年龄对布氏田鼠和长爪沙鼠能量代谢的影响

能量代谢对动物的存活和繁殖等生活史特征具有重要的调控作用.布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)和长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)是内蒙古草原同域分布的两种啮齿动物,前者的体重和野外寿命要明显小于后者,这符合寿命随体型增大而增加的一般规律.本研究进一步探讨了随年龄增加,两种动物的能量代谢特征的改变.发现布氏田鼠的非颤抖性产热能力随年龄增加而降低,而长爪沙鼠的非颤抖性产热能力随年龄增加而保持稳定.布氏田鼠的摄食能力和身体脂肪储备随年龄增加而降低;而长爪沙鼠摄食能力不随年龄改变,脂肪储备则随年龄增加而增加.长爪沙鼠的基础代谢水平低于布氏田鼠,其繁殖成熟时间更长.本研究推测,这些随年龄而变的生理特征反映了两种动物不同的生活史对策:布氏田鼠更倾向于尽快繁殖,其他与生存相关的生理指标随年龄增加而迅速降低,而长爪沙鼠更倾向于将能量投资到较晚期的存活和繁殖.     

光周期对布氏田鼠和长爪沙鼠体重和能量代谢的影响

本测定了光周期对雄性布氏田鼠和长爪沙鼠的体重、基础代谢率和能量代谢的影响。动物从长光照(16L：8D,LD)转入短光照(8L：16D,SD)条件下驯化6周(田鼠)和7周(沙鼠)。结果显示：(1)无论在LD还是SD条件下,两种动物的体重都趋于增加,但反应程度不同也具有种间差异性。两种动物的体重对光周期的反应有时段性,约14d前两种动物的体重增加迅速,而后增加缓慢,3周左右趋于稳定。短光照条件下布氏田鼠和长爪沙鼠的体重分别增长了37％和11％,均低于长光照组(分别为47％和25％),说明短光照条件下布氏田鼠和长爪沙鼠的体重增长较长光照缓慢;(2)光照对两种动物的摄入能、消化能和可代谢能均没有显影响,摄入能与体重的增长无关;(3)光照对两种动物的基础代谢率无显影响。这些结果表明：布氏田鼠和长爪沙鼠在自然环境中,可能以光周期作为一种信号,当环境温度降低、食物质量变劣时,采取降低体重以减少绝对能量需求的策略而适应环境。     

长期强迫运动对布氏田鼠体重和血清瘦素浓度的影响

动物稳定体重的维持需要能量摄入和消耗之间的平衡.运动是影响动物能量平衡的重要因素之一.为了理解运动对布氏田鼠的生理学效应,我们在室内条件下,运用踏车测定了强迫运动训练6周后动物的体重、体脂含量、摄食量和瘦素浓度的变化.摄食量采用代谢笼法测定,体脂含量采用索氏提取法,血清瘦素含量采用放免试剂盒测定.结果发现强迫运动训练6周对布氏田鼠的体重和摄食量都无显著影响,与非运动训练组田鼠相比,运动训练组田鼠的身体脂肪重量降低了3.5 g,运动组田鼠的血清瘦素水平比对照组下降了30%.对照组田鼠的血清瘦素与体脂含量具有明显的相关性,但运动组则不具有相关性.这些结果表明在强迫运动训练期间布氏田鼠不是通过增加食物摄入,而可能是通过动员贮存的脂肪和减少非活动性能量消耗等方式来维持自身的能量平衡.瘦素在长期强迫运动训练过程中对身体脂肪含量的变化具有调节作用.     

长爪沙鼠和布氏田鼠汗腺的分布与密度

哺乳动物受到高温胁迫时可通过分泌汗液调节体温。一般认为啮齿类在高温时不出汗,但有关野生啮齿类汗腺的资料不多。我们以长爪沙鼠和布氏田鼠为研究对象,采用苏木精—伊红染色方法,观察了身体各部位皮肤的形态学特征、汗腺的分布和密度。结果显示:(1)两种鼠的头部、口角、胸部、腋窝、腹部、背部和后腿部的皮肤都无汗腺分布,只在不被毛的前足与被毛的后足有外泌汗腺分布;(2)长爪沙鼠前、后足皮肤汗腺的密度分别为(2.40±0.49)个/mm2和(0.15±0.03)个/mm2,前足显著多于后足;布氏田鼠前、后足皮肤汗腺的密度分别为(0.37±0.05)个/mm2和(0.21±0.08)个/mm2,前、后足无显著差异。两种鼠前后足皮肤的汗腺密度可能与被毛状态相关,有被毛则汗腺密度低。推测长爪沙鼠和布氏田鼠前后足的汗腺可能具有辅助散热和运动时增加摩擦力等功能。     

