切叶蚁亚科蚂蚁的防御性生物碱

蚂蚁(蚁科)有显著的群居特性,个体间分工明确,并具有复杂的合作策略,以保护巢穴不受捕食者、病原微生物、蚂蚁竞争者的侵害,以及捕食猎物等。切叶蚁亚科是蚁科的最大类群,共有147个现生属,主要通过喷洒富含生物碱的毒液分泌物进行防御和捕猎。本文综述了该亚科防御性生物碱的组分及属种分布特征,其结构类型包括哌啶、吡啶、吡咯、吲哚里西啶、吡咯里西啶和脂肪胺等,并对其功能及应用进行了概述和展望。哌啶类生物碱是火蚁属Solenopsis毒液的典型特征,而吡咯烷、吡咯啉和吡咯里西啶类生物碱是小家蚁属Monomorium毒液的主要成分。吲哚里西啶类生物碱是脊红蚁属Myrmicaria蚂蚁和火蚁属贼蚁毒液的主要成分。除此之外,脂肪胺也是小家蚁属蚂蚁的毒液成分。这些毒液生物碱成分具有显著的生物活性,在农药和生物医药领域具有重要的应用前景。     

藏东南工布自然保护区的蚂蚁种类及分布格局

采用搜索采集法记载藏东南工布自然保护区的蚂蚁2亚科8属17种,切叶蚁亚科Myrmicinae有5属10种,蚁亚科Formicinae有3属7种,其中包括6个西藏新纪录种,1个中国新纪录种, 5个待定种.工布自然保护区的蚂蚁物种属于古北界区系,但是又与典型的古北界区系不尽相同,具有南方高海拔山地的区系特点.在9个调查点中...     

成都地区居室庭院蚂蚁种类调查

2005～2008年对成都地区居室庭院环境中的蚂蚁种类进行了调查,共发现3个亚科12属的蚂蚁26种,其中,切叶蚁亚科Myrmicinae的蚂蚁无论种类和数量在成都地区都占绝对优势,优势种为印度大头蚁Pheidole indica Mayr和史氏盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster smythiesi Forel.居室庭院蚂蚁在成都地区的分布以印度大头蚁Pheidole indica Mayr、史氏盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster smythiesi Forel和亮立毛蚁Paratrechina vividula Nylander的分布最广.     

河南开封地区的蚂蚁资源

蚂蚁是河南开封地区大型土壤动物的优势类群,其种群数量庞大,分布较广。通过调查获得开封地区蚂蚁的基本资料:包括5亚科,18属,43种。优势种为铺道蚁、粗面收获蚁和日本弓背蚁,且不同生境、不同地域内的蚂蚁种类和分布都有差异。     

成都市白蚁天敌资源——蚂蚁种类调查研究

部分蚂蚁种类是白蚁的重要天敌。为了探明成都市白蚁天敌——蚂蚁的常见种类及其生境,2011—2015年通过对成都市房屋建筑、园林树木、古建筑以及安装在住宅小区绿地的地下型白蚁监测装置等生境中调查白蚁与蚂蚁种类及数量,共鉴定白蚁9种,隶属于3科4属,黑胸散白蚁Reticulitermes chinensis占比最高(83.9%);蚂蚁29种,隶属于4亚科15属,中国短猛蚁Brachyponera chinensis占比最高(38.2%)。相关性分析表明,黑毛蚁Lasius niger与尖唇散白蚁R.aculabialis、新中华散白蚁R.neochinensis之间,莱曼氏蚁Formica lemani与黑胸散白蚁、尖唇散白蚁之间,敏捷扁头猛蚁Pachycondyla astuta、铺道蚁Tetramorium caesputum与尖唇散白蚁之间均呈显著负相关。黑毛蚁、莱曼氏蚁、敏捷扁头猛蚁、铺道蚁的种群数量大,在白蚁生物防治中具有一定的应用潜力。鉴于蚂蚁对白蚁的控制作用受环境、人为等多种因素的影响,建议进一步加强蚂蚁对白蚁自然控制作用的系统研究。     

