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1.
在晴天有时有云天,水稻剑叶的最大光合速率出现在午前9:00左右。中午前后,无论光合量子通量(PPF)等于或略低于9:00前后,净光合率(Pn)及Pn/PPF比值均较低。RObi8CO&化活力有明显的日变化,无论以单位面积计算或以该酶蛋白为基数计算,其总活力和初始活力均呈日出前最低,中午最高,傍晚又下降的单峰曲线。中午Pn下降期间,Pn与Ci有极显著正相关,与RObisCO初始活力无相关;而早晚,瞬时人工光照下Pn与Ruisco初始活力呈直线正相关,与Ci呈直线负相关。这表明中午光合下降来自气孔限制,而晚低光合主要由低Rubisco初始活力所致。  相似文献   

2.
午间强光胁迫下SOD对大豆叶片光合机构的保护作用   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
晴天田间大豆叶片Pn与Pr均表现出明显的日变化,Pn日变化曲线里双峰型,中午前后降低。Pr随日照强度的增加而增加,至上午11时左右达最大值,然后缓慢下降。普通空气及低氧空气中的AQY均在中午前后降低。SOD活性也有明显的日变化,最高值出现在下午16时左右。强光下喷施SOD抑制剂DDTC明显降低Pn及低氧空气中的AQY;而在低于叶片光合作用饱和光强下喷施同样浓度DDTC则对Pn及低氧空气中的AQY无明显影响。中午前后SOD活性及Pr的增加对于保护光合机构免受强光的破坏具有重要意义。  相似文献   

3.
气候室中研究了根温对苋菜幼苗生长及光合等生理特性的影响。结果表明,苋菜幼苗生曲线呈S形,30d苗龄时生长最快,40d苗龄时每株干、鲜重分别为0.45g和6.79g。20-25℃根温时40d苗龄苋菜生长最快,高根温对生长的危害大于低根温,40℃根温苋菜根系生长、代谢受害严重。苋菜净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Cs)和胞间CO2分压(Pi)随根温的变化趋势基本一致,20-25℃根温时  相似文献   

4.
冬季小麦叶片光合作用对温度响应方式的变化   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
冬季田间生长的小麦离体叶片净光合速率(Pn)对温度的响应有两种方式。在12月上旬可以观测到第一种方式。在离体叶片周围空气温度从10℃逐步升到30℃后的1h内Pn逐渐升高,在随后气温逐步降低到10℃的过程中,Pn都比先前升温过程中同样温度下的数值高。30℃下叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci)降低和叶片无机磷含量增高表明,这种响应方式可能起因于一些光合碳同化酶活性的增高。在12月中旬以后可以观测到第二种方式。Pn在30℃下的1h内逐步下降,在随后的降温过程中Pn都比升温过程中同样温度下的数值低。30℃下叶片Ci和膜透性增高表明,这种响应方式可能是适应冬季低温的光合机构膜系统在高温下遭受破坏的结果。  相似文献   

5.
光周期和温度对布氏田鼠产热的影响   总被引:8,自引:4,他引:8  
李庆芬  黄晨西 《动物学报》1995,41(4):362-369
布氏田鼠(Microtus brandti)分组驯化在:(1)长光照温暖环境(LW,16L:8D,25℃);(2)长光照 低温环境(LC,16L:8D,5℃);(3)短光照温暖环境(SW,8L:16D,25℃);(4)短光照低温环境(SC, 8L:16D,5℃)。驯化四周后,长光照动物的体重比短光动物的体重有增加的趋势;四组动物的体温 没有明显差异;低温和短光照均促使静止代谢率(RMR)增加;SC组动物的非颤抖性产热(NST)高 于LW组。低温诱导肝和褐色脂肪组织(BAT)细胞线粒体蛋白增加,短光照再度地增强此作用。短 光照诱导肝细胞线粒体状态-4及状态-3呼吸活力增加,低温没有明显作用。低温和短光照均刺激肝 和BAT线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶活力提高,但后者作用强度大于前者。低温明显激活BAT线粒体 的a-磷酸甘油氧化酶的活力,短光照无明显影响、结果表明:低温和短光照均能提高布氏田鼠的产 热能力,短光照与低温因子两者的协同作用增强了对布氏四鼠热能代谢的调节。  相似文献   

6.
金冠,毛里斯,新红星苹果光合特性的研究   总被引:16,自引:1,他引:15  
通过对金冠、新红星、毛里斯3种苹果品种光合特性日变化,季节变化的研究,结果表明:金冠、新红星2种苹果树的光合速率(Pn)在日变化中出现相似的峰值,日变化呈单峰曲线,高峰值出现在一日中的9:00-11:00。毛里斯苹果的光合速率(Pn)日变化呈双峰曲线,高峰值出现在一天之中的9:00-11:00,3种苹果光合速率(Pn)在季节变化曲线中高峰值期为6月份。并得出各种苹果的光合速率(Pn)与其蒸腾强度I  相似文献   

