hprK 基因敲除及对其枯草芽孢杆菌核黄素发酵的影响

枯草芽孢杆菌在葡萄糖丰富的环境中,胞内糖分解代谢物浓度的提高将引起碳分解代谢物阻遏效应（CCR）及糖吸收 的抑制,对核黄素等发酵过程产生不利影响。通过缺陷细胞的分解代谢物控制蛋白A（CcpA）可以解除CCR效应,但不能解除糖吸收的抑制。磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸-糖磷酸转移酶系统（PTS）是枯草芽孢杆菌主要的糖吸收方式,HPr蛋白和双功能的HPr激酶/HPr-Ser46-P 磷酸酶（HprK/P）参与PTS系统的调控。在葡萄糖丰富的条件下,K96SRQ 的激酶活性受1,6二磷酸果糖激活,催化HPr蛋白46位丝氨酸残基磷酸化,形成HPr-Ser46-P.HPr-Ser46-P抑制某些碳源透过酶基因的表达;同时HPr-Ser46-P难以被酶I在His15磷酸化,不能在PTS系统中发挥转移磷酸基团的作用,使细胞的糖吸收受到抑制。在CcpA缺陷的背景下,敲除核黄素生产菌株B.subtilis24Al/Pmx45 的HprK/P 编码基因hprK,构建了CcpA和HprK/P双缺陷的重组菌B.subtilisZHc/Pmx45.摇瓶发酵显示,B.subtilisZHc/Pmx45核黄素发酵的最适葡萄糖浓度由24Al/Pmx45的8%提高到10%;核黄素产量达到4.374mg/Ml,比24Al/Pmx45提高了19.2%。结果表明,CcpA和HprK/P的双缺陷可有效解除高浓度葡萄糖所引起的CCR效 应和糖吸收抑制,有助于提高细胞对葡萄糖的耐受力,并提高核黄素产量。     

枯草芽孢杆菌ccpA基因敲除及对其核黄素产量的影响

CcpA蛋白是介导枯草芽孢杆菌碳分解代谢物阻遏(CCR)的全局调控因子,由ccpA基因编码。CCR效应的存在影响B.subtilis对葡萄糖的利用,降低B.subtilis生产发酵产品的效率。采用基因重组技术敲除了核黄素发酵菌株B.subtilis24/pMX45的ccpA基因,构建了CcpA缺陷株B.subtilis24A1/pMX45。发酵结果显示:B.subtilis24A1/pMX45能够在70h内基本耗尽10%的葡萄糖,生物量达到1.5×109个细胞/mL,溢流代谢产物积累量减少,在8%和10%葡萄糖浓度下,B.subtilis24A1/pMX45核黄素产量分别比B.subtilis24/pMX45提高了62%和95%。CcpA的缺陷,可以缓解葡萄糖引起的CCR效应,显著提高菌株的核黄素产量。     

过量无机盐及谷氨酸抑制重组菌核黄素发酵

在重组枯草芽孢杆菌24/pMX45核黄素发酵中,酵母粉促进核黄素合成,酵母抽提物抑制核黄素合成。分析显示,酵母抽提物的无机离子和游离氨基酸含量均高于酵母粉。在酵母粉基础发酵培养基中,添加各种无机离子和游离氨基酸,使其含量与酵母抽提物相同。摇瓶发酵结果表明:过量的无机离子和谷氨酸对核黄素合成有显著的抑制作用。酵母抽提物含有较高浓度的谷氨酸,是其抑制核黄素合成的主要原因。     

大肠杆菌ptsHI-crr基因的敲除及其对苯丙氨酸生产的影响

L-苯丙氨酸(L-phenylalanine)是重要的食品和医药中间体。利用大肠杆菌发酵葡萄糖生产苯丙氨酸时,对葡萄糖转运起重要作用的磷酸烯醇丙酮酸糖磷酸转移酶系统(PTS)对苯丙氨酸产量有很大影响。由ptsHI-crr操纵子编码的磷酸组氨酸载体蛋白(HPr),酶I(EI)和酶IIAGlc是PTS的必要组分,通过敲除ptsHI-crr得到PTS缺陷菌株,可以使葡萄糖代谢更多地流向苯丙氨酸生物合成。采用Red同源重组技术将大肠杆菌染色体上的ptsHI-crr基因替换为四环素抗性基因,得到PTS缺陷菌株。该菌株在以葡萄糖为惟一碳源的培养基中摇瓶培养,菌密度为对照菌株的2.7倍,苯丙氨酸产量为对照菌株的6.3倍。     

