膳食脂肪摄入与慢性病相关性的研究进展

膳食中脂肪的摄入水平与慢性非传染性疾病的发生关系密切,倍受国内外学者的关注,本文对膳食脂肪摄入与慢性非传染性疾病关系的研究进展予以综述。     

慢性非传染性疾病的预防与控制方法

目的探析慢性非传染性疾病的预防及控制方法。方法以我院在2014年1月-2015年12月抽取的500例社区居民,作为研究对象,并建立健康档案,对其均进行慢性非传染性疾病的预防干预,并提出控制方法,并选择另外500例居民没有接受慢性非传染性疾病的预防及控制方法,比较干预前后本组居民的预防结果。结果干预前,吸烟38.0%,饮酒40.4%,不良饮食习惯46.6%,慢性非传染性疾病35.0%;干预后,吸烟8.4%,饮酒8.6%,不良饮食习惯10.2%,慢性非传染性疾病13.4%;干预后本组患者在患病率及危险因素上均优于干预前,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论医务工作人员应高度重视慢性非传染性疾病的预防及控制工作,进而保证居民的健康、合理的生活,提高生活质量。     

我国居民膳食结构的变迁及其对营养健康产业发展的启示

改革开放以来,我国居民膳食营养状况有所改善,但仍存在一些问题,对营养健康产业提出新的挑战。本文利用"中国健康与营养调查"近30年的纵向研究数据,从食物摄入、营养素摄入及膳食质量三个层面阐述了我国居民膳食结构的长期变化及其存在的关键问题。为了解决这些膳食营养问题,促进我国营养健康产业的蓬勃发展是十分必要的,需要在政策、科研、市场等多方面做出努力,并坚持以国家政策为导向,以居民营养健康需求为己任,充分发挥科技引领作用,加强营养健康研究,并促进成果转化,丰富营养健康产品供给。     

食物中植物化学素的抗氧化作用研究

现代社会慢性病在逐渐影响着人们的身体健康,只有采取一些措施进行预防,才能对自己的身体负责,保证自己有健康的身体。食物调节对于慢性病以及其他疾病来说,都是很好的方法,尤其多摄入蔬菜、水果、豆类等相关植物性食物,已经被列为膳食指南的重要内容。这些食物中含有丰富的营养素和膳食纤维,对于一些慢性病的预防有很大的作用,被称为"植物化学素"。     

非编码RNA研究进展

非编码RNA是指不具备蛋白质编码能力的RNA,包括转运RNA、核糖体RNA、小核仁RNA(small nucleolar RNA, snoRNA)以及长非编码RNA(long noncoding RNA, lncRNA)等.非编码RNA广泛参与生命活动中重要的生物功能,如生物个体的发育与分化、生殖、细胞凋亡和细胞重编程等,并且与人类疾病密切相关.近年来,随着我国经济的发展和人口老龄化,心血管疾病、肿瘤、代谢性疾病等疾病已成为威胁中国居民健康的重大慢性非传染性疾病,一些罕见病,例如小胖威利综合征(Prader-Willi syndrome, PWS)也随着人口基数的不断增大逐渐影响我国居民的身体健康.随着对这些慢性疾病及罕见疾病发生发展的相关机制研究,我国科学家发现非编码RNA与这些疾病密切相关.非编码RNA参与调控一系列的心血管疾病、肿瘤、代谢性疾病、感染免疫性疾病和PWS等疾病过程.本文对我国学者在非编码RNA领域的贡献进行综述,详细阐述了非编码RNA的加工形成和功能研究等主要进展,并对探究这些非编码RNA与PWS、心血管疾病、肿瘤、代谢性疾病和感染免疫性疾病等发生发展中的重要调控作用,以及我国科学家对该领域的贡献进行了详细的综述和总结.     

膳食纤维及其生理保健作用的研究进展

膳食纤维被称为“第七营养素”,是过去30年来的研究热点。本文参考近5-6年来的最新研究成果,综述了膳食纤维的定义、成分及测定方法,膳食纤维的理化特性、生理保健作用、适宜推荐量及其应用现状和发展前景,对人们全面认识膳食纤维与人体健康的关系有较大的参考价值。     

15万农民健康现况及预防控制策略

目的:研究农村居民健康现况,干预农村慢性非传染性疾病的发生与发展。方法:对151530名农民健康体检资料进行统计分析。结果:患病率147．96‰,居前十位的疾病分别是血压异常、慢性支气管炎、眼病、鼻及鼻窦疾病、肺气肿、关节炎、耳病、尿糖阳性、肺心病、慢性肝炎。各乡镇疾病谱结构有所不同。吸烟、饮酒、受教育程度对某些疾病患病率有显著影响。结论:60岁以上人群是农村慢性非传染性疾病预防控制的重点;受教育程度愈低的人群患病率愈高;适度饮酒有益于健康,但高血压、糖尿病、慢性肝炎、关节炎患者应控制饮酒;慢性支气管炎、肺心病、慢性肝炎、冠心痛、关节炎患者应控制吸烟;高血压、肺气肿、鼻及鼻窦疾病,耳病与烟草的关系有待进一步研究;提出预防控制策略对控制农村慢性非传染性疾病的发生与发展能起到积极的促进作用,可为决策者提供可借鉴的材料和科学依据。     

