长江源区同域分布兔狲、藏狐和赤狐的时空重叠度

兔狲(Otocolobus manul)、藏狐(Vulpes ferrilata)和赤狐(V. vulpes)是青藏高原三江源区域分布的重要小型食肉兽。本研究于2014年6月至2019年9月在青海省长江源区沱沱河和通天河沿岸选取208个位点布设红外相机, 通过所获取的时空分布数据比较了上述3种同域分布小型食肉兽的时空利用情况。通过空间重叠度系数的比较分析, 兔狲和藏狐、兔狲和赤狐以及藏狐和赤狐之间的空间重叠度系数分别为0.25、0.48和0.17, 这表明兔狲、藏狐和赤狐三者在空间利用上存在一定的差异。通过核密度估计方法分析, 兔狲和藏狐属典型的昼行性动物, 而赤狐以夜行性活动为主。兔狲、藏狐和赤狐每个物种在冷暖两季的日活动节律重叠指数分别为0.83、0.78和0.88。两两比较分析表明, 兔狲和藏狐二者的日活动节律重叠指数最高(0.84), 兔狲和赤狐在夜间活动时段存在一定重叠(0.63), 而藏狐和赤狐的时间生态位分化最明显, 重叠指数最低(0.48)。此外, 在暖季, 两两物种之间的日活动节律重叠指数均小于其冷季的重叠指数。综上所述, 长江源区兔狲、藏狐和赤狐3种小型食肉兽可通过空间和时间资源的利用差异来降低物种间的干扰和竞争, 从而达到同域物种共存的目的。     

应用红外相机数据研究动物活动节律——以广东车八岭保护区鸡形目鸟类为例

动物活动节律和时间生态位分化是动物行为在时间维度的分布, 是对时间资源利用的重要体现。动物活动节律受到环境因素和种间作用的影响, 因此, 了解动物活动节律以及时间生态位有助于揭示群落中同域分布物种时间资源利用的差异及共存机制。近10多年来, 红外相机技术在国内外野生动物监测研究中得到广泛应用, 积累了大量有时间记录的动物行为数据, 极大地促进了动物活动节律和时间生态位分化的深入研究。本文对动物活动节律研究以及应用红外相机数据研究动物活动节律的方法进行梳理, 采用核密度估计方法, 利用广东车八岭国家级自然保护区的红外相机监测数据, 分析了鸡形目鸟类的活动节律, 以阐述单物种和多物种的活动节律以及种间作用对动物日活动节律的影响。研究结果表明车八岭保护区白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)、白眉山鹧鸪(Arborophila gingica)和灰胸竹鸡(Bambusicola thoracica)等3个鸡形目物种之间存在不同程度的竞争, 物种间的日活动节律呈现中等程度的重叠。最后, 针对动物活动节律分析方法应用的建议及影响因素进行讨论, 希望为国内动物活动节律研究提供参考。     

基于红外相机技术的白鹇日活动节律分化研究——以都庞岭和大围山种群为例

种群行为分化是物种适应环境的基础,而同一物种不同地理种群活动节律的分化是体现其生态适应的重要内容。不同地理种群活动节律的分化是由生态条件和种间竞争等因素引起的,研究不同地理种群物种活动节律的分化,有助于对种群的动态管理和保护。为研究同一物种在不同分布区域的年周期行为节律,通过提取2017年10月至2018年9月在湖南都庞岭国家级自然保护区和湖南浏阳大围山省级自然保护区分别布设的60台红外相机中监测到的白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)种群数据,利用核密度估计方法(kernel Density Estimation)和雅各布斯选择指数(Jacobs Selection Index, JSI)对白鹇的日活动节律和日活动时间选择进行了构建与比对,同时采用皮尔逊相关系数(Pearson correlation coefficient)及T检验(T-Test)分析了两个异域分布的白鹇种群活动节律的分化趋势。结果表明：都庞岭分布的白鹇在全年和冷季的日活动节律为单峰模式,暖季为双峰模式;大围山分布的白鹇在全年的日活动节律为连续多峰模式,冷季和暖季为单峰模式。在活动时段的选择上,都庞岭分布的...     