微生物分解代谢物控制蛋白CcpA的研究进展

碳分解代谢物阻遏（carbon catabolite repression, CCR）是指微生物在混合碳源发酵时优先利用速效碳源（通常为葡萄糖）,且该碳源的代谢产物会抑制其他非速效碳源代谢相关的基因表达和蛋白活性,从而影响非速效碳源利用的现象。在低GC含量革兰氏阳性菌中,CCR效应的关键调控因子为分解代谢物控制蛋白CcpA（catabolite control protein A）.该调控蛋白具有多效性功能,除参与CCR外,还与中心碳、氮代谢的调控、生物被膜的形成和毒性基因的表达等多种生删过程相关。综述厂近年来有关CcpA蛋白的功能、作用机制及分子结构的研究进展。     

大肠杆菌PTS系统改造及重组菌生长性能测定

利用Red重组系统对野生大肠杆菌Escherichia coli磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸-糖磷酸转移酶系统(Phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system,PTS)进行修饰改造,敲除PTS系统中关键组分EⅡCBGlc的编码基因(ptsG),磷酸组氨酸搬运蛋白HPr的编码基因(ptsI),同时敲入来源于运动发酵单胞菌Zymomonas mobilis的葡萄糖易化体(Glucose facilitator)编码基因(glf),构建重组大肠杆菌,比较测定并系统评价了基因敲除和敲入对细胞的生长、葡萄糖代谢和乙酸积累的影响。敲除基因ptsG和ptsI造成大肠杆菌PTS系统部分功能缺失,细胞生长受到一定限制,敲入glf基因后,重组大肠杆菌能够利用Glf-Glk(葡萄糖易化体-葡萄糖激酶)途径,消耗ATP将葡萄糖进行磷酸化并转运进入细胞。通过该途径转运葡萄糖能够提高葡萄糖利用效率,降低副产物乙酸生成,同时能够使更多的碳代谢流进入后续相关合成途径,预期能够提高相关产物产量。     

化脓性链球菌磷酸酶转移系统研究进展

化脓性链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)是一种引起人类多种疾病的革兰阳性病原菌,其磷酸烯醇丙酮酸依赖性磷酸转移酶系统(Phosphoenol pyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase pathway, PTS)由系统通透酶(EII)、通用PTS系统蛋白酶I(EI)和含组氨酸蛋白(HPr)组成,受HPr磷酸化状态调节,具有摄取葡萄糖和果糖的功能,PTS组分对SLS、Mga和sagA等毒力因子表达产生影响。主要对PTS系统的组分、调节机制、糖类摄取和对毒力影响等进行综述,为化脓性链球菌PTS系统所影响的调控网络和代谢通路的深入研究提供参考。     

枯草芽孢杆菌核黄素操纵子rib operon的克隆与表达

目的:构建产核黄素的枯草芽孢杆菌基因工程菌.方法:以穿梭载体pEB03构建核黄素操纵子的表达质粒载体pGJB13和pGJB14,与质粒pMX45分别转化产核黄素的枯草芽孢杆菌GJ07,并通过发酵摇瓶实验检测核黄素的产量.结果:得到产核黄素的工程菌GJ13 、GJ14和GJ08,在以蔗糖为碳源的发酵条件下,GJ08可产核黄素820mg/L,提高了约55%.结论:得到了产核黄素的高产菌种G J08.     

大肠杆菌ptsG基因的敲除及其对L-phe生产的影响

L-phe是重要的食品和医药中间体,用大肠杆菌发酵葡萄糖生成phe时,对葡糖糖转运起重要作用的磷酸烯醇丙酮酸糖磷酸转移酶系统(PTS)对phe产量合成有很大影响,在大肠杆菌PTS系统中,葡糖糖主要由ptsG基因编码的葡萄糖特异性转运蛋白酶ⅡCBGlc转运入细胞,通过基因敲除技术获取ptsG缺陷菌株,可以减少菌株对葡糖糖的摄取,减少乙酸的生成,利于菌株的高密度发酵和相关代谢中间物获得。利用Red同源重组技术将大肠杆菌染色体上的ptsG基因进行敲除,得到PTS缺陷菌株MD-ptsG-。该菌株在以葡萄糖为惟一碳源的培养基中摇瓶培养,菌密度为对照菌株的3.5倍,L-phe产量提高12%。     

