甘南高原农户对极端天气的适应障碍及适应意向

基于入户调查数据,探讨了甘南高原农户对极端天气的适应障碍,并采用二元Logistic回归模型分析了适应障碍对农户适应意向的影响。结果发现:(1)甘南高原农户面临的规范性障碍最严重,信息技术障碍次之,再次为制度障碍和认知障碍。不同生计农户面临的适应障碍存在差异,其中,纯农户主要面临信息技术障碍,兼业户和非农户则主要面临规范性障碍。(2)纯农户对极端天气的适应意向主要受认知障碍、信息准确性障碍、适应策略选择时机障碍、政策激励障碍和牲畜拥有量的影响,兼业户主要受认知障碍、技术服务障碍、政策激励障碍影响,非农户主要受认知障碍、资源获取性障碍影响。除适应策略选择时机障碍外,其余适应障碍越小,不同生计农户的积极适应意向均越强。最后,提出了解决农户适应障碍的对策建议。     

烟草连作障碍与土壤理化性质及微生物多样性特征的关联

【背景】烟草是我国最重要的经济作物之一,其忌连作的特点严重影响了我国烟草产业的发展。【目的】通过研究烟草连作障碍、土壤理化性质和微生物多样性特征的关系,为解决烟草连作障碍问题、制定有效的烟草生产技术提供理论基础。【方法】选择连作障碍严重烟田和克服连作障碍烟田作为研究对象,基于高通量测序技术,探究烟田连作障碍情况、烟田理化性质与土壤微生物多样性的联系。【结果】克服连作障碍的烟田土壤pH、总氮和有机质含量显著高于连作障碍严重的烟田土壤,克服连作障碍烟田和连作障碍严重烟田土壤微生物多样性之间不存在显著差异,但土壤微生物优势群落发生了显著改变,烟田土壤的pH、有机质、有效磷、总氮都与微生物群落显著相关。【结论】烟田克服连作障碍的差异,可能与烟田土壤的理化性质以及微生物组成的差异有关,此研究为解决湘西烟区连作障碍问题提供理论基础和技术支持。     

学习障碍儿童的弹性发展研究

学习障碍是学龄儿童较常见的问题之一。近年来,西方学者在学习障碍领域开始引人弹性发展理论,取得了大量的研究成果。本文就弹性发展理论的内容、影响学习障碍儿童弹性发展的保护性因素和危险性因素、弹性发展的作用机制以及学习障碍儿童的弹性干预作了简要的介绍,以期对我国的学习障碍研究和干预有所启发。     

系统生物学在认知功能障碍研究中的应用

认知功能障碍可导致患者日常生活能力、社会适应能力明显下降,严重影响患者的生活质量。根据近年来众多研究显示,认知功能障碍的发生发展与基因、蛋白质、微生物等内环境因素的失调和紊乱有关。基于系统生物学的研究,梳理了近年来国内外研究学者在代谢组学、蛋白质组学、基因组学和肠道微生物组学层面对认知功能障碍的研究,并对系统生物学在认知功能障碍中的应用前景进行了展望,以期为认知功能障碍相关研究提供参考。     

老年帕金森病患者睡眠障碍的危险因素及其对认知功能、心理状态和衰弱的影响

摘要 目的：探讨老年帕金森病（PD）患者睡眠障碍的危险因素,并观察睡眠障碍对认知功能、心理状态和衰弱的影响。方法：选取2018年3月~2021年9月期间中国人民解放军海军青岛特勤疗养中心收治的91例老年PD患者作为研究对象,根据是否存在睡眠障碍将入选的91例患者分为睡眠障碍组（n=56）及非睡眠障碍组（n=35）。采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）评估所有患者的认知功能状况。采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评价患者焦虑、抑郁情况。采用Tilburg衰弱评估量表评估所有患者的衰弱情况。采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨老年PD患者睡眠障碍的危险因素,并观察睡眠障碍对认知功能、心理状态和衰弱的影响。结果：睡眠障碍组的视空间与执行功能、语言、命名、延迟回忆、注意、抽象、定向评分及总分均低于非睡眠障碍组（P<0.05）。睡眠障碍组的HAMA、HAMD评分均高于非睡眠障碍组（P<0.05）。睡眠障碍组的心理衰弱、躯体衰弱、社会衰弱评分及总分均高于非睡眠障碍组（P<0.05）。多因素Losgistic回归分析结果显示：HAMA评分偏高、多巴丝肼片等效剂量偏高、HAMD评分偏高、Hcy偏高是老年PD患者睡眠障碍的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：HAMA评分偏高、Hcy偏高、多巴丝肼片等效剂量偏高、HAMD评分偏高是老年PD患者睡眠障碍的危险因素。同时,睡眠障碍可加重老年PD患者的认知功能障碍和衰弱程度,增加抑郁焦虑情绪。     

