中温型和暖温型草原五种植物构件生长与水热组合关系研究

在暖温型和中温型草原对大针茅(Stipa grandis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、糙隐子草(Cleistogeness quorrosa)、达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza dahurica)和阿尔泰狗哇花(Heteropappus altaicus)5个共有植物种群的构件生长特征进行了比较研究,并应用种群统计的生长分析指标与研究站点的月平均温度、降水量和湿润度进行了灰色关联分析.结果表明,中温型草原各共有种的相对生长速率(DRGR &DRGRa)和单位叶速率(DULA)均高于暖温型草原,显示出对中温型草原生长季短、热量条件不足的生态适应特征;而暖温型草原则以较长的叶面积及构件持续时间适应该草原区生长季长、热量较为充足的气候条件.暖温型草原各共有种的构件生长指标与湿润度之间的灰色关联度普遍高于中温型草原,即暖温型草原植物的构件生长对生长季内的水热组合更为敏感,显示出不同热量型草原区植物构件生长的响应特征.     

暖温型与中温型草原共有植物种生长特性的比较

在我国北方暖温型草原和中温型草原各选择一个草原监测站点,应用Hunt提出的生长分析指标,对两个站点的大针茅、羊草、糙隐子草、达乌里胡枝子和阿尔泰狗哇花5个共有种的生长特性进行了对比研究,结果表明：5个共有种在暖温型草原和中温型草原两个站点的叶绿素含量、单位叶速率、叶面积比率、叶面积干重比、都表现出很大差异;中温型草原植物种的叶绿素含量均高于暖温型草原,中温型草原的单位叶速率相对的高于暖温型草原。叶面积比率和叶面积干重比两个站点的数值有较大的差异,如同一种植物在同年同月的叶面积干重比就相关很大,这是长期在不同水热组合条件下形成的差异;而且这两个指标明显受水热状况的影响,不同年份表现出较大的可塑性。同时这些指标也存在季节上的波动。显示出温度驱动因素及其水热组合条件对不同热量型草原区域共有植物种的影响。     

中温型草原和暖温型草原大针茅+羊草群落结构特征的比较

运用植被水平地带性原理在南北样带（NSCT）草原生物群区中温型草原和暖渐型草原内的典型草原地带各选择一个研究站点,于1999-2000年5-9月份对大针茅 羊草群落的数量结构、α多样性、生活型功能群组成、地上生产结构、C3和C4植物组成及群落生长动态特征进行了比较研究。结果表明：暖温型草原群落高度（h）、生态优势度（C）、C4植物比例（％）和单位叶速率（ULR）较高,生长动态曲线呈双峰型且第1峰大于第2峰;中温型草原物种丰富度（R）、群落密度(d)、物种多样性（H'）、群落均匀度（E）、F/C值、叶面积指数（LAI）、叶面积持续时间（LAD）和干物质生产能力（P）较高,生长动态曲线呈单峰型,初期生长较快。虽然两站点平均降水量相近,但温度、热量差异较大,年蒸发力不同,并影响到天然降水及土壤水分、养人供给的有效性,可能是导致其群落结构与生长动态差异的主要原因。     

中温型和暖温型草原共有植物种群繁殖分配的比较研究

 1999～2000年在内蒙古草原区的中温型草原和暖温型草原两个研究站点, 分别对大针茅(Stipa grandis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)、达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza dahurica)和阿尔泰狗哇花(Heteropappus altaicus) 5个共有种地上生物量、营养元素（全C、全N、全P）和能量（热值）的繁殖分配进行了初步研究。结果表明：两站点共有种各自的地上生物量、全C 和能量之间的繁殖分配较为接近,但全P、全N     