自愿转轮运动对长爪沙鼠身体组成的影响

为研究自愿转轮运动对长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)体重的影响,在以前工作的基础上,分析了自愿转轮运动及8周后体重、胴体重和体水,以及心、肝、脾、肺、肾、性腺(睾丸或卵巢)、消化道、腓肠肌、比目鱼肌、肾周脂肪垫和肠系膜脂肪垫等器官及组织的重量变化。结果发现,自愿转轮运动条件下长爪沙鼠胴体湿重、体水和心、肝、脾、肾、腓肠肌、消化道等器官重量增加。自愿转轮运动对比目鱼肌和器官脂肪垫重量的影响存在性别差异。自愿转轮运动使雄性长爪沙鼠器官的脂肪垫重量增加,但雌性降低;对雄性长爪沙鼠比目鱼肌重量没有影响,但雌性增加。以上结果表明,自愿转轮运动促进了长爪沙鼠的体重增长,改变了长爪沙鼠的身体组成。内脏器官和体水重量的增加是体重增加的主要原因。     

长爪沙鼠血清雌性激素的比较研究

目的测定长爪沙鼠、NIH小鼠和SD大鼠的血清雌二醇(E2)和孕酮(P)水平,为研究长爪沙鼠的生殖和胚胎工程提供基础资料。方法用放射免疫分析法测定上述动物生产前后血清雌二醇(E2)和孕酮(P)水平,进行统计学处理和分析。结果不同阶段雌性沙鼠E2值差异无显著性(P>0.05),P值差异有显著性(P<0.01);E2值比较,处女期沙鼠与同期NIH和SD差异有显著性(P<0.01),而在经产期的动物间水平接近(P>0.05);P值比较,处女期沙鼠与NIH接近,与SD差异有显著性(P<0.01);而经产期沙鼠在三种动物中是最高的(P<0.01)。结论长爪沙鼠血清E2、P的含量具种属特异性,并随动物的生理发育时期而变化。     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原多房棘球蚴病病原的调查

本文报道在内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原主体部分四个牧业旗的草场进行多房棘球蚴病病原调查的结果。发现布氏田鼠(Microtus brandti)及长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguicutatus)是本绦虫的中间宿主、沙狐(Vulpes corsac)是其终末宿主。布氏田鼠是本绦虫中间宿主新记录,长爪沙鼠和沙狐分别是国内本绦虫中间宿主和终宿主新记录。布氏田鼠是呼伦贝尔草原的优势啮齿类,其平均感染率为2.43％(64/2635),越冬成鼠感染率高达5.23％—14.29％(平均6.66％)。长爪沙鼠感染率虽达16.67％(1/6),但鼠数不多。沙狐是本草原常见的食肉兽,检查6只沙狐,其中2只(33.3％)肠内含多房棘球绦虫成虫无数。用其孕节饲喂实验室小白鼠6只,6个月后检查各实验鼠,肝脏均布满泡状多房棘球蚴。呼伦贝尔草原本绦虫成虫及原头节形态特征均与我国西北本虫种差异显著,而与苏联及美国阿拉斯加的多房棘球绦虫西伯利亚亚种比较相似。     