脑胶质瘤患者术后睡眠障碍的影响因素分析及对认知功能、心理状态和康复进程的影响

摘要 目的：分析脑胶质瘤患者术后睡眠障碍的影响因素,并探讨术后睡眠障碍对机体认知功能、心理状态和康复进程的影响。方法：选择2019年4月~2021年12月期间中国医科大学附属第一医院收治的260例脑胶质瘤患者。根据病例资料收集并记录患者基本信息,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析脑胶质瘤患者术后睡眠障碍的影响因素。以匹茨堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）评估所有患者的睡眠质量;以简易智力状态检查量表（MMSE）、蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）评估所有患者的认知功能;以焦虑自评量表（SAS）评分和抑郁自评量表（SDS）评估所有患者的心理状态。观察睡眠障碍对机体认知功能、心理状态和康复进程的影响。结果：260例脑胶质瘤患者中,出现睡眠障碍的有98例,睡眠障碍发生率为37.69%。根据是否发生睡眠障碍将患者分为睡眠障碍组（n=98）和无睡眠障碍组（n=162）。单因素分析结果显示：脑胶质瘤患者术后睡眠障碍与性别、肿瘤部位、脑胶质瘤病理分级、肿瘤直径、合并疾病数量、术后疼痛评分有关（P<0.05）,而与年龄、体质量指数、文化程度、家庭人均月收入、手术时间、术中出血量、肿瘤占位症状、吸烟史、饮酒史、术前卡式功能状态（KPS）评分无关（P>0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：性别为女、合并疾病数量2种及其以上、术后疼痛评分偏高、肿瘤部位为多个脑叶、脑胶质瘤病理分级为Ⅲ级是脑胶质瘤患者术后睡眠障碍的危险因素（P<0.05）。睡眠障碍组的MoCA、MMSE评分均低于无睡眠障碍组（P<0.05）。睡眠障碍组的SAS、SDS评分均高于无睡眠障碍组（P<0.05）。睡眠障碍组的术后恢复进食时间、首次下床活动时间、尿管拔除时间、术后住院时间均长于无睡眠障碍组（P<0.05）。结论：脑胶质瘤患者术后睡眠障碍的发生率较高,性别、术后疼痛评分、合并疾病数量、脑胶质瘤病理分级、肿瘤部位均是睡眠障碍的影响因素,睡眠障碍会影响患者的认知功能,增加抑郁焦虑程度,影响康复进程。     

三七连作障碍研究进展

三七是中国名贵中药材之一,但其在种植环节中存在严重的连作障碍现象。连作障碍产生的原因主要有根际土壤微生物群落变化、土传病虫害增加、化感物质积累及其自毒作用、土壤理化性状恶变等。以前三七连作障碍研究多集中于单一因素对连作障碍的影响及三七病虫害防治,疏于综合分析各种因素间的内在联系和相互影响。本文总结了作物连作障碍形成机制的最新研究进展,综合分析了各因素间可能存在的关系,首次提出了各因素对三七连作障碍影响指数的评估方法,建议了未来研究方向,旨在为揭示三七连作障碍形成机制提供参考,并为连作障碍消减提供理论依据。     

大蒜连作障碍形成机理的研究进展

大蒜是我国重要的经济作物,大蒜连作障碍是制约其产量和品质的关键因素.本文从连作障碍对大蒜生长的影响入手,通过阐述大蒜土壤微生物群落失衡、土壤养分不均衡、自毒作用及各因素相互关系等,解析大蒜连作障碍形成的机理机制.同时,对目前大蒜生产中常用的,防治连作障碍的手段进行分析,最后对大蒜连作障碍研究方向做出展望.     

