有机物作为其获取碳的来源,而仅仅是补充一些生长必需的有机物如维生素、生物素等。兼养类群以渗透营养和腐食营养方式进行,同时也可以寄生方式和共生方式进行兼养生活。无色素体的甲藻以有机物作为碳的唯一来源,仅仅依靠异养方式生存,属于严格异养营养方式,又称有机营养型。它们是甲藻异养营养型的主体,其主要类型有寄生、渗透营养和吞噬营养。由于吞噬营养是甲藻异养的主要类型,因此论述了3种吞噬营养型:吞噬营养方式、捕食茎营养方式和捕食笼营养方式。吞噬营养方式在无甲类和具甲类甲藻中都有存在,主要通过甲藻细胞的纵沟或底部对猎物进行吞噬,也有研究发现吞噬部位为顶孔或片间带。捕食茎营养方式是通过捕食茎刺穿猎物细胞膜并吸食其细胞质来获取营养,在异养甲藻中也较常见。捕食笼营养方式只在原多甲藻属(Protoperidinium)和翼藻属(Diplopsalis)里发现,是甲藻通过鞭毛孔分泌细胞质到胞外形成捕食笼将猎物包裹并进行消化来摄食的。甲藻摄食对象尺寸范围变化较大,小至几微米,大至几百微米。有些甲藻具有摄食选择性,通过感应猎物释放的化学物质来判断猎物的位置并进行摄食,摄食完成后由于体积的增加经常会发生细胞分裂和蜕鞘。对于甲藻异养的其他形式如拦截摄食营养方式、伪足摄食营养方式、口足摄食营养方式、触手摄食营养方式等只作简单介绍。还就甲藻异养的研究方法、其生态学意义和进化学意义进行简要论述,并对相关研究进行展望。  相似文献   

3.
在研究稻草秸秆对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)的化感作用时,偶然发现一株对蛋白核小球藻具有强烈的取食作用的鞭毛虫,能有效抑制小球藻的大量繁殖。经形态学观察,该种鞭毛虫具有2片淡黄色色素体,片状、周生;虫体呈球形、椭圆形或卵形,能变形,具2根不等长的鞭毛,从细胞顶部伸出;长鞭毛约为虫体的1.5倍,短鞭毛约为虫体的0.5倍;对蛋白核小球藻的吞噬能力极强,每个虫体可以吞噬3~4个小球藻,虫体大小因吞噬物的多少变化较大。初步确定这种鞭毛虫为棕鞭藻(Ochromonas sp.)。在SE、稻草以及麦粒3种培养基中的种群生长表明,这种棕鞭藻在麦粒培养基最易培养,生长速度最快。结果表明,这种棕鞭藻为混合营养类型,但以吞噬营养为主。  相似文献   

4.
寡营养细菌及其在环境科学中的应用   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12       下载免费PDF全文
寡营养细菌是生存在寡营养环境中的一类细菌,其多样性与生物量在整个生物圈组成中都具有较大的优势,因而在生物地球化学循环中发挥着重要作用.从20世纪80年代开始,寡营养细菌在自然或人为环境中的寡营养机制、对饥饿的生理反应以及在生态系统中的作用一直是微生物生态学研究的前沿领域之一,其理论价值与应用前景已受到各国微生物生态学家与环境科学家们的广泛重视.本文综述了寡营养细菌的基本概念、营养类型、生理生态特性、可能的寡营养机制、主要研究方法以及在医学细菌检测和环境重金属监测中的应用等,并指出了寡营养细菌在环境科学中的应用前景.  相似文献   

5.
螺旋藻的营养方式及光合作用影响因素   总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16  
本文就螺旋藻的营养方式及光合作用的影响因素作了较为全面的综述。认为螺旋藻细胞不但能进行光合自养和混合营养生长 ,而且在某些特定的环境条件下 ,还能进行异养生长 ;光照强度、光质、温度、金属元素、稀土元素、盐度、藻体细胞浓度、溶氧水平、维生素、激素和磁场等环境因素对螺旋藻细胞的光合性能和细胞产率都有显著影响。  相似文献   