濒危植物朝鲜崖柏克隆种群可塑性及其对土壤条件的响应

朝鲜崖柏为长白山植物区系特有树种,是国家Ⅱ级重点保护的珍稀濒危植物。通过调查长白山区天然分布朝鲜崖柏种群的生境条件和克隆构件的形态学指标,分析了朝鲜崖柏克隆种群特征,并基于构件理论,采用灰色关联及通径分析方法,对种群构件与土壤因子的关系进行研究。结果表明:1)朝鲜崖柏克隆种群具有较强的表型可塑性,分布于暗针叶林下的朝鲜崖柏克隆种群分株间隔子长、地上扩张域、分株间距高于朝鲜崖柏纯林群落,种群构件变异性较高。2)朝鲜崖柏克隆生长格局介于密集型和游击型之间,具有快速克隆扩张能力和明显的斑块状。在土壤贫瘠的纯林群落内,种群更趋近于密集型分布;在土壤条件较好的暗针叶林下,更趋于游击型分布。3)朝鲜崖柏克隆种群生长对土壤异质性的响应具有特殊性,土壤水分是影响朝鲜崖柏种群扩张的最关键因子,土壤p H值、土壤腐殖酸、土壤速效磷、土壤速效钾是影响朝鲜崖柏克隆种群构件较重要的因子。4)土壤养分直接影响克隆植物构件特征及生态适应对策,各克隆分株构件受土壤养分影响的排序为速效磷速效钾有机质全氮。     

气候变化对内蒙古草原典型植物物候的影响

自然物候期是气候变化最直观的植物信号记录,自然物候变化是气候与自然环境变化的综合指标。基于1983—2009年内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原区典型植物马兰草、霸王、贝加尔针茅和羊草生长期物候观测资料和同时段的气象观测资料,利用数理统计等方法,分析了不同草原区典型植物物候期与气候要素间的相互关系,结果表明:(1)1983—2009年内蒙古草原区植物物候期总体呈提前趋势,但地域差异明显,典型草原区植物萌芽返青、开花及黄枯期等物候提早趋势最为明显,说明不同草原区植物物候对气候变暖的区域响应不同。(2)内蒙古草原区植物物候期与气候变化密切相关。春季3—5月累积气温与植物萌芽返青期和开花期呈显著负相关,与日照时数为正相关,降水量对其影响不同草原区差异较大。荒漠草原和典型草原区植物黄枯期早晚与黄枯前1—2个月平均气温呈显著负相关,草甸草原区植物黄枯期与前1—2个月的降水量和日照时数有关,与气温关系不显著。(3)随着气候变暖,马兰草生长期缩短,霸王、贝加尔针茅和羊草生长期延长,其中典型草原区主要植物针茅生长季延长趋势最为明显,荒漠草原次之,草甸草原延长最少。     

黄土高原森林草原区6种植物光合特性研究

 对黄土高原森林草原区6种不同植物的生理生态学特性进行了一个生长季的野外观测。测定了2002年生长季早、中、晚期植物叶片的光合、蒸腾速率及相应的微气象因子和土壤水分的含量。在此基础上,采用机理性生理生态学模型对黄土高原森林草原区6种植物净光合速率和气孔导度与环境因子的关系进行了分析,净光合速率模型和气孔导度模型分别能够解释57%～79% 和40%～59% 生长季中净光合速率和气孔导度的日变化。在此基础上根据拟合得到的参数计算了典型7月份天气的净光合速率的日变化。模拟的结果表明：沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. sinensis Rousi)的生物化学光合能力最强,茵陈蒿（Artemisia capillaris）的光呼吸速率最低,这两种植物的净光合速率高于其它植物种。刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）、铁杆蒿 (Artemisia gmelinii)、茵陈蒿和沙棘在午后出现的净光合速率下降主要是由气孔导度减小引起的,而苹果 (Malus pumila) 和柠条 (Caragana korshinskii)午后净光合速率的降低与叶肉细胞酶的活性降低有关。这些结论为未来的实验室测定提供了野外观测佐证。     