综合性医院启动慢性非传染性疾病管理服务的探讨

在慢性非传染性疾病带来的严重危害和沉重负担下,综合性医院必须要适应现代医学模式发展需要,利用强大的资源优势,探索慢性非传染性疾病管理的有效机制。为此,综合性医院在开展慢性非传染性疾病管理服务之前,应整合临床医学、健康管理学、客户关系管理3个领域的优势资源,建立慢性非传染性疾病管理基地,设计服务流程,提供以规范化诊疗为基础,以生活方式干预为重点,以密切医患关系为纽带的全方位慢性非传染性疾病管理服务。     

食物非营养成分与慢性疾病的防治

食物的非营养成分与食物的营养成分一样,都会影响慢性疾病的产生和发展。文中主要探讨了异黄酮,萜类、植物固醇、植酸,类胡萝卜素,丹宁及膳食纤维等在慢性疾病防治方面的作用。     

北京市郊区居民膳食结构特征与变化

目的：了解京郊居民目前的膳食结构的特征,研究其随经济发展的变化。方法：采用多级分层抽样的方法,对北京市10个郊区县1 010名居民进行3d 24h膳食回顾调查,分析其自2004年以来膳食结构及营养水平的科学性。结果：京郊居民的膳食结构与膳食宝塔相比,畜禽肉类及烹调油摄入超量,水果类、鱼虾类及奶类食品摄入严重不足。自2004年以来,城镇化建设不断推进,京郊居民膳食结构发生了明显变化,动物性食品及烹调油的摄入量上升,谷薯类及豆类食品的摄入量也均有上升,蔬菜类食品摄入量减少,水果类食品摄入无明显变化。膳食结构的改变使得居民能量及蛋白质摄入充足,但脂肪摄入过多。同时,近年来居民高血压、血脂异常等慢性疾病的患病率均有所上升。结论：经济的发展使得京郊居民的膳食结构发生了明显变化,存在一些不合理之处,与相关慢性疾病发病率的升高等健康问题可能存在密切关系,应引起重视并着力改善。     

Health Service Utilization among Syrian Refugees with Chronic Health Conditions in Jordan

IntroductionThe influx of Syrian refugees into Jordan presents an immense burden to the Jordanian health system, particularly in treating chronic health conditions. This study was undertaken to assess utilization of health services for chronic health conditions among Syrian refugees in non-camp settings.MethodsA survey of Syrian refugees in Jordan was undertaken in June 2014 to characterize health seeking behaviors and issues related to accessing care for hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, and arthritis. A cluster design with probability proportional to size sampling was used to attain a nationally representative sample of 1550 non-camp Syrian refugee households.ResultsOf 1363 cases with a chronic health condition diagnosis, 84.7% had received care in Jordan. Public facilities faced a heavy burden serving over half (53.9%) of care-seekers; the remainder received care in the private (29.6%) and NGO/charity (16.6%) sectors. Individuals with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the central region of Jordan and with arthritis had the lowest rates of care-seeking when compared to other regions and conditions. Overall, 31.6% of care-seekers had an out-of-pocket payment for the most recent care-seeking event which averaged 18.8 USD (median = 0 USD), excluding cost of medications.DiscussionForced displacement presents major challenges to those with NCDs, which have the potential to seriously impact both the quality of life and life expectancy amongst refugees. NCD patterns among Syrian refugees indicate the importance of continuing support to public sector services in Jordan to adequately meet expanding needs and ensure appropriate prevention and control of priority NCDs.     

Is Demography Destiny? Application of Machine Learning Techniques to Accurately Predict Population Health Outcomes from a Minimal Demographic Dataset

For years, we have relied on population surveys to keep track of regional public health statistics, including the prevalence of non-communicable diseases. Because of the cost and limitations of such surveys, we often do not have the up-to-date data on health outcomes of a region. In this paper, we examined the feasibility of inferring regional health outcomes from socio-demographic data that are widely available and timely updated through national censuses and community surveys. Using data for 50 American states (excluding Washington DC) from 2007 to 2012, we constructed a machine-learning model to predict the prevalence of six non-communicable disease (NCD) outcomes (four NCDs and two major clinical risk factors), based on population socio-demographic characteristics from the American Community Survey. We found that regional prevalence estimates for non-communicable diseases can be reasonably predicted. The predictions were highly correlated with the observed data, in both the states included in the derivation model (median correlation 0.88) and those excluded from the development for use as a completely separated validation sample (median correlation 0.85), demonstrating that the model had sufficient external validity to make good predictions, based on demographics alone, for areas not included in the model development. This highlights both the utility of this sophisticated approach to model development, and the vital importance of simple socio-demographic characteristics as both indicators and determinants of chronic disease.     