6.
螺旋藻的营养方式及光合作用影响因素   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文就螺旋藻的营养方式及光合作用的影响因素作了较为全面的综述。认为螺旋藻细胞不但能进行光合自养和混合营养生长,而且在某些特定的环境条件下,还能进行异养生长;光照强度、光质、温度、金属元素、稀土元素、盐度、藻体细胞浓度、溶氧水平、维生素、激素和磁场等环境因素对螺旋藻细胞的光合性能和细胞产率都有显著影响。  相似文献   

7.
用PAM叶绿素荧光仪测定了饥饿细胞、光自养细胞和混合营养细胞的叶绿素荧光 ,并对 3种类型细胞的荧光参数 :PSⅡ实际光化学效率 φⅡ和还原型质醌Q-A 进行了比较。用双重转盘磷光机测定了光自养细胞和混合营养细胞的毫秒延迟发光。根据叶绿素荧光动力学分析和毫秒延迟发光的结果及光合电子传递抑制剂 3,4_二氯苯基二甲脲 (DCMU)、二溴百里香醌 (DBMIB)对集胞藻 6 80 3(Synechocystissp .PCC 6 80 3)混合营养生长影响进行了分析 ,集胞藻 6 80 3混合营养培养的生长速率显著高于光自养培养的原因可能在于一是外源葡萄糖没有抑制反而是促进了混合营养细胞的光自养生长 ,二是呼吸基质向质醌库提供电子 ,使光合机构的能量转化加强 ,从而促进了集胞藻6 80 3细胞的利用葡萄糖的合成代谢。  相似文献   

8.
湖北四湖泊营养类型与轮虫群落的关系   总被引:12,自引:1,他引:12       下载免费PDF全文
对湖北梁子湖水系不同营养类型(中营养型、富营养型)4个湖泊中轮虫的群落结构和物种多样性进行了周年研究,分析比较了不同营养类型湖泊的轮虫种类组成、分布、优势种组成、密度、生物量和多样性指数。结果表明:轮虫的种类数、物种多样性与营养水平呈负相关关系,轮虫密度大体上随营养水平提高而增大,富营养化引起轮虫空间异质性降低,受污染湖泊与非污染湖泊轮虫种类数、寡污性种类数及分布差异尤为明显。用多样性指数评价湖泊营养状态与TLIc方法一致。  相似文献   

9.
为了探究浙南地区山区水库浮游植物群落结构的季节变化及水质状况,于2019年2月—2020年1月对位于温州大罗山天河水库的浮游植物群落结构和水体理化因子进行了调查分析。结果表明: 天河水库浮游植物隶属于7门60属89种,全年浮游植物平均丰度为2.02×105 cells·L-1,年均生物量为0.26 mg·L-1。硅藻门在全年均占优势,绿藻门在春、秋季占优势,而蓝藻门仅在夏季占优势,裸藻门和甲藻门在全年均有出现,隐藻门在秋、冬季均有出现,但不占优势。全年主要优势种有颗粒直链藻、尖针杆藻、隐头舟形藻、美丽星杆藻、假鱼腥藻、小新月藻、二角盘星藻、二角多甲藻、圆筒锥囊藻、卵形隐藻。冗余分析(RDA)显示,水库的水温、总氮、化学需氧量(CODMn)和 pH值是浮游植物群落结构的主要影响因子。分别运用Shannon指数Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数,并结合浮游植物的丰度、优势种及综合营养状态指数分析了水体污染情况和富营养程度, 结果显示,天河水库水体介于寡污染到清洁水体带之间,为贫-中营养型水体。  相似文献   

10.
藻类植物种类繁多,分布甚广,它们都具有光合色素,是能利用光能把无机物合成有机物的自养植物。在多数藻类植物门中(蓝藻门、红藻门除外),其营养细胞或生殖细胞是具有鞭毛的单细胞原始类型,在植物界中是很大的一群低等植物。从鞭毛存在的时间上看,有的藻类在营养时期存在鞭毛,有的则在生殖时间存在鞭毛。在营养时期具有鞭毛的藻类有单细胞的,也有群体的。单细胞的有衣藻、扁藻、裸藻、甲藻、隐  相似文献   