内蒙古羊草草原群落主要植物的热值动态

对内蒙古羊草草原主要植物种群的干重热值动态研究表明,热值随植物种类,植物部位,取样时植物所处物候期及气候条件的不同而变化,羊草草原主要植物种群地上部分热值的变动范围在15703－18141J／g之间,其中灌木小叶锦鸡儿（Caragang microphylla)的热值最高,禾草类植物的热值多数较高,而大多数杂类草的热值相对较低,主要植物种群地下部分热值的分布范围为15051－16410J/g。其中根茎型草地下部分热值较高。不同种类植物地下部分热值差异并不与地上部分一致,根茎型禾草地上、地下部分热值差异较小,而须根型植物差异较在,不同种群的植物地上部分热值随植物候期的不同而波动,其变化规律是与植物种群本身的生物学特性相联系的,不同植物种群热值的年际小 规律有所不同,羊草（Leymus chinensis)、大针茅（Stipa grandis)和洽草（Koeloria cristata)的年际热值波动相关显著。但与生长季降水量和生长季累积日照时数之间无明显相关性,在某种程度上,植物热值的 种内变化反映了植物生长状况的差异。     

内蒙古典型草原克氏针茅与冰草的生存策略

在内蒙古自治区多伦县中科院植物所生态恢复试验站,选择优势种克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii) 和冰草（Agropyron cristatum）,使用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统观测光合生理生态特征的生长季变化(DOY155-265)。结果表明：水分是本区域植物生长的最重要的限制因子。冰草与针茅受5cm和20cm表层土壤含水率的影响较大。水分是本区域植物生长的最重要的限制因子。冰草与针茅受5cm和20cm表层土壤含水率的影响较大。植物的光合速率和蒸腾速率受自身的气孔导度限制,光合速率和蒸腾速率随气孔导度的增大而增大,冰草这一特征较为明显,即冰草对环境响应更为敏感。作为优势种冰草和针茅的生态适应策略并不相同,针对当地现有环境条件,针茅更具生存优势。随着全球环境变化,干旱胁迫对草原生态系统产生了重大影响,使得这些地区成为响应环境变化的敏感区域,通过对半干旱温带草原优势种克氏针茅和冰草对光、水等环境资源的利用及之间的关系研究,有助于我们对全球环境变化提出本区域合适的应对策略。     

内蒙古荒漠草原37种植物氮与灰分含量的特征

本文报告了内蒙古荒漠草原地区37种植物氮、硅与灰分含量的组成特征,结果表明,荒漠草原区植物的平均含硅量(1.019%),灰分含量(12.85%)都高于草甸草原与典型草原,而其含氮量(2.16%)都低于草甸草原与典型草原。在内蒙古草原区,植物化学元素组成呈现了地带性分异的特征。     

山西植物功能型划分及其空间格局

随着全球气候变化的加剧,作为沟通陆地生态系统与气候变化的桥梁,植物功能型(Plant Functional Types,PFTs)越来越受到生态学家的关注。PFTs不仅是简化生态系统复杂性的有效工具,而且可将植物的生理生态过程、生物物理特征及物候变化等引入到动态植被模型中,研究气候变化下的植被反应及其反馈机制。为了在区域尺度上研究气候变化和植被反应,基于"生态-外貌"原则,依据植物特征(如生长型、叶的性状)及其对水分、温度的需求,结合区域的气候与地理条件,对山西植被进行植物功能型的划分,并在此基础上对其空间格局进行分析。结果表明:(1)山西植被可划分为19类植物功能型(其中包括4类栽培作物功能型),分别是:寒温性常绿针叶林、温性常绿针叶林、寒温性落叶针叶林、温性落叶阔叶林、高寒落叶灌丛、温性落叶灌丛、多年生禾草草原、多年生禾草草丛、多年生禾草草甸、多年生莎草草甸、多年生杂类草草原、多年生杂类草草丛、多年生杂类草草甸。1年生杂类草草甸、多年生豆科草原、果树、一年一熟栽培作物、一年二熟栽培作物和二年三熟栽培作物。植物功能型的划分和分布与山西植被区划有较好的一致性,基本反映了植物固有特征及其对水热条件的需求。(2)农作物在山西占有较大比重,占植被类型面积的53.15%,森林类型以温性常绿针叶林和温性落叶阔叶林为主,灌丛类型以温性落叶灌丛为主,草本类型中多年生禾草草丛占较大比例,占草本类型面积的50.98%。(3)由于水热条件及地理条件的差异,植物功能型(不考虑栽培作物)在各区域表现出较大差异,如多年生杂类草草原主要分布于北部地区,在南部并不存在这种植物功能型;森林类型的功能型主要分布于中、南部地区,且结构复杂、类型多样。(4)除栽培作物表现出较好的整体性和连通性,其他植物功能型均表现出不同程度的破碎化和离散化。(5)山西植物功能型整体上表现出较高的多样性,其中中部地区比其他地区的多样性和破碎化程度高,斑块类型更加趋向于离散的小斑块状,北部地区则以一年一熟栽培作物占明显优势,表现出较强的优势度,而南部地区并没有表现出很强的破碎度或优势度。     