生物酶控制纸浆树脂障碍的研究进展

在制浆造纸过程中,沉积的树脂会影响纸浆和成纸质量,降低设备的运行效率,最终造成经济损失。由于传统控制树脂障碍的方法不能很好地解决这一问题,因此具有高效催化和无污染的特性的生物酶法在该方面得到快速发展。文中介绍了树脂的成分、存在形式和控制树脂障碍的生物酶,重点介绍了脂肪酶、甾醇酯酶、漆酶和脂氧合酶控制纸浆中树脂障碍的机理和工艺研究方面的进展,指出了生物酶控制树脂障碍技术目前存在的主要问题,提出了该领域的主要研究方向,并对生物酶控制树脂障碍技术进行了展望。     

气候变化对黑龙江省水稻障碍型冷害的影响

明确气候变化对黑龙江省水稻孕穗期和抽穗期障碍型冷害的影响,可为水稻安全生产提供科学依据。基于黑龙江省70个台站1971—2012年的气象资料和10个台站1980—2011年水稻生育期数据,结合水稻障碍型冷害指标,分析了气候变化对黑龙江省水稻障碍型冷害的影响。结果表明:(1)水稻孕穗期障碍型冷害1990s发生频率最低,2000s发生频率最高;抽穗期障碍型冷害1970s和1980s发生频率高,1990s和2000s发生频率低。(2)抽穗期障碍型冷害发生程度大于孕穗期障碍型冷害。(3)不同熟型水稻品种可种植北界逐渐北移东扩,极早熟、早熟和中熟品种可种植范围分别缩小了5、21和11个县(市),中晚熟和晚熟品种可种植范围分别扩大了14和23个县(市)。(4)随着水稻种植格局的变化,不同熟型水稻障碍型冷害均在1990s发生频率最低,2000s发生频率最高。     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗婴幼儿血管瘤的疗效分析

目的：分析激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗婴幼儿血管瘤的疗效。方法：将120例处于增殖期血管瘤患儿分成观察组和对照组各60例,观察组给予激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗,对照组采用激光治疗,比较两组患者的治疗疗效。结果：观察组和对照组的总有效率分别为96．7％和66．7％,两组比较具有显著差异,P〈0．05;对于表浅病灶,观察组治疗的有效率为96．8％,对照组为84．8％,两组之间无差异,P〉0．05;对于深部病灶,观察组和对照组的总有效率分别为96．6％和44．4％,具有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论：激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗婴幼儿血管瘤具有较好的疗效,尤其对深部增殖期的血管瘤具有较好的效果,适合在临床推广应用。     

Areography of the Gymnosperms of China (1) Distribution of the Pinaceae of China

Nine of 10 genera and 119 of approximately 240 species of the Pinaceae occur in China, including 67 endemic species and two endemic genera. In this paper, the distributional maps of all the genera of the Pinaceae are presented (fig. 1-8). The horizontal and vertical distributions of species in each genus are discussed. The analysis of the distribution patterns of the genera indicates that some genera, such as Keteleeria, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are restricted to the area south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River, and the others, i. e. Picea, Abies, Larix and Pinus, extend northward to northeastern China. However, all of the genera except Keteleeria and Pinus are not found in very dry areas and tropical mountainous regions of China. The monotypic genera, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are distributed in eastern and central China. The genus Keteleeria consists of 10 species, 7 of which are concentrated in southern Guizhou, northern Guangxi, southwestern Hunan and easternmost Yunnan. The distribution of the remaining 6 genera shows the maximum concentration in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. (Figs. 2-8). Furthermore, more than third of species of the Pinaceae (37.8%) are also concentrated in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. where a great variety of habitats and different topographic features occur. It is apparent that to conduct our systematic and evolutionary studies on this family in these region is especially needed. The relations between the areal size and the tolerance of species are discussed. The distributions of macrofossils and microfossils of the genera of the Pinaceae ia China are given, and it has been proved that areas of most genera of the family were considerably larger in the past. than at present.     