我国食肉目动物

食肉目是经济价值较大,分布十分广泛的动物类群。全世界现存8科89属240种,我国有7科30属56种。我国食肉目动物大约有42种是资源动物,其中有9种被列为国家一级保护动物。犬科现存种类计10属35种,我国分布有豺属 Cuon、犬属 Canis、貉属Nyctereutes、狐属 Vulpes 4属6种。狼C.Lupus与豺 C.alpinus为有害动物,其毛皮虽可利用,但价值不大。赤狐 V.vulpes又名红狐、草狐、狐狸,以其毛绒细厚、色泽鲜     

基于红外相机技术的黑麂活动节律

动物的活动节律是行为生态学中的一个重要内容,它主要研究动物在不同时间内的活动强度及变化规律(原宝东和孔繁繁,2011).黑麂(Muntiacus crinifron)隶属偶蹄目(Artiodactyla)鹿科(Cervidae)麂属(Muntiacus),属国家一级保护动物,其分布范围十分狭小,目前该种群仅存于安徽、浙江、江西和福建4省,且栖息地成小种群岛屿状分布(盛和林,1987).     

呼伦贝尔草原沙狐洞穴的结构

沙狐（Vulpes corsac）又名东沙狐,属食肉目犬科,主要分布在亚洲中部的草原、荒漠和半荒漠地带,在我国主要分布在内蒙古、甘肃、宁夏和新疆部分地区。由于沙狐主要以鼠类为食,因此沙狐在调节鼠类数量和控制鼠害方面起着重要的作用（马逸清等,1986）。《中国物种红色名录》（汪松和解焱,2004）将沙狐列为“易危”,指出其“数据缺乏”。     

地理信息系统（GIS）在动物多样性研究中的应用

生物多样性保护是当今世界关注的热点问题.动物多样性不仅是生物多样性极为重要的一部分,动物还常作为生物多样性的指示物,为生物多样性的研究提供了客观可测的依据[1～4],因此,动物多样性研究意义重大.然而,传统的动物地理学和生态学的研究手段在动物多样性的研究中有许多局限性,难以适应生物多样性研究的新形势.在动物的物种分布方面,传统的分布图是依靠收藏的标本和野外观察地点的记录手工绘制成的,通过多幅分布图叠置获得物种分布格局的信息[2,5～6].在动物分布图中,由于经验数据体现不了目前分布区所受到的人类活动影响,点分布图上的空白区并不能意味着没有分布,分布范围中往往还包含着不适宜的生境,等等[2],这种分布图实质上只能看作对某一地区物种出现可能性的预测,因此,往往带有一定程度的主观性[7].此外,绘图工作量大,分布图的用途也很有限.在空间分析方面,传统的分析动物多样性空间格局、动态变化及分异规律与环境因子之间关系的方法和手段多局限在一维和二维空间上,难以体现出动物多样性和环境因子在多维空间上的内在联系.在热点地区分析方面,缺乏对就地保护系统(保护区)规划、设置、布局的科学性与合理性进行有效评估的手段,难以实现对生物多样性的有效保护.     

散放条件下春季梅花鹿行为时间分配的研究

梅花鹿 (Ｃｅｒｖｕｓｎｉｐｐｏｎ)是我国珍贵的经济动物 ,梅花鹿野生种群数量极少 ,主要分布在吉林东部、四川诺尔盖、江西彭泽、安徽南部以及浙江西部[14 ] ,是国家 1级保护动物。国内对梅花鹿行为学研究仅对活动节律[2 ] 、性行为[7] 、社群行为[12 ] 有一些零星报道[8,11,13,14 ] ,尚未见有关行为时间分配及其与性别和天气之间关系的报道。我们于 1998年4～ 5月对散放条件下东北梅花鹿 (Ｃ .ｎｉｐｐｏｎｈｏｒ ｔｕｌｏｒｕｍ)的行为时间分配进行了研究 ,为保护梅花鹿这一濒危物种研究提供基础资料。1　研究地区与方法1 1　自然概况黑…     

几种食肉目动物的足迹与粪便形态描述

为利用足迹和粪便度量途径获得野外快速识别物种的方法,通过鉴定已有标本、调查动物足迹和粪便形态特征,分析了内蒙古赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区分布的食肉目动物种类。确认在该区域共有9种食肉目动物,依据动物遗留粪便样品的宽度和外部形态能够区分不同体型的捕食动物。以足迹是否有爪印鉴别猫科动物和其他种类。以足迹大小区分猞猁Lynx lynx和豹猫Felis bengalensis,以前足具有长爪印确定狗獾Meles meles,以前足第3、4指基部紧密联结区分貉Nyctereutes procyonoides与沙狐Vulpes corsac和赤狐Vulpes vulpes,以跳跃步幅区分香鼬Mustela altaica和艾鼬Mustela eversmanni。本研究为开展区域性食肉目动物监测提供了便于掌握和使用的野外调查方法。另外,通过核查标本确认本地区仅有狗獾,增加了香鼬在内蒙古的分布地。     