Condiciones sociodemográficas ambientales asociadas a perfiles de salud-alimentación entre personas adultas mayores,Córdoba-Argentina

IntroductionDemographic trends indicate that population aging is not exclusive to developed countries. Argentina reaches 15.5% of the elderly population. The Covid-19 pandemic has brought to the forefront the public health situation of this population, challenging health systems, with disproportionate impacts on this group, which has suffered more than 80% of the deaths in the country, mainly in those with comorbidities.ObjectiveTo analyze the sociodemographic and environmental conditions involved in the process of development of health and nutrition profiles of the elderly people of Córdoba, Argentina 2020.MethodologyEpidemiological, cross-sectional, population-based study that included 221 elderly people (≥60 years old), through random sampling. Data on sociodemographic and environmental conditions, health and dietary profiles were collected through structured interviews.ResultsThe average age of the participants was 68 years. Eighty-five percent recognized neighborhood contamination, 38% of them being garbage dumps close to their homes. Eighty-nine percent reported at least one non-communicable disease (NCD) or associated risk factor and 66% were overweight (BMI≥25 kg/m²). The presence of obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m²) was associated (OR = 2.05; CI 1.007–3.922) with the development of NCDs. Only 4% of the population complied with the daily fruit and vegetable consumption recommendation.ConclusionThe predominant characteristics of the health and dietary profiles associated with NCDs identified suggest the need to study in depth the social determinants that condition the aging process.     

Advanced glycation end products and their receptor in age-related,non-communicable chronic inflammatory diseases; Overview of clinical evidence and potential contributions to disease

Age-related, non-communicable chronic inflammatory diseases represent the major 21st century health problem. Especially in Western countries, the prevalence of non-communicable diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis are exponentially rising as the population ages. These diseases are determined by common risk factors and share an age-related onset. The affected organs display evidence of accelerated ageing, and are hallmarked by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been implicated in a number of inflammatory diseases and plays a central role in amplifying inflammatory responses. Advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation and accumulation is accelerated under these conditions. Advanced glycation end products are not only linked to RAGE signaling and inflammation, but to various hallmarks of the ageing process. In addition to these biological functions, circulating levels of the soluble form of RAGE and of advanced glycation end products are candidate biomarkers for many age-related inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the mechanistic connections between RAGE and advanced glycation end products and the processes of inflammation and ageing. Furthermore, through the presented overview of AGE-RAGE alterations that have been described in clinical studies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis, and insight obtained from mechanistic in vitro and animal studies, it can be concluded that these AGE-RAGE disturbances are a common contributing factor to the inflammatory state and pathogenesis of these various conditions.     

Crop resistant starch and genetic improvement: a review of recent advances

Resistant starch (RS), as a healthy dietary fiber, meets with great human favor along with the rapid development and improvement of global living standards. RS shows direct effects in reducing postprandial blood glucose levels, serum cholesterol levels and glycemic index. Therefore, RS plays an important role in preventing and improving non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, colon cancer, cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. In addition, RS leads to its potential applied value in the development of high-quality foodstuffs, such as bread, noodles and dumplings. This paper reviews the recent advances in RS research, focusing mainly on RS classification and measurement, formation, quantitative trait locus mapping, genome-wide association studies, molecular marker development and genetic improvement through induced mutations, plant breeding combined with marker-assisted selection and genetic transformation. Challenges and perspectives on further RS research are also discussed.     

Understanding diet-gene interactions: lessons from studying nutrigenomics and cardiovascular disease

Socioeconomic development has resulted in an epidemiologic transition which has involved an increase in mortality and morbidity from chronic non-communicable diseases. Cardiovascular disease is one such disease. The rapidity with which this transition has occurred suggests that genetic factors are unlikely to be responsible. However, studies in twins suggest significant heritability for cardiovascular disease and its associated risk factors. We present data showing diet-gene interactions involving polymorphisms at the PPARA and PLIN loci. These data support the hypothesis that chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease are a consequence of a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, of which diet plays an important role. They suggest that the effects of diet on chronic disease may be masked by heterogeneity of effect related to genetic variability between individuals and that consideration of diet-gene interactions may contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. The identification of diet-gene interactions offers us an opportunity to develop dietary interventions that will obviate the effects of genetic factors on the risk of disease. In this way, we may be able to develop personalized dietary recommendations that optimize the outcome for the individual concerned. Nevertheless, while existing data points to the value of these studies, significant challenges need to be met to ensure that our conclusions are scientifically valid.     