内蒙古中东部草原区克氏针茅种群遗传分化的RAPD研究

采用 RAPD-PCR技术对内蒙古中东部草原分布的 7个克氏针茅 (Stip a krylovii Roshev.)种群进行了分析。从 10 0个 10碱基随机引物中筛选出 2 1个有效引物 ,共扩增出 2 2 9条稳定的 DNA带 ,其中 171条带具有多态性 ,多态性百分比 (PPB)为74.67%。将每个扩增产物看作一个独立的性状 ,按其有无列出二元数据矩阵 ,计算 Jaccard、简单匹配系数 (SM)和 Dice遗传相似性系数 ,通过 UPGMA法构建分子标记聚类图 ;并通过主成分分析 (PCA)和主轴法分析 (PAF) ,将 7个种群分类 ;统计各个种群特异性 DNA带 ,计算占总扩增条带的百分数。结果表明 :(1)不同地理种群之间扩增结果差异明显 ,具有丰富的遗传多样性 ;(2 )不同地理种群间存在一定程度的分化 ,这种分化是与种群之间的实际距离相联系的 ,相距越远 ,种群相似程度越低 ,进一步分析表明种群的分化是与所处生境逐渐旱化相一致的 ;(3 )聚类图上将 7个种群分为 3类 ,PCA和 PAF分析通过 3个成分或因子也将 7个种群分为 3类 ,支持了聚类图的分类结果 ;(4)特异性位点所占百分比与种群所处生境也有一定的联系 ,它与环境干燥度的相关系数为 0 .76(P<0 .0 5)。     

Isolation and patch size drive specialist plant species density within steppe islands: a case study of kurgans in southern Ukraine

The fragmentation and isolation of preserved habitat patches within intensive agricultural landscape threaten species survival in steppes. In Ukraine, <5 % of the original steppe area has survived, mostly in nature reserves, loess ravines and kurgans (burial mounds). The latter are small, but relatively numerous objects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether plant species density (= the number of species per plot) within small steppe patches on kurgans differs from that within large steppe enclaves in southern Ukraine. Another aim was to determine the influence of patch area, isolation and heat load index on species density on kurgans. Presence-absence data for vascular plant species were collected on plots of a size of 100 and 1 m². Thirty kurgans and ten sites within large steppe enclaves were sampled. Every noted species was classified as specialist or generalist. For kurgans data on area and degree of isolation were collected. Additionally the heat load index for plots on kurgans was calculated. The density of habitat specialists was higher in larger steppe enclaves than on kurgans at both spatial scales. On kurgans the most important predictors of specialist density were isolation (negative) and kurgan area (positive). The density of generalists was positively affected by the heat load index. Kurgans can provide refuges for steppe plant species. However, our results show that over a longer time period, proximity to larger steppe refuges is important to maintain species diversity within these small patches.     