内蒙古草原五种啮齿动物肾脏形态学特征比较

啮齿动物的水平衡能力对其适应干旱环境至关重要。为理解啮齿动物对水环境的适应性,本研究以分布于内蒙古草原的长爪沙鼠 (Meriones unguiculatus)、布氏田鼠 (Lasiopodomys brandtii)、小毛足鼠 (Phodopus roborovskii)、坎氏毛足鼠 (Phodopus campbelli) 和黑线仓鼠 (Cricetulus barabensis) 为研究对象,测定了肾脏形态学指标、肾单位密度指标和尿液渗透压等,比较分析了肾脏形态结构与栖息地环境之间的关系。结果发现：5种啮齿动物肾脏髓质厚度随动物分布区域的变化,呈现从典型草原地区、半荒漠地区至荒漠和沙漠地区逐渐增加的趋势,干旱地区动物的尿液渗透压较高。5种动物的皮质肾单位密度无显著差异。近髓肾单位密度统计显示,黑线仓鼠大于小毛足鼠与坎氏毛足鼠,布氏田鼠与长爪沙鼠居中。这些结果表明,啮齿动物的肾脏形态指数和组织学指数可以在一定程度上反映哺乳动物肾脏浓缩尿液的能力,肾脏的结构具有可塑性以应对环境的变化。     

冷驯化条件下长爪沙鼠血清瘦素浓度的变化及其与能量收支和产热的关系

为研究低温胁迫条件下长爪沙鼠的适应对策及瘦素对体重和能量平衡的调节作用 ,我们将 7只成年雌性长爪沙鼠在 5℃条件下驯化 2 1d ,另选 7只作为对照 ,对体重、血清瘦素含量、体脂含量、摄入能、基础代谢率、非颤抖性产热等进行了测定。结果发现 :1 ) 5℃条件下长爪沙鼠的体重没有明显变化 ;2 ) 5℃条件下长爪沙鼠的血清瘦素浓度和体脂含量均明显低于对照组 ,且瘦素浓度与体脂含量呈显著正相关 ;3) 5℃条件下长爪沙鼠的摄入能、基础代谢率和非颤抖性产热等显著高于对照。这些结果表明 :长爪沙鼠在低温条件下产热能力和自身维持能量消耗都增加 ,能量摄入因此而增加 ;瘦素参与了能量平衡和体重的调节 ,但没有直接参与产热调节     

松鼠几项生态生理指标季节变化的比较

研究了分布于我国大、小兴安岭林区松鼠体重、身体热值、脂肪含量、灰分含量以及水分含量的季节变化。松鼠体重存在明显的季节性变化和性别差异 ,春季 ,雄性松鼠体重明显小于雌性个体 ,而其它季节 ,雄性大于雌性。冬季体重最低(3 3 1 .9～ 3 45 .1 g) ,秋季体重最高 (3 78.1～ 3 89.9g) ,体重降低了 9.41 %～ 1 4.0 7%。大、小兴安岭松鼠身体热值、脂肪含量和水分含量季节变动范围为 6.2 71～ 8.60 9k J/g和 6.891～ 8.41 3 k J/g,8.81 %～ 2 1 .3 7%和 9.47%～ 2 2 .0 1 % ,67.1 2 %～73 .3 8%和 66.3 5 %～ 71 .73 % ;灰分含量不存在季节差异 ,大、小兴安岭年平均值分别为 1 2 .0 4%± 1 .1 7%和 1 1 .2 7%±2 .0 7%。环境温度、食物资源和繁殖状况是影响东北松鼠体重和身体组成季节性差异的主要因素     

Effects of photoperiod and food availability on growth, leptin, sexual maturation and maintenance in the Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

Reproductive activity of Mongolian gerbils is regulated by photoperiod nevertheless body weight regulation is controlled without ambient photoperiod. Food intake is a major factor affecting rodent reproductive efficiency. Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipose tissue and modulates food intake, energy expenditure and body fat stores. In this study we studied the interaction of photoperiod and food availability on growth, sexual maturation and leptin concentration in the male and female gerbils. Gerbils were gestated and reared in either 14L:10D or 2L:22D. At weaning, gerbils were housed individually and divided into three groups: fed ad libitum, fed 80% of ad libitum or fed 60% of ad libitum. Body weights were recorded at weaning and every week thereafter. After twelve weeks of treatment, animals were sacrificed and testes and uterine weights were determined and blood was collected for leptin measurement. Food restriction reduced body weight and inhibited reproductive development. Absolute paired testis weights were similar in ad lib and 80% of ad lib groups but significantly different compared with the 60% of ad lib group in both photoperiods. Body weights were also directly dependent upon the level of food restriction. Uterine mass was only affected in the 60% of ad lib group in 14L but both food restriction levels significantly affected the uterine weights in 2L. Significant variations were found in leptin profiles. Leptin concentration was highest in ad lib and 80% of ad lib groups and lowest in 60% of ad lib groups. These results suggest that the reproductive activity of Mongolian gerbils is sensitive to food intake and multiple potential environmental cues (e.g., food availability, temperature) can be utilized.     