中国西北地区蚂蚁区系特征

于1997－2000年对宁夏、甘肃、青海及内蒙古西北部地区进行了系统的蚁类标本采集,获得标本1000余号,并对其进行了系统的分类鉴定,获得蚂蚁3亚科16属79种。本调查区蚁类区系组成呈现以下特征：古北界分布的有15属,代表属为蚁属、红蚁属、毛蚁属、原蚁属、箭蚁属、收获蚁属等;东洋界分布的有9属,代表属为火蚁属、细胸蚁属、酸臭蚁属、光胸臭蚁属和弓背蚁属等;在种级水平上,古北界分布的有79种,东洋界分布的仅17种。蒙新区分布的成分有15属,其中以铺道蚁属、原蚁属及箭蚁属为主体,蚁属和心结蚁属次之;区分布的成分有4属,以蚁属和毛蚁属为主体;东北区分布的成分有5属,蚁属和毛蚁属为主体;华北区分布的成分有15属,其中以蚁属、红蚁属和毛蚁属为主体,仅心结蚁属无分布;华中区、华南区和西南区分布的成分均不明显。在种级水平,华北区和蒙新区分布的成分为主体,分别占51和49种,其次为华中区、青藏区和东北区的成分,分别占17、15和15种,华南区和西南区的成分最少,分别为8和5种。在区系分类的基础上,根据优势种、特有种,并结合植被、地形、地貌将调查区划分为6个蚁类区：黄土高原蚁类区、荒漠蚁类区（其下设4个蚁类亚区;荒化草原蚁类亚区、草原化茺蚁类亚区、典型荒蚁类亚区和荒漠绿洲蚁类亚区）、荒漠沼泽蚁类区、高寒灌草丛蚁类区、贺兰山蚁为区和六盘山蚁类区。利用主成分分析对不同草原类型的蚂蚁群落进行了相似性分析,结果表明：荒漠化草原群落、草原化荒漠群落、典型荒漠群落和荒漠绿洲群落明显靠近,构成荒类集团,荒漠森林草原（贺兰山）群落明显远离于荒漠类群,反而与典型草原（黄土高原区）群落靠近,这与蚁类区划结果是十分吻合的。此外,利用主成分分析对79种蚂蚁划分为10个生态种组。     

酷似蚂蚁的蜘蛛———蚁蛛

１形态蚁蛛（Ｍｙｒｍａｒａｃｈｎｅ）无论在形态,还是色泽上,都酷似大蚂蚁（如下图所示蚁蛛属３种蚁蛛）。我在武汉东湖风景区采集蜘蛛标本时还误以为是大蚂蚁。蚁蛛体型窄长,与蚂蚁相似。其体躯分为头胸、腹２部分,这一点与体躯分为头胸、腹３部分的蚂蚁不同。但形...     

日本弓背蚁肠道细菌群落的季节特征

[目的]在长期的进化过程中,蚂蚁和微生物之间建立了复杂的联系,尤其肠道微生物对蚂蚁的食性进化和物种分化产生了巨大的影响.弓背蚁属Camponotus蚂蚁消化道内普遍存在内共生菌Blochmannia及其他肠道细菌,这些细菌在寄主蚂蚁营养补充方面发挥了重要的作用,此外肠道微生物对食物类型的变化十分敏感,这些信息可能有助于调查寄主蚂蚁在不同季节的取食习性.本研究旨在揭示弓背蚁属蚂蚁肠道微生物是否存在季节特征.[方法]采用16S rRNA-RFLP方法分析比较了了2个日本弓背蚁蚁巢(巢1和2)的工蚁在4个月份时间点(2012年6月12日,8月15日和10月10日,2013年4月15日)的肠道茵群组成.[结果]在8个样品中共发现了17个属的细菌和1种未知细菌,弓背蚁属蚂蚁特有的内共生茵Blochmannia是优势细菌,出现在所有样品中,占67.1％～98.8％;假单胞菌属Pseudomonas和肠杆菌属Enterobacter在大多数的样本中都检测到,其他属的细菌则零星分布在个别样品中,只占较低的比例.两个蚁巢工蚁肠道茵群在4个月份没有呈现一致的变化趋势,都具有低的细菌多样性.在巢1中,4月和10月的肠道细菌多样性相对较高,在6月和8月较低;而在巢2中,8月的肠道细菌多样性明显高于4,6和10月.两个蚁巢6月和10月的肠道茵群组成相似,但是8月和4月差异较大.[结论]日本弓背蚁两个蚁巢的工蚁肠道菌群组成和多样性都随季节产生变化,但是没有呈现一致的变化趋势,没有表现出明显的季节特征.     