黄土丘陵区两类天然草地群落地上部数量特征及其与土壤水分关系的比较研究

对陕北安塞两类典型的天然草地群落：铁杆蒿（ Ａｒｔｅｍ ｉｓｉａ ｇｍ ｅｌｉｎｉｉ）群落和长芒草（ Ｓｔｉｐａ ｂｕｎｇｅａｎａ）群落进行了整个生长季的调查和测定。从其土壤水分状况、季相和植物组成状况、结构、地上部数量特征（包括生物量、高度、盖度）、地上部生长与水分的关系几个方面作了系统的比较分析,以反映黄土丘陵区森林草原带不同立地条件下天然草地群落地上部的生长状况。     

Growth and response patterns of Picea crassifolia and Pinus tabuliformis to climate factors in the Qilian Mountains,northwest China

Different tree species exhibit different phenological and physiological characteristics, leading to complexity in inter-species comparison of stem radial growth response to climate change. This study explored the climate-growth responses of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) and Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) in the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China. Meanwhile, Vaganov-Shashkin model (VS-oscilloscope) was used to simulate the relationships between radial growth rates and phenology. The results showed that 1) in their radial growth patterns, Qinghai spruce showed a significant increasing trend, while Chinese pine showed a decreasing trend, and Qinghai spruce has a longer growing season than Chinese pine. 2) For the radial growth-climate dynamic response, Qinghai spruce was influenced in an unstable manner by the mean temperature in the mid-growing season of the current year and the late growing season of the previous year and by the mean minimum temperature in the mid-growing season of the current year, while Chinese pine was influenced in a stable manner by the mean temperature and mean maximum temperature during the growing season of the current year. 3) The radial growth rates of the two conifer species were limited by temperature at the initiation and cessation of growth and by soil moisture at the peak of growth. But Chinese pine was more severely affected by soil moisture than Qinghai spruce in the middle of growth. Therefore, different management and restoration measures should be taken based on the differences in ecological responses and physical and physiological properties of the two conifer species to climate change in the subalpine forest ecosystems in the semiarid and arid regions of Northwest China.     

Experimental drought and heat can delay phenological development and reduce foliar and shoot growth in semiarid trees

Higher temperatures associated with climate change are anticipated to trigger an earlier start to the growing season, which could increase the terrestrial C sink strength. Greater variability in the amount and timing of precipitation is also expected with higher temperatures, bringing increased drought stress to many ecosystems. We experimentally assessed the effects of higher temperature and drought on the foliar phenology and shoot growth of mature trees of two semiarid conifer species. We exposed field‐grown trees to a ~45% reduction in precipitation with a rain‐out structure (‘drought’), a ~4.8 °C temperature increase with open‐top chambers (‘heat’), and a combination of both simultaneously (‘drought + heat’). Over the 2013 growing season, drought, heat, and drought + heat treatments reduced shoot and needle growth in piñon pine (Pinus edulis) by ≥39%, while juniper (Juniperus monosperma) had low growth and little response to these treatments. Needle emergence on primary axis branches of piñon pine was delayed in heat, drought, and drought + heat treatments by 19–57 days, while secondary axis branches were less likely to produce needles in the heat treatment, and produced no needles at all in the drought + heat treatment. Growth of shoots and needles, and the timing of needle emergence correlated inversely with xylem water tension and positively with nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations. Our findings demonstrate the potential for delayed phenological development and reduced growth with higher temperatures and drought in tree species that are vulnerable to drought and reveal potential mechanistic links to physiological stress responses. Climate change projections of an earlier and longer growing season with higher temperatures, and consequent increases in terrestrial C sink strength, may be incorrect for regions where plants will face increased drought stress with climate change.     

Size of Precipitation Pulses Controls Nitrogen Transformation and Losses in an Arid Patagonian Ecosystem

Arid ecosystems receive precipitation pulses of different sizes that may differentially affect nitrogen (N) losses and N turnover during the growing season. We designed a rainfall manipulation experiment in the Patagonian steppe, southern Argentina, where we simulated different precipitation patterns by adding the same amount of water in evenly spaced three-small rainfall events or in one-single large rainfall event, three times during a growing season. We measured the effect of the size of rainfall pulses on N mineralization and N losses by denitrification, ammonia volatilization, and nitrate and ammonia leaching. Irrigation pulses stimulated N mineralization (P < 0.05), with small and frequent pulses showing higher responses than large pulses (P < 0.10). Irrigation effects were transient and did not result in changes in seasonal net N mineralization suggesting a long-term substrate limitation. Water pulses stimulated gaseous N losses by denitrification, with large pulses showing higher responses than small pulses (P < 0.05), but did not stimulate ammonia volatilization. Nitrate leaching also was higher after large than after small precipitation events (P < 0.05). Small events produced higher N transformations and lower N losses by denitrification and nitrate leaching than large events, which would produce higher N availability for plant growth. Climate change is expected to increase the frequency of extreme precipitation events and the proportion of large to small rainfall events. Our results suggest that these changes would result in reduced N availability and a competitive advantage for deep-rooted species that prefer nitrate over ammonia. Similarly, the ammonium:nitrate ratio might decrease because large events foster nitrate losses but not ammonium losses.     