11.
Type I allergy, a hypersensitivity disease affecting almost 20% of the population worldwide, is based on the IgE recognition of otherwise harmless antigens (i.e., allergens). Allergen-induced crosslink of effector cell-bound IgE antibodies leads to the release of biological mediators and thus to immediate disease symptoms (allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis and asthma). Specific immunotherapy, the only causative treatment of Type I allergy, is based on the administration of increasing doses of allergens to allergic patients in order to yield allergen-specific non-responsiveness. Major disadvantages are 1. that current forms of allergen immunotherapy are performed with allergens difficult to standardize which cannot be matched to the patients reactivity profile and 2. that the administration of active allergen preparations can cause anaphylactic side effects. Through the application of molecular biological techniques many relevant environmental allergens have been produced as active recombinant proteins which allow component-resolved allergy diagnosis and thus represent the basis for patient-tailored forms of immunotherapy. Here we review molecular strategies which have been recently applied to generate genetically engineered and synthetic hypoallergenic allergen derivatives for patient-tailored and safe vaccination against Type I allergy.  相似文献   

12.
  1. The transformation of leaf litter, a key process in aquatic systems, is known to be reduced with decreasing oxygen concentrations, mainly due to lower abundance of and/or less active shredding macroinvertebrates. Aquatic fungi and phagotrophic protists involved in leaf litter processing can tolerate low oxygen, but little is known about their role in leaf litter processing under these conditions.
  2. We aimed to unravel the importance of phagotrophic protists within microbially mediated leaf litter processing under contrasting oxic conditions. We hypothesised that respiration, abundance of aquatic bacteria and biomass of aquatic fungi, and thus leaf litter processing, are enhanced in the presence of phagotrophic protists, both under normoxic and low oxic conditions. Lower leaf processing was expected under low oxic than under normoxic conditions.
  3. In microcosms, oxygen concentration was adjusted to either normoxic or low. For a total of 105 days, leaf litter was cocultivated with three microbial communities: (i) a multispecies bacterial community enriched from stream leaf litter, (ii) the aquatic fungus Heliscus lugdunensis added to the bacterial community and (iii) the phagotrophic protist Glaucoma scintillans added to the bacteria–fungi community.
  4. Oxic condition had no significant effect on microbially mediated leaf mass loss. The leaf mass loss was faster in the presence of the aquatic fungus and further accelerated by adding the phagotrophic protist. After 105 days, leaf mass remaining approximated 64–79%, 57–68% and 55–61% of initial leaf mass in the bacteria, bacteria–fungi, and bacteria–fungi–phagotrophic protist communities, respectively.
  5. Under both oxic conditions, the lower leaf toughness indicated that the aquatic fungus had the potential to process leaf structural components more efficiently than bacteria alone. The combination of lower ergosterol concentrations and enhanced leaf mass loss indicated that phagotrophic protists stimulated the efficiency of leaf processing by the microbial community. Under normoxic conditions, leaf‐associated respiration increased when successively adding an aquatic fungus and a phagotrophic protist to bacterial communities, which matches the faster leaf litter processing in these treatments. Under low oxic conditions, respiration of all three microbial communities was comparable. Thus, enhanced leaf litter processing in treatments with aquatic bacteria, fungi and phagotrophic protists was presumably caused either by other metabolic pathways such as fermentation and anaerobic respiration, or by changes in community composition and growth efficiency of the microbial community.
  6. Microbial communities composed of aquatic bacteria, fungi and phagotrophic protists play a crucial role in leaf litter processing under a range of oxic conditions. Although processing of leaf litter by microbial communities alone is slower than in the presence of shredding invertebrates, the interaction of aquatic bacteria, fungi and phagotrophic protists can modulate leaf quality and subsequently carbon flow within the microbial food webs of aquatic ecosystems.
  相似文献   

13.
Summary The postnatal development of rat pituitary thyrotrophs was investigated immunohistochemically on days 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 25. Fetal thyrotrophs are strongly immunoreactive. In the postnatal period, however, weakly immunoreactive thyrotrophs increase in number to constitute clusters on days 3–5. The numbers and dimensions of the clusters reach a maximum on day 10. Thereafter the clusters break down to give rise to single, scattered neogenic thyrotrophs. Thyrotrophs in clusters on day 10 were investigated by electron microscopy in adjacent sections. They can be characterized as an immature type of basophil, according to the classification of Yoshimura et al. (1977): 1) Type I basophils, which are irregularly shaped with elongate processes, and characterized by rows of secretory granules about 100 nm in diameter. 2) Type I/II basophils, i.e., forms intermediate between Types I and II, containing less numerous secretory granules about 100–150 nm in diameter. Type II basophils which correspond to the classical thyrotrophs are not fully developed on day 10. Thus, most thyrotrophs develop from the clusters in the neonatal period. Such neogenic thyrotrophs retain the immature characteristics of Type I and I/II cells and may develop into Type II cells during subsequent maturation.  相似文献   