不同种源山桐子果实脂肪酸组成变异分析

以采自11个种源的山桐子为材料,测定其果实脂肪酸的组成及其变异情况,结果表明：山桐子果实中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,尤以亚油酸含量最高,11个种源的平均值为63．58％,且种源间差异显著,分宜、宜昌种源亚油酸相对含量明显高于其他9个种源;饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸为主,11个种源山桐子果实棕榈酸差异显著,且以平武种源最高;其余脂肪酸含量均较低,变异幅度较大;种子中棕榈酸和棕榈烯酸含量明显高于果肉,而亚油酸、亚麻酸及硬脂酸含量明显低于果肉,油酸含量相近：果实不饱和脂肪酸含量依次为果肉〉全果〉种子,且变异系数及相对极差均较小,尤以果肉中最小;除硬脂酸外,山桐子果实中其他4种主要脂肪酸组分受海拔等地理环境的影响均较小。     

我国植物模式标本的馆藏量

植物标本是物种存在的永久凭证,模式标本在保障命名体系稳定中有不可替代的作用。标本馆藏量和模式标本数量反映一个国家或地区的历史积累。作者通过对比分析,发现我国的标本馆藏量远低于国际平均水平,模式标本馆藏量也相对较少,历史积累不足。在数字化本土馆藏模式标本基础上,标本数字化平台项目应将国外馆藏的中国植物种类的模式标本"引渡"回国。今后我国植物分类学研究者的重要工作之一是加强空白地区和国外标本采集,提高馆藏标本的代表性。     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

Molecular biology of metal tolerances of plants

Abstract. The review discusses some of the important aspects of the molecular biology of metal tolerances in animals, fungi and plants. First, results of classical ecological and genetical studies are briefly outlined. The evidence for the occurrence and properties of metal-binding proteins (metallothioneins) and peptides (phytochelatins) in fungi and plants is described. It is concluded that at present there is no firm evidence to suggest that a protein homologous with the metallothioneins of animals and fungi occurs in plants. The discovery of phytochelatins, γ-glutarnyl peptides, containing only glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine, in plants is described and evidence for their role in heavy metal tolerance is assessed. The difference between sulphur metabolism in animals and plants and its relationship to heavy metal tolerances is discussed in terms of the occurrences of metallothioneins in animals and phytochelalins in plants. Future prospects for research in this area are outlined in terms of identification of plant genes coding for metallothioneins and for the enzymes involved in the synthesis of phytochelatins.     

Comparison of Physiology and Anatomy of Seedlings and Regenerants of Sugar Beet

Whole sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv. Ras poly) plants were grown in the greenhouse from the same seed stock used for an in vitro shoot tip culture. In vitro produced sugar beet plants exhibited a high content of chlorophylls a and b, carotene, and total and soluble sugars. On the other hand, total protein content of in vivo plants was higher than that of in vitro plants. No differences were found by SDS-PAGE analysis in the nature and contents of soluble proteins of in vitro propagated plants and greenhouse-grown plants. Surfaces of epidermal cells were larger and palisade and spongy paranchyma tissues were thicker in leaves of regenerants than in leaves of seedlings. Vascular tissues in leaf petioles in regenerants were flat and more differentiated than in seedlings. Closed and undeveloped stomata were found on the abaxial leaf surface of regenerants, whereas in seedlings the stomata were open. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

In defense of Louis Pasteur: Critique of Gerald Geison's deconstruction of Pasteur's discovery of molecular chirality

Louis Pasteur discovered the phenomenon of molecular chirality, based on his studies of tartrate crystals. His finding remains one of the most important discoveries in the history of chemistry and a fundamentally important chemical phenomenon, with essential implications in biology. In his 1995 book The Private Science of Louis Pasteur, the eminent historian of science Gerald L. Geison (1943‐2001) was highly critical of much of Pasteur's work including his discovery of molecular chirality. The in‐depth analysis provided in this article indicates, however, that the negative assessment of Pasteur's chirality work by Geison is entirely without scientific basis. Criticisms of Pasteur in the book for other “transgressions” in his chirality work, such as supposed influences of his personal biases and stubbornly held a priori notions, misrepresentation of his scientific work in his publications and lectures, and unethical and career‐minded conduct, are also not supported by the evidence. Other troubling features of the book include a broad failure to assure accuracy in a variety of fundamental and important information, including errors in names, dates, events, referencing, indexing, and French‐language text.