实时荧光定量PCR方法快速检测转基因大豆

针对转基因大豆中普遍含有的35S启动子进行引物设计,以双链DNA染料SYBR GreenⅠ为荧光标记物,利用实时荧光定量PCR方法对大豆样品进行检测。该法检测转基因大豆的检测低限为0.005 nmol/L的35S启动子,线性范围达3个数量级,可快速区分转基因大豆和非转基因大豆,具有快速、简便、灵敏、安全、高通量、低成本等优点,可推广用于转基因植物产品的快速定量检测。     

茶树实时荧光定量PCR分析中内参基因的选择

选择合适的内参基因是提高实时荧光定量PCR分析（qRT-PCR）准确性的先决条件。该文以茶树（Camellia sinensis）芽、叶、幼根、嫩茎、花瓣、种子和愈伤组织为材料,应用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析了18S rRNA、GAPDH、β-actin和α-tubulin4个常用内参基因在茶树不同器官组织中的表达情况。经GeNorm和NormFinder软件分析发现,当利用荧光定量PCR分析比较茶树不同器官组织中的基因表达差异时,可选择β-actin作为校正内参基因;而比较不同成熟度的叶片和愈伤组织时,可以选择GAPDH作为校正内参基因。     

茶树实时荧光定量PCR分析中内参基因的选择

选择合适的内参基因是提高实时荧光定量PCR分析(qRT-PCR)准确性的先决条件。该文以茶树(Camellia sinensis)芽、叶、幼根、嫩茎、花瓣、种子和愈伤组织为材料, 应用实时荧光定量PCR技术, 分析了18S rRNA、GAPDH、β-actin和α-tubulin 4个常用内参基因在茶树不同器官组织中的表达情况。经GeNorm和NormFinder软件分析发现, 当利用荧光定量PCR分析比较茶树不同器官组织中的基因表达差异时, 可选择β-actin作为校正内参基因; 而比较不同成熟度的叶片和愈伤组织时, 可以选择GAPDH作为校正内参基因。     

实时荧光PCR技术定量检测转Bt基因水稻的研究

以转Bt基因的"克螟稻"为研究材料,通过使用特异的引物和荧光标记探针,以已知转基因成份含量的水稻样品为模板建立标准曲线,对转基因水稻的NOS和Bt外源基因进行了荧光定量检测分析.初步建立了转基因水稻定量检测的技术方法.     

黄梁木实时荧光定量PCR分析中内参基因的选择

为筛选黄梁木(Neolamarckia cadamba)实时定量PCR最佳内参基因, 该研究以黄梁木的根、芽、叶、花、果、皮及形成层为材料, 利用RT-qPCR技术对ACT、CAC、CYP和EF1α等21个管家基因家族43个候选内参基因进行表达量分析, 并利用geNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper软件进行内参基因稳定性分析。geNorm的分析结果显示, UPL基因的稳定性最高(M=0.443), UBQ基因的稳定性最低(M=2.859); NormFinder的分析结果显示, UPL基因的稳定性最高(E=0.223), UBQ基因的稳定性最低(M=4.759); BestKeeper分析显示, UPL基因的标准偏差(SD=0.513)最低。研究结果表明, UPL基因作为内参基因稳定性最高, UBQ基因的稳定性最低。因此可以选择UPL基因作为黄梁木不同组织中RT-qPCR定量分析的内参基因。     

实时荧光定量PCR中内参基因的选择

实时荧光定量PCR技术是分析基因表达谱的一种常用方法,在分析中选择合适的内参基因对数据进行校正是得到可信数据的关键。以Lactobacillus helveticus H9为研究对象,应用实时荧光定量PCR技术,评价了5种常用内参基因ldh、recA、rpoB、gapdh和16S rRNA的表达稳定性,通过geNorm和NormFinder程序进行数据分析,结果表明5个候选内参基因在菌株不同的发酵时间点表达相对都较为稳定,结合两种分析得到其中最为稳定的基因是ldh,适合于用作后续实时荧光定量PCR试验中的内参基因。     