14.
R. A. Andersen 《Protoplasma》1991,164(1-3):143-159
Summary The cytoskeleton of flagellate chromophyte algae, zoospores and gametes is active during swimming, phototaxis, several types of phagotrophic feeding, the formation, secretion and deployment of silica-scales, and the abrupt movement of spine-scales. The flagellar basal bodies are anchored by microtubular roots and/or fibrous roots. The kinds, numbers, and paths of these roots are characteristic of different taxonomic groups within the chromophytes. There are more differences in flagellar apparatuses for taxonomic classes dominated by flagellates as compared to classes dominated by coccoid, filamentous, or parenchymatous forms. Swimming cells that exhibit phototaxis often contain an autofluorescent substance that is located at the base of one flagellum. Phagotrophy occurs in flagellates of several distantly related taxonomic classes, suggesting that phagotrophy evolved independently several times. The most complex phagotrophic process occurs in the Chrysophyceae where one microtubule of a flagellar root forms a feeding basket or pouch into which food particles are moved. The silica-scales of the Synurophyceae are formed, secreted and finally moved into position outside the cell by cytoskeletal components. The six spinescales ofApedinella (Pedinellophyceae) lie outside the plasma membrane, but they are attached by microligaments and are repositioned almost instantly by a cytoskeletal complex of actin, centrin, and microtubules. A phylogenetic classification based upon a cladistic analysis suggests that aquatic fungi are natural members of the chromophyte group.  相似文献   

15.
Binding of multivalent glycoconjugates by lectins often leads to the formation of cross-linked complexes. Type I cross-links, which are one-dimensional, are formed by a divalent lectin and a divalent glycoconjugate. Type II cross-links, which are two or three-dimensional, occur when a lectin or glycoconjugate has a valence greater than two. Type II complexes are a source of additional specificity, since homogeneous type II complexes are formed in the presence of mixtures of lectins and glycoconjugates. This additional specificity is thought to become important when a lectin interacts with clusters of glycoconjugates, e.g. as is present on the cell surface. The cryst1al structure of the Glc/Man binding legume lectin FRIL in complex with a trisaccharide provides a molecular snapshot of how weak protein-protein interactions, which are not observed in solution, can become important when a cross-linked complex is formed. In solution, FRIL is a divalent dimer, but in the crystal FRIL forms a tetramer, which allows for the formation of an intricate type II cross-linked complex with the divalent trisaccharide. The dependence on weak protein-protein interactions can ensure that a specific type II cross-linked complex and its associated specificity can occur only under stringent conditions, which explains why lectins are often found forming higher-order oligomers.  相似文献   

16.
The present study investigates the effects on immune-related parameters of various stress factors (air exposure, mechanical stress, high temperature and extreme salinity conditions) faced by the bivalve mollusc Mytilus galloprovincialis during marketing procedures. We observed that some stress typologies increase phagocytosis and the number of circulating immunocytes, while others can modify immunocyte response towards a further perturbation, i.e. the marine algal toxin yessotoxin. Our results suggest that non-lethal stress can be counteracted for sometime by increasing the level of some defence parameters. Moreover, our data indicate that fishing and transport procedures could interfere with mussel immunosurveillance.  相似文献   