表皮碳氢化合物在3种火蚁属蚂蚁成虫鉴定中的应用

红火蚁Solenopsis invicta是火蚁属重要的入侵蚂蚁,与其近缘种黑火蚁S. richteri和杂交蚁S. invicta × S. richteri形态相似,难以区分。为了快速准确鉴定3种火蚁属近缘种,本研究利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）,解析3种火蚁的工蚁、有翅雌蚁、有翅雄蚁的表皮碳氢化合物种类和含量,并进行主成分分析、判别分析及聚类分析。结果表明：3种火蚁共检测到62种表皮碳氢化合物,主要包括一甲基烷烃、二甲基烷烃和正构烷烃等;红火蚁、黑火蚁及杂交蚁不同品级的表皮碳氢化合物种类及含量存在显著的种间差异,红火蚁不同地理种群的表皮碳氢化合物种类及含量相似度较高;建立3种火蚁相应品级的分类判别函数,可准确区分各品级下的3种火蚁。因此,表皮碳氢化合物组成分析可用于红火蚁及其近缘种的分类鉴定,为口岸火蚁属蚂蚁的快速检疫鉴定提供新技术。     

日本弓背蚁肠道细菌群落的季节特征（英文）

【目的】在长期的进化过程中,蚂蚁和微生物之间建立了复杂的联系,尤其肠道微生物对蚂蚁的食性进化和物种分化产生了巨大的影响。弓背蚁属Camponotus蚂蚁消化道内普遍存在内共生菌Blochmannia及其他肠道细菌,这些细菌在寄主蚂蚁营养补充方面发挥了重要的作用,此外肠道微生物对食物类型的变化十分敏感,这些信息可能有助于调查寄主蚂蚁在不同季节的取食习性。本研究旨在揭示弓背蚁属蚂蚁肠道微生物是否存在季节特征。【方法】采用16S rR NA-RFLP方法分析比较了了2个日本弓背蚁蚁巢(巢1和2)的工蚁在4个月份时间点(2012年6月12日,8月15日和10月10日,2013年4月15日)的肠道菌群组成。【结果】在8个样品中共发现了17个属的细菌和1种未知细菌,弓背蚁属蚂蚁特有的内共生菌Blochmannia是优势细菌,出现在所有样品中,占67.1%~98.8%;假单胞菌属Pseudomonas和肠杆菌属Enterobacter在大多数的样本中都检测到,其他属的细菌则零星分布在个别样品中,只占较低的比例。两个蚁巢工蚁肠道菌群在4个月份没有呈现一致的变化趋势,都具有低的细菌多样性。在巢1中,4月和10月的肠道细菌多样性相对较高,在6月和8月较低;而在巢2中,8月的肠道细菌多样性明显高于4,6和10月。两个蚁巢6月和10月的肠道菌群组成相似,但是8月和4月差异较大。【结论】日本弓背蚁两个蚁巢的工蚁肠道菌群组成和多样性都随季节产生变化,但是没有呈现一致的变化趋势,没有表现出明显的季节特征。     

Cuticular spectra and inter-individual recognition in the slave-making ant Polyergus rufescens and the slave species Formica rufibarbis

Abstract. The relationship between behavioural tests and relative proportions of cuticular components were studied in the slave-making species Polyergus rufescens and the slave and Formica rufibarbis living in either monospecific or mixed colonies. A correlation between the relative proportions of the cuticular products and interindividual recognition exists in each of the two species Polyergus and Formica: Polyergus are fiercely aggressive towards individuals which have different cuticular spectra and originate from a geographically isolated nest. This seems to be true also in the case of Formica living in monospecific colonies. A similar correlation also exists between the two species, which have different cuticular spectra: encounters arranged between them show that free-living Formica are always fiercely aggressive towards Polyergus. The reason why no such correlation seems to exist, however, between Polyergus and Formica when the latter are enslaved and the two species coexist peacefully at the same nest is discussed.     

