牛膝多糖对哮喘大鼠信号转导子和转录激活子6表达的影响

目的：研究牛膝多糖（ABPS）对支气管哮喘大鼠支气管信号转导子和转录激活子6（STAT6）及其mRNA表达的影响。方法：雄性SD大鼠30只随机分为正常对照组、哮喘组和哮喘＋牛膝多糖组（ABPS组）。留取支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）进行细胞总数、嗜酸性粒细胞（E0s）和分类计数;并测定BALF和血清中白细胞介素4（IL-4）浓度;采用免疫组化法和原位杂交法分别检测STAT6蛋白和STAT6 mRNA的表达。结果：①哮喘组BALF中细胞总数、EOS绝对值和EOS占细胞总数的百分比（EOS％）均高于对照组（P〈0．01）,ABPS组上述指标均低于哮喘组（P〈0．01）;②BALF和血清中IL-4浓度哮喘组均高于对照组（均为P〈0.01）,ABPs组均低于哮喘组（均为P〈0．01）;③免疫组化和原位杂交显示,哮喘组支气管STAT6蛋白和STAT6 mRNA表达的平均吸光度（LD）均高于对照组,ABPS组则均低于哮喘组（均为P〈0．01）,其主要表达细胞是上皮细胞。结论：哮喘大鼠支气管STAT6及其mRNA较强表达,上皮细胞是其主要表达细胞;牛膝多糖有抑制哮喘气道EOS性炎症的作用．下调STAT6及其mRNA表达,使IL-4合成减少可能为其重要作用机制。     

信号转导及转录激活子1和3在高迁移率族蛋白1诱导的大鼠纤维母细胞样滑膜细胞增殖中的作用

目的探讨高迁移率族蛋白（high mobility group box,HMGB）1对大鼠滑膜细胞STAT信号通路的调控作用。方法将常规培养大鼠滑膜细胞株RSC-364细胞随机分为正常对照组和10μg／LHMGBI刺激组,分别培养6h、12h和24h,RT—PCR检测STAT1／3mRNA的表达,Western印迹法和流式细胞术（flow cytometric analysis,FCM）检测STAT1、STAT3、磷酸化STAT1（phospho—STAT1,p—STAT1）和磷酸化3（phospho—STAT3,p—STAT3）蛋白的表达,免疫细胞化学（ICC）检测PCNA蛋白的表达。结果HMGB1刺激6h～24h组STAT1 mRNA和p-STAT1蛋白的相对表达量呈时间依赖性上调,24h表达最高,与正常对照组相比差异均具有显著统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。PCNA蛋白阳性信号表达于细胞核内,呈棕黄色颗粒,且随着刺激时间延长阳性信号逐渐增强。RT—PCR、ICC染色和FCM均显示STAT3mR—NA和p-STAT3蛋白的相对表达量各组间相比差异均无统计学意义。结论HMGB1可能通过激活STAT1信号转导通路促进滑膜细胞的增殖和分化。     

信号转导与转录活化蛋白STAT3在肿瘤发生中的作用

STAT3是信号转导与转录活化蛋白（STAT）家族的一个重要成员,也是一个可以被多种调控细胞增殖、分化、发育、存活和炎症的细胞因子、生长因子及肿瘤蛋白所激活的关键信号转导蛋白。在多种肿瘤细胞、细胞性状转化过程和肿瘤形成过程中可以检测到组成性激活的STAT3。我们从STAT3在肿瘤细胞中组成性激活的机制、STAT3作为转录因子对肿瘤细胞调控的机制等方面对STAT3在肿瘤发生中的作用进行简要综述。     

P44/42 MAPK和STAT3在γ射线诱发的小鼠白血病骨髓细胞中的表达

为了观察P44/42 MAPK和STAT3在γ射线诱发的小鼠白血病骨髓细胞中的变化情况,首先利用γ射线诱发Balb/C小鼠发生白血病,成功地建立了辐射致癌模型.在此基础上,将动物分为三组：癌变组、辐射未癌变组和对照组,利用免疫沉淀和免疫印迹技术,检测各组骨髓细胞的P44/42 MAPK和STAT3蛋白及磷酸化水平变化情况.结果显示：癌变组骨髓细胞P44/42 MAPK蛋白及磷酸化水平均高于辐射未癌变组和对照组(P＜0.05);而STAT3蛋白及磷酸化水平在三组骨髓细胞之间无显著差异(P＞0.05).说明Ras/ P44/42 MAPK途径可能在γ射线诱发的小鼠白血病中发挥一定的作用,而JAK/STAT3途径并未参与这一癌变过程.     