不同水生植物残体分解过程中真菌群落结构

水生植物是浅水湖泊主要的初级生产者,其分解和矿化过程对于水体营养物质循环具有重要影响.真菌是生态系统中植物残体的主要分解者之一,其在不同水生植物残体分解过程中的群落组成和功能目前尚缺乏系统的研究.本研究通过在完整的沉积物和上覆水体系中添加不同的植物残体,在确定适合的扩增真菌18S rRNA基因特异性引物的基础上,通过构建克隆文库以及序列分析,研究了水体和表层沉积物在不同水生植物残体分解过程中的真菌群落组成.结果显示,引物对nu-SSU-0817/nu-SSU-1536和nu-SSU-0817/nu-SSU-1196更适合扩增真菌18S rRNA基因;水体中的真菌类群主要是担子菌(Basidiomycota),而表层沉积物中主要是壶菌(Chytridiomycota).统计分析显示,水体和表层沉积物中真菌群落结构存在明显差异.本研究有助于进一步认识真菌在水生植物残体分解过程中的功能和生态位分化.     

拟南芥CHS基因表达的实时荧光定量PCR检测

在简要介绍实时荧光定量PCR反应和定量原理的基础上,采用TaqMan荧光定量PCR技术,研究了UV-B辐射对拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)CHS(查耳酮合成酶基因)表达的诱导,获得了与传统Northern杂交一致的结果.实时荧光定量PCR用于基因表达的定量检测,具有特异性强、自动化程度高、高效快捷,避免使用放射性同位素,能同时对多个样品中的起始模板进行准确定量等特点,因此该方法已逐渐被广泛用于基因表达的定量分析.     

拟南芥CHS 基因表达的实时荧光定量PCR 检测

在简要介绍实时荧光定量PCR反应和定量原理的基础上, 采用TaqMan荧光定量PCR技术, 研究了UV-B辐射对拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)CHS(查耳酮合成酶基因)表达的诱导, 获得了与传统Northern杂交一致的结果。实时荧光定量PCR用于基因表达的定量检测, 具有特异性强、自动化程度高、高效快捷, 避免使用放射性同位素, 能同时对多个样品中的起始模板进行准确定量等特点, 因此该方法已逐渐被广泛用于基因表达的定量分析。     

Molecular approach for assessing responses of microbial-feeding nematodes to burning and chronic nitrogen enrichment in a native grassland

A substantial proportion of the primary productivity in grassland ecosystems is allocated belowground, sustaining an abundant and diverse community of microbes and soil invertebrates. These belowground communities drive many important ecosystem functions and are responsive to a variety of environmental changes. Nematodes, an abundant and diverse component of grassland soil communities, are particularly responsive to altered environmental conditions, such as those associated with reduced fire frequency and nitrogen enrichment, with the most consistent responses displayed by microbial-feeding nematodes. However, much of the available research characterizing nematode responses to environmental change has been carried out at the taxonomic level of family or by broad trophic categories (e.g. fungivores, bacterivores). The extent to which differential responses to environmental change occurs at the genus level or below is unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use molecular methods to quantify the response of microbial-feeding nematodes, at the lowest levels of taxonomic resolution, to nitrogen enrichment and changes in fire frequency. Using sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) probes for the 18S ribosomal RNA gene and the ITS1 region, we identified 19 microbial-feeding nematode taxa across four families. When nematodes were sampled across treatments, we found that some nematode taxa within a family responded similarly to nitrogen and burning treatments, while other taxa within the same family respond quite differently. Additionally, although nematodes from different families on average responded differently to nitrogen enrichment and burning, similar responses were seen in nematode taxa that span three taxonomic families. Thus, if nematodes are to be used as indicators of environmental change, care should be taken to assess the response at the lowest taxonomic level possible.     