Phylogenetic relationships of palaearctic formica species (hymenoptera, formicidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome B sequences

Ants of genus Formica demonstrate variation in social organization and represent model species for ecological, behavioral, evolutionary studies and testing theoretical implications of the kin selection theory. Subgeneric division of the Formica ants based on morphology has been questioned and remained unclear after an allozyme study on genetic differentiation between 13 species representing all subgenera was conducted. In the present study, the phylogenetic relationships within the genus were examined using mitochondrial DNA sequences of the cytochrome b and a part of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6. All 23 Formica species sampled in the Palaearctic clustered according to the subgeneric affiliation except F. uralensis that formed a separate phylogenetic group. Unlike Coptoformica and Formica s. str., the subgenus Serviformica did not form a tight cluster but more likely consisted of a few small clades. The genetic distances between the subgenera were around 10%, implying approximate divergence time of 5 Myr if we used the conventional insect divergence rate of 2% per Myr. Within-subgenus divergence estimates were 6.69% in Serviformica, 3.61% in Coptoformica, 1.18% in Formica s. str., which supported our previous results on relatively rapid speciation in the latter subgenus. The phylogeny inferred from DNA sequences provides a necessary framework against which the evolution of social traits can be compared. We discuss implications of inferred phylogeny for the evolution of social traits.     

我国牛羊双腔类吸虫的继续研究:Ⅲ.三种双腔吸虫后蚴在异常昆虫宿主蚂蚁体内的发育

内蒙科尔沁草原的中华双腔吸虫(Dicrocoelium chinensis Tang et Tang,1978)其第二中间宿主是黑玉蚂蚁(Formica gagates),而山东滨州地区的矛形双腔吸虫(D.lanceatum Rud.,1803)和枝双腔吸虫(D.dendriticum Rud.,1819)的蚂蚁宿主是中华蚂蚁(Formica sinica)。作者用中华双腔吸虫的黏球感染山东的中华蚂蚁,同时用矛形双腔和枝双腔的黏球分别感染内蒙的黑玉蚂蚁。本文报道此试验中不同蚂蚁种类和各虫种后蚴间所产生的不同反应情况,及矛形双腔和枝双腔在后蚴各发育期的形态差异。     

Regulation of cuticular and postpharyngeal hydrocarbons in the slave-making ant Polyergus rufescens: effect of Formica rufibarbis slaves

The purpose of this study was to compare cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of slave-making Polyergus rufescens ants reared alone or with their Formica rufibarbis slaves. Chemical analyses showed that due to the close contacts occurring when the Formica were tending the Polyergus, the synthesis of the cuticular hydrocarbons carried by the slaves was enhanced in the slave-makers. The postpharyngeal hydrocarbon levels increased during the first 15 days of life, whether or not the Polyergus were exposed to Formica. Our findings suggest that Polyergus is able to secrete all components of their cuticular hydrocarbon blend and that none are acquired through contact with Formica. In addition to presenting our experimental evidence, several hypotheses are proposed to explain the synthesis and regulation of hydrocarbon blends borne when these two species cohabitate within a single colony.     

Ant diversity and distribution in Acadia National Park, Maine

Exotic ant species are a primary threat to ant biological diversity, posing a negative impact to native ant communities. In this study, we examine species richness of ants (family Formicidae) in Acadia National Park, ME, as a fundamental step toward understanding the present impact of the exotic species Myrmica rubra on native ant species. Twelve habitat types were sampled, along six transects, with pitfall traps, visual searching, bait traps, and leaf litter extraction, and the aid of 34 volunteers. We report 42 species of ants in Acadia National Park, comprising five subfamilies (Amblyoponinae, Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, and Ponerinae) and 15 genera; the cataloged species represents 75% of the species originally recorded in the area by Procter (1946). Our findings suggest M. rubra is currently not a dominant species throughout the entire island. However, where this species has invaded locally, few competing native species coexist. The species Lasius alienus, Formica subsericea, Myrmica detritinodis, Camponotus herculeanus, Formica argentea, Formica aserva, and Tapinoma sessile occurred most often in our survey. We report the ant species Amblyopone pallipes and Dolichoderus mariae as two new records for the state of Maine.     