Regulation of body weight and thermogenesis in seasonally acclimatized Brandt's voles (Microtus brandti)

Seasonal changes in an animal's morphology, physiology, and behavior are considered to be an adaptive strategy for survival and reproductive success. In the present study, we examined body weight and several behavioral, physiological, hormonal, and biochemical markers in seasonally acclimatized Brandt's voles (Microtus brandti) to test our hypothesis that Brandt's voles can decrease energy intake associated with decrease in body weight, body fat content, serum leptin level, and increasing thermogenesis in winter conditions. We found that the body weight of Brandt's voles was lowest in winter (December to February) and highest in spring and early summer (May to June). This seasonal variation in body weight was associated with changes in other markers examined. For example, the winter decrease in body weight was accompanied by increased energy intake and enhanced nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) as well as by decreased body fat mass and reduced levels of circulating leptin. Further, circulating levels of leptin were positively correlated with body weight and body fat mass, and negatively correlated with energy intake and uncoupling protein 1 contents. Together, these data do not support our hypothesis and suggest that leptin may be involved in this process and serve as a starvation signal in Brandt's voles.     

Changes in the body composition of mice selected for high and low eight week weight

Summary Body composition was studied in three lines of mice, one selected for high (H) and one for low (L) 8 week weight, and one maintained as an unselected control (C). After 25 generations 8 week weights were 41.2g, 30.6 g and 20.5g for the H, C and L lines. Mice were sampled from the lines and analysed for fat, protein, ash and water at generations 14 and 25. Apart from fat in the H line, there was little alteration due to selection in the relationships between individual body components and total body weight. In the H line, the contribution of fat to body weight gain was considerably increased. Although leaner than the C and L mice at low body weights, H line mice rapidly became fatter with increasing body weight. Selection appeared to reduce the body weight at which fat was deposited at its maximum rate in the H line. The H and C lines were equally fat at body weights of 29.0 g and 21.6 g at generations 14 and 25 respectively. Body weights at points of inflection of the growth curves of the H, C and L lines at generation 25 were 18.3 g, 14.3 g and 12.8 g. The implications of these findings for meat species slaughtered at set weights are discussed.     

Eine verbesserte Anlage zur Durchführung von Stoffwechseluntesuchungen an wachsenden Schweinen beiderlei Geschlechts

The chemical composition and the energy content of the conception products, the reproductive organs and the live weight gains or losses of pregnant and lactating sows were determined in dependence on the litter number (1, 2 and 4) and the energy supply (120, 100 and 80% of requirement recommendation) of sows as well as on the course of gestation and lactation. The results will be used as a basis for factorial derivation of requirement recommendation. The deposition of protein and energy in the conception products in dependence on the time is characterized by an exponential function. The deposition of nutrients and energy in the conception products is increased with rising litter size. The deposition of nutrients and energy per fetus is lower in the litter number 1 than in the litter number 2 and 4. The energy supply in the selected limits has no significant influence on the litter size as well as on the intrauterine deposition of nutrients and energy. The litter number, the energy supply as well as the course of gestation and lactation influence considerably the weight, the chemical composition and the energy content in the mammary gland. The chemical composition and the energy content of the live weight gains or losses of pregnant and lactating sows are strong affected by the energy supply. The increased energy supply of the pregnant sows is connected with increased live weight gains and with increased contents of dry matter, fat and energy however decreased contents of protein in the live weight gains. The live weight losses of the lactating sows are connected with mobilisation of body fat and body protein. The proportion of body fat to body protein degradation is increased with increased losses of body weight. Regression equations are calculated for the relationships between course of gestation and lactation respectively and deposition of protein and energy in the conception products, reproductive organs and maternal live weight gains or losses of sows.     