Degradation of 16S rRNA and attributes of viability of viable but nonculturable probiotic bacteria

Aims:  To assess the stability of 16S rRNA of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) probiotics during storage when compared with different attributes of viability.
Methods and Results:  Levels of RNA of the probiotic strains Bifidobacterium longum 46, B. longum 2C and B. animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 were monitored during storage in fermented and nonfermented foods. Cells which gradually lost their culturability in fermented products retained high level of rRNA, whereas rRNA of acid-killed control cells decreased at faster rate. Furthermore, the viability of B. longum 2C was monitored during storage by measuring changes in reductase activity, cytoplasmic membrane integrity and esterase activity using a flow cytometer. All of the culture-independent viability assays suggested that the cells remained viable during storage. In nonfermented media, the observed losses in culturability were smaller, and the changes in cell counts were comparable with the changes in rRNA levels.
Conclusions:  Viable but nonculturable probiotics maintain high levels of rRNA and retain properties of viable bacteria including reductase activity. Quantification of 16S rRNA complements culture-independent viability assays.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Culture-independent viability assays allow the detection of VBNC probiotics, and can be used parallel to conventional culture-dependent methods to obtain accurate information on probiotic viability.     

齿肋赤藓中半定量RT-PCR方法的探讨

目的:建立一种半定量RT-PCR方法,用于齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)基因表达研究。方法:比较常用的几种内参照基因actin、tubulin及18S rRNA在齿肋赤藓中的表达情况,以确定表达稳定的内参基因;分析PCR扩增动力学,确定内参和靶基因的PCR体系。结果:琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测分析表明:18S rRNA作为齿肋赤藓的内参基因更稳定;同管扩增试验表明:18SrRNA的引物滞后6个循环加入PCR扩增体系中,至第26个循环,二者同时处于指数扩增期,且靶基因RT-A的扩增效率不受影响。结论:18S rRNA与RT-A可以同管扩增,18S rRNA可以作为半定量RT-PCR的内参照,为齿肋赤藓基因表达研究奠定基础。     

基于18S rRNA的中国大陆沿海石磺科贝类分类的初步分析

对采自上海崇明、福建宁德、海南海口等沿海地区9个群体的石磺科贝类进行外部形态特征差异分析和内部结构比较,在初步分类基础上利用核糖体小亚基18S rRNA基因部分序列对9个群体进行系统发育分析,以菊花螺为外群,结合GenBank上石磺科4个18S rRNA基因序列构建系统发生树来探讨我国大陆沿海石磺科属种间的亲缘关系.结果显示:我国石磺科贝类南方沿海种类多于北方沿海;除报道的瘤背石磺(Onchidium struma)和石磺(O.verruculatum)外,可能还有新记录5种:Onchidium属1种、Platevindex属2种、Peronia属1种和Paraoncidium属1种.分子系统发生树显示,我囝大陆沿海石磺科9个群体可分为4个亚群,分别为Onchidium、Platevindex、Paraoncidium、Peronia,其中Peronia亚群的置信度较高;Onchidium verruculatum应更名为Peronia verruculata.     

产β-甘露聚糖酶Aspergillus sp. LQ21的分离、鉴定及发酵条件的研究

β-甘露聚糖酶是一类能够水解甘露聚糖、葡甘露聚糖、半乳甘露聚糖的半纤维素酶类,广泛存在于动植物和微生物中,此酶在食品、医药、饲料、造纸、石油等方面已得到广泛应用;近年来,其作为食品和饲料添加剂方面倍受关注。对采自土壤和树皮的样品通过富集培养、平板初筛和摇瓶复筛,得到1株具产β-甘露聚糖酶能力的曲霉属菌株LQ21,结合形态特征、培养特征及18S rRNA基因序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为Aspergillussp.真菌。考察了培养时间、起始pH、培养温度、碳源和氮源对该菌株产酶的影响。初步确定了其最适产酶培养基组成:魔芋粉0.5%,蛋白胨1%,NaNO30.2%,K2HPO40.1%,KCl 0.05%,MgSO4.7H2O 0.05%,FeSO4.7H2O 0.001%;最适培养条件:初始pH4.5,温度35℃,转速200 r/min,培养60 h发酵液上清中酶活达到最高。     