基于红外相机技术分析极旱荒漠有蹄类动物的活动节律

红外触发相机技术近年来不但广泛应用于野生动物种类、数量和分布的调查与观测,还可用于对动物活动节律和行为的研究分析。本研究在甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区采用公里网格法布设60台红外相机,于2017年9月至2018年9月累计完成14 657个相机工作日,采集到5种荒漠有蹄类动物的1 892张独立有效照片。通过计算相对多度指数,对它们的活动节律进行分析讨论。结果表明:(1)研究区域5种荒漠有蹄类动物总的相对多度达到129.08,其中岩羊(43.87)和北山羊(42.98)的相对多度较高,其次是盘羊(25.38)、蒙古野驴(15.62)和鹅喉羚(1.23);(2)5种荒漠有蹄类动物的年活动节律表现出一致性,即5—6月活动最为频繁,11—12月出现第二个活动高峰;(3)蒙古野驴不同季节在水源地出现的日活动节律没有明显的规律,但在22:00—24:00会出现一天的峰值;而春、夏季鹅喉羚在水源地出现的最大活动峰值是在12:00—14:00;(4)各季节北山羊和岩羊的日活动节律均呈双峰型,北山羊的第2个活动高峰时间比岩羊的更偏晚一些;盘羊在冬季和春季为双峰型,夏、秋季出现3个高峰;岩羊、盘羊和北山羊的夏季日活动节律在清晨的活动高峰提前、傍晚的活动高峰推后;(5)5种荒漠有蹄类动物中,北山羊的夜间相对多度较高。荒漠有蹄类动物的年活动节律主要随生活史周期而变化,日活动节律除了受行为习性和日照节律的影响之外,不同种类主要因其栖息环境的不同而有差异。     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

New Coleoptera records from New Brunswick, Canada: Stenotrachelidae, Oedemeridae, Meloidae, Myceteridae, Boridae, Pythidae, Pyrochroidae, Anthicidae, and Aderidae

We report 19 new species records for the faunal list of Coleoptera in New Brunswick, Canada, six of which are new records for the Maritime provinces, and one of which is new Canadian record. We also provide the first recent records for five additional species in New Brunswick. One new species of Stenotrachelidae, Cephaloon ungulare LeConte, is added to the New Brunswick faunal list. Additional records are provided for Cephaloon lepturides Newman, as well the first recent record of Nematoplus collaris LeConte. Two species of Oedemeridae, Asclera puncticollis (Say) and Asclera ruficollis (Say), are newly reported for New Brunswick, and additional locality and bionomic data are provided for Calopus angustus LeConte and Ditylus caeruleus (Randall). The records of Ditylus caerulus are the first recent records for the province. Three species of Meloidae, Epicauta pestifera Werner, Lytta sayi LeConte, and Meloe augustcollis Say are reported the first time for New Brunswick; Epicauta pestifera is newly recorded in Canada. Lacconotus punctatus LeConte and the family Mycteridaeis newly recorded for New Brunswick. The first recent records of Borus unicolor Say (Boridae) are reported from the province. One new species of Pythidae, Pytho siedlitzi Blair, and the first recent records of Pytho niger Kirby are added to the faunal list of New Brunswick. Three species of Pyrochroidae are newly reported for the province, including Pedilus canaliculatus (LeConte) and Pedilus elegans (Hentz), which are new for the Maritime provinces. Five species of Anthicidae and the first recent record of Anthicus cervinus LaFerté-Sénectére are newly reported for New Brunswick. Anthicus melancholicus LaFerté-Sénectère, Sapintus pubescens (LaFerté-Sénectère), Notoxus bifasciatus (LeConte), and Stereopalpus rufipes Casey are new to the Maritime provinces faunal list. Ambyderus granularis (LeConte) is removed from the faunal list of the province. Three species of Aderidae, Vanonus huronicus Casey, Zonantes fasciatus (Melsheimer), and Zonantes pallidusWerner, are newly recorded for New Brunswick; Zonantes fasciatus and Vanonus huronicus are new for the Maritime provinces' faunal list. Collection data, bionomic data, and distribution maps are presented for all these species.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.