膳食纤维与肠道健康

由于食物的精加工和生活习惯改变,运动减少,现代人的肠道健康状况下降,肠道疾病发病率不断增加,这已经影响到人们的身体健康和日常生活。肠道疾病的发生多与有毒有害物质在肠道内过久滞留,引起肠道环境改变恶化,进而损伤肠道细胞并引发各类炎症有关。本研究综述了59篇有关于膳食纤维和肠道相互作用的文献。研究表明摄入膳食纤维有助于促进肠道蠕动,保持大便顺畅,防止便秘,清除肠道内的有毒有害物质,保持肠道清洁和促进肠道内的益生菌生长等功效。而且,膳食纤维对肠易激综合征,炎症性肠病和肠癌等常见肠道疾病也具有一定的预防和治疗作用。综上,膳食纤维的摄人有益于保持肠道正常生理功能,修复和改善受损肠道环境,对于维护肠道健康有重要意义。     

Prevalence and Patterns of Multi-Morbidity in Serbian Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction

Like many developing countries, Serbia is facing a growing burden of chronic diseases. Within such public health issue, multi-morbidity requires a special attention.

Aims

This study investigated the prevalence of multi-morbidity in the Serbia population and assessed the co-occurrence of chronic diseases by age and gender.

Methods

We analyzed data from the 2013 National Health Survey, which included 13,103 individuals ≥ 20 years old. Multi-morbidity patterns were identified by exploratory factor analysis of data on self-reported chronic diseases, as well as data on measured body weight and height. The analysis was stratified by age and gender.

Results

Multi-morbidity was present in nearly one-third of respondents (26.9%) and existed in all age groups, with the highest prevalence among individuals aged 65 years and older (47.2% of men and 65.0% of women). Six patterns of multi-morbidity were identified: non-communicable, cardio-metabolic, respiratory, cardiovascular, aggregate, and mechanical/mental/metabolic. The non-communicable pattern was observed in both genders but only in the 20–44 years age group, while the aggregate pattern occurred only in middle-aged men. Cardio-metabolic and respiratory patterns were present in all age groups. Cardiovascular and mechanical/mental/metabolic patterns showed similar presentation in both men and women.

Conclusions

Multi-morbidity is a common occurrence among adults in Serbia, especially in the elderly. While several patterns may be explained by underlying pathophysiologies, some require further investigation and follow-up. Recognizing the complexity of multi-morbidity in Serbia is of great importance from both clinical and preventive perspectives given that it affects one-third of the population and may require adjustment of the healthcare system to address the needs of affected individuals.     

Family History as a Predictor for Disease Risk in Healthy Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study in Slovenia

Background

Family history can be used as a genetic risk predictor for common non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of healthy individuals at risk of developing these diseases, based on their self-reported family history.

Methods and Findings

This was a cross-sectional observational study. Data were collected in the three largest occupational practices in primary health care centres in Slovenia, a Central European country. The study population consisted of consecutive individuals who came to occupational practices for their regular preventive check-up from November 2010 to June 2012. We included 1,696 individuals. Data were collected by a self-developed questionnaire. The main outcome was the number of participants at a moderate or high risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer.The final sample consisted of 1,340 respondents. Moderate or high risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases was present in 280 (20.9%) participants, for the development of diabetes in 154 (11.5%) participants and for cancer in 163 (12.1%) participants.

Conclusions

In this study, we found a significant proportion of healthy individuals with an increased genetic risk for common non-communicable diseases; consequently further genetic and clinical evaluation and preventive measures should be offered.     

Trends in notifiable infectious diseases in China: implications for surveillance and population health policy

This study aimed to analyse trends in notifiable infectious diseases in China, in their historical context. Both English and Chinese literature was searched and diseases were categorised according to the type of disease or transmission route. Temporal trends of morbidity and mortality rates were calculated for eight major infectious diseases types. Strong government commitment to public health responses and improvements in quality of life has led to the eradication or containment of a wide range of infectious diseases in China. The overall infectious diseases burden experienced a dramatic drop during 1975-1995, but since then, it reverted and maintained a gradual upward trend to date. Most notifiable diseases are contained at a low endemic level; however, local small-scale outbreaks remain common. Tuberculosis, as a bacterial infection, has re-emerged since the 1990s and has become prevalent in the country. Sexually transmitted infections are in a rapid, exponential growth phase, spreading from core groups to the general population. Together human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), they account for 39% of all death cases due to infectious diseases in China in 2008. Zoonotic infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), rabies and influenza, pose constant threats to Chinese residents and remain the most deadly disease type among the infected individuals. Therefore, second-generation surveillance of behavioural risks or vectors associated with pathogen transmission should be scaled up. It is necessary to implement public health interventions that target HIV and relevant coinfections, address transmission associated with highly mobile populations, and reduce the risk of cross-species transmission of zoonotic pathogens.