鸡球虫18S rRNA基因序列的测定与分析

为了利用18S rRNA基因进行鸡球虫系统进化分析,对巨型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria maxima)、柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E.tenella)、堆形艾美耳球虫(E.acervulina)3种共8个不同来源的虫株,分别提取总DNA进行18S rRNA基因的扩增和测序;将得到的序列登录GenBank进行同源性和趋异性分析,并结合GenBank中其它原虫的18S rRNA基因序列构建进化树.结果显示扩增获得8株鸡球虫18S rRNA基因长度为1746～1756 bp,序列比对显示同种不同株间的同源性大于不同种间的同源性,其中3株E.maxima株间同源性在98.7%～99.3%之间,4株E.tenella株间同源性在99.7%～99.9%之间;不同种间同源性为96.5%～98.1%,其中E.maxima与E.tenclla的遗传距离最大,为0.038;E.maxima与E.acervulina的遗传距离最小,为0.021.顶复器门9个不同属所构建的进化树结果显示,E.imeria和等孢属(Isospora)聚为一支,说明亲缘关系比较近.与GertBank中其它5株不同鸡球虫的18S rRNA基因共同构建的进化树显示,3株E.maxima聚为一支,与E.brunetti、E.mitis、E.mivati、E.praecox和E.acervulina聚为一大分支;4株E.tenella与1株E.necatrix共同形成一个分支,说明E.tenella与E.necattix的亲缘关系最近.本研究证实了在鸡球虫系统进化研究中,18S rRNA基因不仅可以区分不同种,而且有可能成为区分同种不同株的理想靶基因.     

Phylogenetic position of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus,Acaulospora gerdemannii, and its synanamorphGlomus leptotichum, based upon 18S rRNA gene sequence

We examined the phylogenetic position of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus which produces two types of spore,Acaulospora gerdemannii andGlomus leptotichum, based upon the DNA sequence of the 18S rRNA gene. DNA was extracted separately from bothGlomus-like orAcaulospora-like spores and partial 5′-terminus segments of 18S rRNA gene were amplified by the PCR method. Several clones derived from each spore type were sequenced and compared. The sequences from both spore types agreed well, confirming that these morphologically different spores were formed by the same fungus. Nucleotide substitutions were found among several clones, suggesting polymorphism of the rRNA gene in glomalean fungi. Further phylogenetic analysis based upon the whole sequence of the 18S rRNA gene showed thatA. gerdemannii may be within the order Glomales but is far from the fungi that have been analyzed and probably should be in a new family.     

Phylogenetic analysis of intestinal bacteria in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

AIMS: To identify the dominant intestinal bacteria in the Chinese mitten crab, and to investigate the differences in the intestinal bacteria between pond-raised and wild crabs. METHODS AND RESULTS: The diversity of intestinal bacteria in the Chinese mitten crabs was investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting, 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis and real-time quantitative PCR. The principal component analysis of DGGE profiles indicated that substantial intersubject variations existed in intestinal bacteria in pond-raised crab. The sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed that 90-95% of the phylotypes in the clone libraries were affiliated with Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Some genera were identified as unique in wild crabs and in pond-raised crabs, whereas Bacteroidetes was found to be common in all sampled crab groups. Real-time quantitative PCR indicated that the abundance of Bacteroides and the total bacterial load were approximately four-to-10 times higher in pond-raised crabs than in wild crabs. A significant portion of the phylotypes shared low similarity with previously sequenced organisms, indicating that the bacteria in the gut of Chinese mitten crabs are yet to be described. CONCLUSIONS: The intestinal bacteria of pond-raised crabs showed higher intersubject variation, total diversity and abundance than that observed in wild crabs. The high proportion of the clones of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in the clone library is an indication that these bacteria may be the dominant population in the gut of the Chinese mitten crab. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrated obvious differences in the intestinal bacterial composition of pond-raised crabs and wild crabs. This knowledge will increase our understanding of the effects of aquaculture operations on bacterial community composition in the crab gut and provide necessary data for the development of probiotic products for crab cultivation.