7.
沙冬青几种光合特性的季节性变化的研究   总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16  
研究了沙冬青几种光合特性的季节性变化,在气温升高时,沙冬青净光合速率、气孔导度和气孔限制值均呈下现降趋势,而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)却呈上升趋势。根据Farquhar和Sharkey提出的关于区分气孔限制的两个标准,结果表明Pn的下降可能是非气孔限制因素导致。研究还证明,Rubisco大亚基的相对含量以及光化学活性与Pn的季节性变化相关,表明CO2同化的季节性变化主要取决于上述两种因素的变化。  相似文献   

8.
本实验应用加热处死的青春双歧杆菌DM8504菌株皮下注射荷瘤HCa-F25/16A3-F肿瘤的BALB/c小鼠,酶联法测定小鼠体内TNF-α、IL-6的含量,TUNEL法及电镜观察肿瘤组织中是否有凋亡细胞的存在。实验结果指出:双歧杆菌能提高荷瘤小鼠体内TNF-2的含量,较对照组明显升高,但IL-6的含量处理组与对照组之间无显著性差异。TUNEL法除观察到不同程度的坏死组织外,未见到散在凋亡的肿瘤细  相似文献   

9.
采用3H-TdR参入法,测定碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、胰岛素和内皮素-1(ET-1)对体外培养的大鼠肾小球系膜细胞(MC)增殖的影响,以及胰岛素与bFGF或ET-1促MC增殖的协同作用。结果表明,不同浓度的bFGF(5-200ng/ml)和胰岛素(0.1-2.4U/ml)均显著升高MC的3H-TdR参入值(cpm值)(P<0.01)。ET-1对MC的cpm值的影响依剂量不同呈现两种不同的效应,在10-9-10-7mol/L时,随着浓度的升高,MC的cpm值明显升高(P<0.01),并以10-8mol/L作用最强;当升高到10-6mol/L时,MC的cpm值出现降低趋势。胰岛素与bFGF或低浓度ET-1(≤10-8mol/L)共同作用于MC时,MC的cpm值明显高于二者单独作用之和(P<0.01),与高浓度ET-1(>10-7mol/L)共同作用于MC时,MC的cpm值小于二者单独作用之和(P>0.05)。上述结果说明,胰岛素、bFGF和ET-1均能显著促进MC增殖;胰岛素与bFGF或低浓度的ET-1促MC增殖具有正协同作用,与高浓度ET-1呈现负协同作用。  相似文献   

10.
本实验应用加热处死的青春双歧杆菌DM8504菌株皮下注射荷瘤HCa-F25/16A3-F肿瘤的BALB/c小鼠,酶联法测定小鼠体内TNF-α、IL-6的含量,TUNEL法及电镜观察肿瘤组织中是否有凋亡细胞的存在。实验结果指出:双歧杆菌能提高荷瘤小鼠体内TNF-2的含量,较对照组明显升高,但IL-6的含量处理组与对照组之间无显著性差异。TUNEL法除观察到不同程度的坏死组织外,未见到散在的凋亡的肿瘤细胞,电镜观察与TUNEL结果相一致,肿瘤细胞呈现坏死细胞的超微结构,未见凋亡细胞所具有的典型的形态特征。结果提示:双歧杆菌通过调节机体的免疫系统发挥抗肿瘤的作用,其对HCa-F25/16A3-F肿瘤细胞的杀伤是通过坏死的方式实现的。  相似文献   

11.
12.
Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.  相似文献   

13.
On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics   总被引:20,自引:13,他引:7  
The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.  相似文献   

14.
We discuss the possible links between the fossil record of marine biodiversity, nutrient availability and primary productivity. The parallelism of the fossil records of marine phytoplankton and faunal biodiversity implicates the quantity (primary productivity) and quality (stoichiometry) of phytoplankton as being critical to the diversification of the marine biosphere through the Phanerozoic. The relatively subdued marine biodiversity of the Palaeozoic corresponds to a time of relatively low macronutrient availability and poor food quality of the phytoplankton as opposed to the diversification of the Modern Fauna through the Mesozoic–Cenozoic. Increasing nutrient runoff to the oceans through the Phanerozoic resulted from orogeny, the emplacement of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), the evolution of deep-rooting forests and the appearance of more easily decomposable terrestrial organic matter that enhanced weathering. Positive feedback by bioturbation of an expanding benthos played a critical role in evolving biogeochemical cycles by linking the oxidation of dead organic matter and the recycling of nutrients back to the water column where they could be re-utilized. We assess our conclusions against a recently published biogeochemical model for geological time-scales. Major peaks of marine diversity often occur near rising or peak fluxes of silica, phosphorus and dissolved reactive oceanic phosphorus; either major or minor 87Sr/86Sr peaks; and frequently in the vicinity of major (Circum-Atlantic Magmatic Province) and minor volcanic events, some of which are associated with Oceanic Anoxic Events. These processes appear to be scale-dependent in that they lie on a continuum between biodiversification on macroevolutionary scales of geological time and mass extinction.  相似文献   

15.
Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.
Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.
  相似文献   

16.
17.
Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m2 s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.  相似文献   

18.
The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.  相似文献   

19.
Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418  相似文献   

20.
Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan  相似文献   

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