17.
Linton  E.W.  &Triemer  R.E. 《Journal of phycology》2000,36(S3):44-45
The use of both molecular and morphological data to determine relationships among the euglenoids is vital for a complete understanding of their phylogeny, and the development of an accurate taxonomy. Analyses of the SSU (18S) rDNA from 12 euglenoid genera have resulted in tree topologies that are in agreement with many defining morphological characters. The euglenoid lineage is formed by phagotrophic euglenoids at its base, followed by the divergence of phototrophs that in-turn gave rise to osmotrophs. The photosynthetic lineage is anchored by euglenoids with two emergent flagella, Eutreptia and Eutreptiella , while the remainder of the lineage is composed of euglenoids with a single emergent flagellum. Among the photosynthetic euglenoids with a single emergent flagellum those that secrete mucilaginous stalks, Colacium , or form a lorica, Trachelomonas and Strombomonas , are closely associated. The remaining photosynthetic genera Euglena , Phacus , and Lepocinclis are intermixed with each other and the osmotrophic genera Astasia , and Khawkinea. Hence, they are not monophyletic, sensu Hennig. To reinforce molecular phylogenies, a robust morphological character database is necessary. For taxa with complex internal structures complete serial reconstruction is required. Serial reconstruction of the flagellar and feeding apparatuses in Ploeotia costata illustrate this necessity. Originally described as having both an MTR (Type I) and a Type II feeding apparatus, reconstruction has shown P. costata to have a single, Type II, feeding apparatus. Moreover, the Type II now appears to be an autapomorphy for Ploeotia species, while euglenoid feeding apparatuses, in toto, appear to form a continuum of structural types.  相似文献   

18.
裸藻类植物的分支系统学研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
本文选取了裸藻类的33个属级分类单位,以及它们的35个性状,利用分支系统学的原理和方法,对性状的演化极性进行了分析,同时对性状间的极性关系进行了和谐性分析,使性状间极性关系处在较为合理的状态,然后建立了分支分析的数据矩阵。应用徐克学建立的“演化极端结合法”进行微机运算.得简约系数远小于1(o.2159)的分支谱系图。根据分支诺系图对裸藻类的系统发育关系进行了探讨,井与已有的关于裸藻类分类系统和演化假设进行了比较。在此基础上按照裸藻类的亲缘关系及单系原则,对裸藻类的分类等级进行了划分,初步提出了建立1门1纲5目的分类系统。按照在分支谱系中的演化地位,认为裸藻属的5个亚属,明显地都应是独立的属。同时对裸藻类的共生起源与演化的关系也进行了讨论。  相似文献   

19.
In the Type I receptive fields (RFs) changes of the luminance leads to a shift of the curve relating the response and the stimulus area along the abscissa, in the Type II RFs the maximum of a response does not shift with changes of the luminance (Types I and II on classification by Glezer et al., 1971, 1972). The transient responses were observed in the Type I RFs and sustained responses in the Type II RFs. In the Type I RFs variation of the stimulus area and intensity brings about the change in the temporal and spatial frequency characteristics. This is produced by functional reorganization of the RF. In the Type II RFs there is no functional reorganization. The data obtained indicate that the Type I RFs are non-linear. By contrast, the Type II RFs are linear systems. The analysis of the model has shown that the distinctions in the dynamic characteristics of the responses of RFs belonging to different types is mainly due to different time constants for excitation and inhibition as well as inhibition coefficients. Distinctions in the mode of dependence of the RF response on stimulus parameters have been found to result from different relationship between delay time and stimulus parameters as well as different forms of the spatial weighting functions. It is shown that the Type I RFs transmit higher frequency components of the image spectrum, i.e. they emphasise the temporal and spatial contrasts. The Type II RFs transmit low frequency components of the spectrum including information about the intensity of an input stimulus.  相似文献   

20.
Significance of predation by protists in aquatic microbial food webs   总被引:31,自引:0,他引:31  
Predation in aquatic microbial food webs is dominated by phagotrophic protists, yet these microorganisms are still understudied compared to bacteria and phytoplankton. In pelagic ecosystems, predaceous protists are ubiquitous, range in size from 2 μm flagellates to >100 μm ciliates and dinoflagellates, and exhibit a wide array of feeding strategies. Their trophic states run the gamut from strictly phagotrophic, to mixotrophic: partly autotrophic and partly phagotrophic, to primarily autotrophic but capable of phagotrophy. Protists are a major source of mortality for both heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria. They compete with herbivorous meso- and macro-zooplankton for all size classes of phytoplankton. Protist grazing may affect the rate of organic sinking flux from the euphotic zone. Protist excretions are an important source of remineralized nutrients, and of colloidal and dissolved trace metals such as iron, in aquatic systems. Work on predation by protists is being facilitated by methodological advances, e.g., molecular genetic analysis of protistan diversity and application of flow cytometry to study population growth and feeding rates. Examples of new research areas are studies of impact of protistan predation on the community structure of prey assemblages and of chemical communication between predator and prey in microbial food webs. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

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