Knockout of ptsG Gene in Escherichia coli and Its Influence on Production of L-phenylalanine

L-phe 是重要的食品和医药中间体,用大肠杆菌发酵葡萄糖生成 phe 时,对葡糖糖转运起重要作用的磷酸烯醇丙酮酸糖磷酸转移酶系统(PTS)对 phe 产量合成有很大影响,在大肠杆菌 PTS 系统中,葡糖糖主要由 ptsG 基因编码的葡萄糖特异性转运蛋白酶ⅡCBGlc转运入细胞,通过基因敲除技术获取ptsG缺陷菌株,可以减少菌株对葡糖糖的摄取,减少乙酸的生成,利于菌株的高密度发酵和相关代谢中间物获得.利用 Red 同源重组技术将大肠杆菌染色体上的 ptsG 基因进行敲除,得到 PTS 缺陷菌株 MD-ptsG-.该菌株在以葡萄糖为惟一碳源的培养基中摇瓶培养,菌密度为对照菌株的3.5倍,L-phe 产量提高12％.     

Catabolite regulation of the pta gene as part of carbon flow pathways in Bacillus subtilis

In Bacillus subtilis, the products of the pta and ackA genes, phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase, play a crucial role in the production of acetate, one of the most abundant by-products of carbon metabolism in this gram-positive bacterium. Although these two enzymes are part of the same pathway, only mutants with inactivated ackA did not grow in the presence of glucose. Inactivation of pta had only a weak inhibitory effect on growth. In contrast to pta and ackA in Escherichia coli, the corresponding B. subtilis genes are not cotranscribed. Expression of the pta gene was increased in the presence of glucose, as has been reported for ackA. The effects of the predicted cis-acting catabolite response element (CRE) located upstream from the promoter and of the trans-acting proteins CcpA, HPr, Crh, and HPr kinase on the catabolite regulation of pta were investigated. As for ackA, glucose activation was abolished in ccpA and hprK mutants and in the ptsH1 crh double mutant. Footprinting experiments demonstrated an interaction between CcpA and the pta CRE sequence, which is almost identical to the proposed CRE consensus sequence. This interaction occurs only in the presence of Ser-46-phosphorylated HPr (HPrSer-P) or Ser-46-phosphorylated Crh (CrhSer-P) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP). In addition to CcpA, carbon catabolite activation of the pta gene therefore requires at least two other cofactors, FBP and either HPr or Crh, phosphorylated at Ser-46 by the ATP-dependent Hpr kinase.     

CcpA-mediated repression of Clostridium difficile toxin gene expression

The presence of glucose or other rapidly metabolizable carbon sources in the bacterial growth medium strongly represses Clostridium difficile toxin synthesis independently of strain origin. In Gram-positive bacteria, carbon catabolite repression (CCR) is generally regarded as a regulatory mechanism that responds to carbohydrate availability. In the C. difficile genome all elements involved in CCR are present. To elucidate in vivo the role of CCR in C. difficile toxin synthesis, we used the ClosTron gene knockout system to construct mutants of strain JIR8094 that were unable to produce the major components of the CCR signal transduction pathway: the phosphotransferase system (PTS) proteins (Enzyme I and HPr), the HPr kinase/phosphorylase (HprK/P) and the catabolite control protein A, CcpA. Inactivation of the ptsI, ptsH and ccpA genes resulted in derepression of toxin gene expression in the presence of glucose, whereas repression of toxin production was still observed in the hprK mutant, indicating that uptake of glucose is required for repression but that phosphorylation of HPr by HprK is not. C. difficile CcpA was found to bind to the regulatory regions of the tcdA and tcdB genes but not through a consensus cre site motif. Moreover in vivo and in vitro results confirmed that HPr-Ser45-P does not stimulate CcpA-dependent binding to DNA targets. However, fructose-1,6-biphosphate (FBP) alone did increase CcpA binding affinity in the absence of HPr-Ser45-P. These results showed that CcpA represses toxin expression in response to PTS sugar availability, thus linking carbon source utilization to virulence gene expression in C. difficile.     