Pirate ants (Polyergus breviceps) and sympatric hosts (Formica occulta and Formica sp. cf. argentea): host specificity and coevolutionary dynamics

The pace and trajectory of coevolutionary arms races between parasites and their hosts are strongly influenced by the number of interacting species. In environments where a parasite has access to more than one host species, the parasite population may become divided in preference for a particular host. In the present study, we show that individual colonies of the pirate ant Polyergus breviceps differ in host preference during raiding, with each colony specializing on only one of two available Formica host species. Moreover, through genetic analyses, we show that the two hosts differ in their colony genetic structure. Formica occulta colonies were monogynous, whereas Formica  sp. cf. argentea colonies were polygynous and polydomous (colonies occupy multiple nest sites). This difference has important implications for coevolutionary dynamics in this system because raids against individual nests of polydomous colonies have less impact on overall host colony fitness than do attacks on intact colonies. We also used primers that we designed for four microsatellite loci isolated from P. breviceps to verify that colonies of this species, like other pirate ants, are comprised of simple families headed by one singly mated queen.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 91 , 565–572.     

滇川干暖河谷种子植物区系成分研究

本文论及滇川干暖河谷种子植物区系成分由科级到种级的研究结果。所统计分析的植物共６９２个种,分属于３３６个属,１１１个科。科级区系成分中,明显以亚热带科为主,暖温带科次之,热带科很少。属级区系成分中,热带属多于温带属,有１４个特有属。热带科属偏多说明本河谷历史上有过以热带区系为主体时期和近代区系发源于热带。种级区系成分中,有中国特有种４２１种,占６１．９０％,其次是温带种多于热带种。干暖河谷的植物区系标志种有１５８种,分三个等级,一级为本河谷特有种,有１８种,二级１０３种,三级３７种。干暖河谷的特有区系成分和各级植物区系标志种均较好地反映本河谷区系演化的近代趋势及其独特性。     

滇川干热河谷种子植物区系成分研究

论及滇川干热河谷种子植物区系成分由科级到种级的研究结果。用于统计分析的植物共1707个种,分属于752个属,165个科．科级区系成分中,除广布科外,明显为主,其次为暖温带科和热带科,热带科有27个科,远比干暖河谷区系中的热带科多。属区系成分中,热带属占明显多数,有523个属,占75．03％,温带属158个,占22．67％,有个中国特有属。种级区系成分中,有中国特有种622个,占37．42％,热带种791个,占47．59％,温带种249个,占14．88％。干热河谷的植物区系标志种很丰富,有437种,分三个等级,其中一级为本河谷特有种,有45种,二级199种,三级193种。热带科、属、种偏多说明本河谷历史上以热带区系为主和近代区系源于热带。干热河谷的特有区系成分和区系的标志种均较好地反映本河谷区系成分组合特征、演化的近代趋势、区系的多样性及其独特性。     

Elemental characterisation of the medical plant Alchemilla velebitica

Alchemilla, commonly called “lady's mantle”, is a genus of herbaceous perennial plants belonging to the family Rosaceae. The species Alchemilla velebitica is found only in Southern Europe, like in the Croatian National Park Northern Velebit. Its benefits, such as a astringent and emmenagogue activity as well as wound healing are correlated to the organic compounds found in the plant, but also certain trace elements are known to reduce skin lesions, such as zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, silicon and lithium.Thus the objective of the present study was the elemental characterization of leaves, blossoms and roots of A. velebitica. After acidic microwave assisted digestion the concentrations of selected essential and trace elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma – atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry. Other minor elements, such as Al, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Sr and Zn are also found in leaves, blossoms and roots with contents in μg/kg range. The preparation of decoctions and the extraction yields of the elements of interest are calculated.     

Occurrence and distribution of tracheoidal elements in the Orchidaceae

Eighty-eight species of West African orchids were examined for tratheoidal elements in the root, stem, pseudobulb and leaf. Forty-three species (49%) contained tiacheoidal elements. al were epiphytic species; none of the twelve terrestrial and one epilithic/terrestrial species examined contained tracheoidal elements. Of the epiphytic species, twenty-one contained tracheoidal elements in the roots; seventeen in the stem/pseudobulb and twenty-three in the leaves.
The tracheoidal elements are similar in structure: they all possess annular, spiral, reticulate or pitted secondary wall thickenings. These elements vary in shape, size and distribution in the different species and these variations may be of some taxonomic use within the Orchidaceae.
The functions of the tracheoidal elements is not clear, but they probably provide mechanical support and also aid water -retention in the organs containing them.