Body composition and organ weights of rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri*

The objectives of the study were to determine the chemical constituents of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) during the first 14 months of life, to study the effects of starvation on the body composition of trout, and to measure organ weights during the first 14 months of life. Body fat and protein content as a percentage of body weight increased with age, the water content declined, and the ash content remained constant during the first 14 months of life. There were no significant differences in body composition between immature male and female rainbow trout. Total body ions as a proportion of ash content decreased until the 10th month and then began to increase. During starvation, fat was used as the primary source of energy while water and ash content increased and protein content remained constant as a percentage of body weight. The gall bladder, liver, and air bladder remained relatively constant as a percentage of body weight during the first year of life. As body weight increased, the relative weight of brain, heart, and digestive system decreased while the gonad and spleen weight increased.     

Water and fat contents of British shrews and their role in the seasonal changes in body weight

Water and fat contents of wild and captive Sorex araneus, S. minutus and Neomys fodiens were determined. The influence of sex, locality, body weight and age on water and fat contents of wild shrews are discussed. A seasonal cycle in both water and fat content of wild shrews is demonstrated. An investigation of captive shrews revealed fat contents to be considerably greater than in wild shrews. It is concluded that the seasonal differences in water and fat contents found in this study are of insufficient magnitude to account for the loss in body weight of wild shrews in winter or to be of any great survival value to them.     

Difructose anhydride III decreases body fat as a low-energy substitute or by decreasing energy intake in non-ovariectomized and ovariectomized female rats

We evaluated the effects of difructose anhydride III (DFAIII) on body weights of ovariectomized rats, which are a good model for obesity by estrogen deficiency-induced overeating. Female rats (10 weeks old) were subjected to ovariectomy or sham operation and then fed with or without a diet containing 3% or 6% DFAIII for 33 days or pair-fed control diet during the same period. Rats fed DFAIII showed significantly decreased food intake, energy intake, body weight gain, body energy accumulation, and fat tissue weight than control group, regardless of ovariectomy. DFAIII may decrease body fat dependent of reduced food/energy intake. Compared with the respective pair feeding groups, rats fed DFAIII showed significantly decreased body energy and fat tissue weight, regardless of ovariectomy, suggesting its potential as a low-energy substitute for high-energy sweeteners. The low energy of DFAIII may contribute to decreased body fat, which may not be dependent on obesity.     

Differences in basal energy expenditure and obesity

Objective: To assess the impact of differences in basal energy expenditure on adiposity. Research Methods and Procedures: Statistical analysis was performed on a published database giving anthropometric and energy expenditure measurements for 433 women and 335 men. Published equations derived by multiple regression analysis were used to predict basal metabolic rates in women and in men as a function of age, weight, and height. The differences between the observed and predicted rates (i.e., the residuals) were computed and expressed in terms of percentage deviation from the predicted rates of basal energy expenditure (BEE). In addition, individual body fat contents were computed using equations based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Study 3 data relating to body fat content determined by bioimpedance to BMI. Results: There is no correlation between percentage body fat content and deviations from predicted (which one would refer to as normal) BEE. Discussion: It can be concluded that relatively high or relatively low rates of BEE do not influence body weights and adiposity in a statistically identifiable manner. This contradicts and challenges the widely held view that low resting metabolic rates promote the development of obesity.     

生物质炭施用量对大豆农艺性状和营养物质含量的影响

以大豆品种‘徐豆18'为对象,于2020年5月在邵阳学院试验基地设0(CK)、5、10、20和40 g·kg^-1土壤添加生物质炭处理,分析盆栽大豆的生长发育、农艺性状和营养含量。结果表明: 与CK相比,施用生物质炭对大豆的生育期、株高、单株有效荚数、百粒重、叶片干重、茎秆干重和大豆籽粒中蛋白质、粗脂肪、异黄酮含量均具有显著影响。施用量为20 g·kg^-1时,大豆的发芽率最高,生育期最短,单株有效荚数最多,百粒重最大,籽粒中蛋白质、粗脂肪和异黄酮含量最高。生物质炭施用量为40 g·kg^-1时,大豆株高较高且贪青晚熟,单株有效荚数和百粒重比施用量为20 g·kg^-1时降低。综上,土壤添加生物质炭对大豆农艺性状和营养含量的影响因施用量不同而异,其中20 g·kg^-1为本试验条件下的最佳施用量。