Protein kinase-dependent HPr/CcpA interaction links glycolytic activity to carbon catabolite repression in Gram-positive bacteria

CcpA, the repressor/activator mediating carbon catabolite repression and glucose activation in many Gram-positive bacteria, has been purified from Bacillus megaterium after fusing it to a His tag. CcpA-his immobilized on a Ni-NTA resin specifically interacted with HPr phosphorylated at seryl residue 46. HPr, a phosphocarrier protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate: glycose phosphotransferase system (PTS), can be phosphorylated at two different sites: (i) at His-15 in a PEP-dependent reaction catalysed by enzyme I of the PTS; and (ii) at Ser-46 in an ATP-dependent reaction catalysed by a metabolite-activated protein kinase. Neither unphosphorylated HPr nor HPr phosphorylated at His-15 nor the doubly phosphorylated HPr bound to CcpA. The interaction with seryl-phosphorylated HPr required the presence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. These findings suggest that carbon catabolite repression in Gram-positive bacteria is a protein kinase-triggered mechanism. Glycolytic intermediates, stimulating the corresponding protein kinase and the P-ser-HPr/CcpA complex formation, provide a link between glycolytic activity and carbon catabolite repression. The sensitivity of this complex formation to phosphorylation of HPr at His-15 also suggests a link between carbon catabolite repression and PTS transport activity.     

Catabolite repression resistance of gnt operon expression in Bacillus subtilis conferred by mutation of His-15, the site of phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of the phosphocarrier protein HPr.

Carbon catabolite repression of the gnt operon of Bacillus subtilis is mediated by the catabolite control protein CcpA and by HPr, a phosphocarrier protein of the phosphotransferase system. ATP-dependent phosphorylation of HPr at Ser-46 is required for carbon catabolite repression as ptsH1 mutants in which Ser-46 of HPr is replaced with an unphosphorylatable alanyl residue are resistant to carbon catabolite repression. We here demonstrate that mutation of His-15 of HPr, the site of phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation, also prevents carbon catabolite repression of the gnt operon. A strain which expressed two mutant HPrs (one in which Ser-46 is replaced by Ala [S46A HPr] and one in which His-15 is replaced by Ala [H15A HPr]) on the chromosome was barely sensitive to carbon catabolite repression, although the H15A mutant HPr can be phosphorylated at Ser-46 by the ATP-dependent HPr kinase in vitro and in vivo. The S46D mutant HPr which structurally resembles seryl-phosphorylated HPr has a repressive effect on gnt expression even in the absence of a repressing sugar. By contrast, the doubly mutated H15E,S46D HPr, which resembles the doubly phosphorylated HPr because of the negative charges introduced by the mutations at both phosphorylation sites, had no such effect. In vitro assays substantiated these findings and demonstrated that in contrast to the wild-type seryl-phosphorylated HPr and the S46D mutant HPr, seryl-phosphorylated H15A mutant HPr and H15E,S46D doubly mutated HPr did not interact with CcpA. These results suggest that His-15 of HPr is important for carbon catabolite repression and that either mutation or phosphorylation at His-15 can prevent carbon catabolite repression.     

Residues His-15 and Arg-17 of HPr participate differently in catabolite signal processing via CcpA

The carbon catabolite control protein A (CcpA) senses the physiological state of the cell by binding several effectors and responds with differential regulation of many genes in Bacilli. HPr-Ser46-P or Crh-Ser46-P interact with CcpA and stimulate binding to catabolite responsive elements. In addition, the glycolytic intermediates fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) and glucose 6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) stimulate HPr-Ser46-P but not Crh-Ser46-P binding to CcpA. The mechanisms by which coeffector binding to CcpA is linked to differential gene expression are unclear. To address this question we mutated residues participating in the interaction between HPr-Ser46-P or Crh-Ser46-P and CcpA and analyzed their effects on CcpA binding and stimulation of cre binding by surface plasmon resonance. The HPrH15A and CcpAD297A mutations do not affect complex formation but abolish FBP and Glc-6-P stimulation. Likewise, the CrhQ15H mutant becomes sensitive to these glycolytic intermediates. Hence, the contact of HPrHis-15 to Asp-297 in CcpA is a determinant for HPr specific FBP and Glc-6-P stimulation. The HPrR17A and -K mutants are both strongly impaired in stimulation of CcpA binding to cre, but only HPrR17A is defect in binding to CcpA indicating that these residues affect allostery of CcpA. Mutations of the residues of CcpA, which contact Arg-17 of HPr, exhibit differential effects on regulation of catabolic genes. Taken together, His-15 of HPr processes sensing information, while Arg-17 is involved in determining the genetic output.