Cold and heat tolerance of drosophilid flies with reference to their latitudinal distributions

The relation between thermal tolerance and latitudinal distribution was studied with 30 drosophilid species collected from the cool-temperate region (Sapporo), the warm-temperate region (Tokyo and Kyoto) and the subtropical region (Iriomote island) in Japan. In addition, intraspecific variation was examined for five species collected from two localities. The subtropical strains of Scaptodrosophila coracina, Drosophila bizonata and D. daruma were less tolerant to cold than their temperate strains. However, the difference of cold tolerance between these two geographic strains was much smaller than the difference between the species restricted to the subtropical region and those occurring in the temperate region. In D. auraria and D. suzukii, no difference was observed in thermal tolerance between their cool- and warm-temperate strains. Thus, geographic variation in thermal tolerance within species was low or negligible. Interspecific comparisons by phylogenetic independent contrasts revealed that species which had the northern boundaries of their distributions at higher latitudes were generally more tolerant to cold than those which had their boundaries at lower latitudes. However, the data for some species did not agree with this trend. The use of man-protected warm places for overwintering, competition or predation would also affect their distributions. It also appeared that species which had their southern boundaries at higher latitudes were generally more cold-tolerant. The acquisition of cold tolerance may lower a flys capacity to compete, survive or reproduce in warmer climates. On the other hand, no relation was observed between heat tolerance and latitudinal distribution. Heat tolerance was higher in species inhabiting openlands or the forest canopy than in those inhabiting the forest understorey.     

Forage nutritional characteristics and yield dynamics in a grazed semiarid steppe ecosystem of Inner Mongolia,China

In the steppe of Inner Mongolia, forage is the only source of feed for sheep. The forage intake of sheep can be characterized in both quantity and quality terms, which are determined by environmental and anthropogenic factors and grazing has a strong effect on steppe productivity and the grassland ecosystem. Evaluation of forage quality and quantity is therefore of critical importance. The effects of grazing intensity, interannual variability effects, and species composition on aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and forage nutritional characteristics were investigated in a controlled grazing experiment along a gradient of 7 grazing intensities (from non-grazed to very heavily grazed) over six years (2005–2010) on typical steppe in Inner Mongolia. Forage nutritional characteristics were defined by the nutritional value (concentrations of crude protein (CP), cellulase digestible organic matter (CDOM), metabolizable energy (ME) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF)) and the nutritional yield. The forage nutritional yield is a function of ANPP and the forage nutritional value. Forage nutritional value increased but ANPP and nutritional yields decreased with increasing grazing intensity. The inter-annual variation of ANPP, forage nutritional value and yield were weakly linked to the inter-annual variability of precipitation. However, ANPP and nutritional value also varied during the growing season, depending on the seasonal distribution of precipitation and temperature, which influence forage digestibility (CDOM) and metabolizable energy (ME), with higher CDOM and ME under high seasonal precipitation and low seasonal mean temperature. Forage nutritional value and yield, as well as ANPP, were predominantly determined by the dominant species rather than by species diversity. The results suggest that forage nutritional yield in the Inner Mongolian steppe is predominantly determined by the ANPP and only to a minor extent by forage nutritional value, and is predominantly determined by the dominant species and only to a minor extent by species diversity. Therefore, herbage productivity seems to be the most limiting factor in managing this steppe ecosystem as a feeding resource for livestock and to be the best ecological and environmental indicator for grassland management practices.