上调CTRP4基因表达通过抑制炎症因子调控食欲调节相关蛋白的表达

上调中枢补体C1q/肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白4(complement-C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 4,CTRP4)可以改变下丘脑食欲调节相关蛋白的表达,抑制小鼠摄食且降低其体重。然而,CTRP4如何调控食欲调节相关蛋白的表达尚不清楚。本研究通过上调小鼠神经母细胞瘤细胞(N2a)中的CTRP4,探讨CTRP4调控食欲调节相关蛋白的潜在作用机制。通过对N2a细胞未做干预、转染绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)重组腺病毒和CTRP4过表达重组腺病毒,将其分为空白对照组(Control组)、阴性对照组(Ad-GFP组)及CTRP4过表达组(AdCTRP4组)。干预72 h时,用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测细胞CTRP4 mRNA表达,采用Western印迹检测细胞CTRP4、Pomc、Npy、p-STAT3/t-STAT3、TNF-α、IL-6、SOCS3在蛋白质水平的表达。结果显示,与对照组相比,Ad-CTRP4组的CTRP4 mRNA水平(26 258. 44±10 403. 47vs. 1. 81±0. 79 vs. 1. 00±0. 00,P<0. 01)及蛋白质水平显著增加(10. 44±7. 99 vs.0. 64±0. 62 vs.1. 00±0. 75,P<0. 01)。Ad-CTRP4组的p-STAT3/t-STAT3(3. 38±1. 70 vs. 0. 86±0. 57 vs. 1. 00±0. 63,P<0. 01)和Pomc(1. 81±0. 19 vs. 1. 15±0. 18 vs. 1. 00±0. 22,P <0. 01)表达均显著增高;SOCS3(0. 69±0. 15 vs. 1. 00±0. 12 vs. 1. 00±0. 07,P<0. 01),IL-6(0. 40±0. 19 vs. 1. 03±0. 17 vs.1. 00±0. 16,P<0. 01),TNF-α(0. 39±0. 27 vs. 1. 05±0. 46 vs. 1. 00±0. 29,P<0. 05)及Npy (0. 55±0. 14 vs. 1. 21±0. 38 vs. 1. 00±0. 24,P <0. 05)表达均显著下降。上述结果提示,在N2a细胞中,上调CTRP4可能通过抑制炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6,降低负性调节因子SOCS3的表达,增加STAT3磷酸化表达水平,从而调控食欲调节相关蛋白的表达。     

Activation of STAT3 stimulates AHSP expression in K562 cells

Studies on the chaperone proteinα-hemoglobin stabilizing protein(AHSP)reveal that abundant AHSP in erythroid cells enhance the cells’tolerance to oxidative stress imposed by excessα-hemoglobin in pathological conditions.However,the potential intracellular modulation of AHSP expression itself in response to oxidative stress is still unknown.The present study examined the effect and molecular mechanism of STAT3,an oxidative regulator,on the expression of AHSP.AHSP expression increased in K562 cells upon cytokine IL-6-induced STAT3 activation and decreased in STAT3 knock-down K562 cells.Regulation of AHSP in oxidative circumstance was then examined inα-globin-overloaded K562 cells,and real-time PCR showed strengthened expression of both AHSP and STAT3.ChIP analysis showed binding of STAT3 to AHSP promoter and binding was significantly augmented with IL6 stimulation and uponα-globin overexpression.Dual luciferase reporter assays of the wildtype and mutated SB3 element,an IL-6RE site,in the AHSP promoter in K562 cells highlighted the direct regulatory effect of STAT3 on AHSP gene.Finally,direct binding of STAT3 to SB3 site of AHSP promoter was confirmed with EMSA assays.Our work reveals an adaptive AHSP regulation mediated by the redox-sensitive STAT3 signaling pathway,and provides clues to the therapeutic strategy for AHSP enhancement.     

Exogenous nitric oxide negatively regulates c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation via inhibiting endogenous NO-induced S-nitrosylation during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rat hippocampus

Nitric oxide (NO), synthesized from l -arginine by NO synthases, is a small endogenous free radical with multiple functions. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway plays a critical role in mediating apoptosis in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. In this study, we found that the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) can decrease the damage of hippocampal neurons induced by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Our current study demonstrates that SNP can suppress the phosphorylation of JNK3 by suppressing the increased S-nitrosylation of JNK3 induced by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. In contrast, dithiothreitol reversed the effect of SNP on S-nitrosylation of JNK3. Furthermore, the inhibitor of nNOS (7-NI) and the inhibitor of iNOS (AMT) can decrease JNK3 phosphorylation through decreasing S-nitrosylation of JNK3. Our data suggest that endogenous NO synthesized by NO synthases can increase JNK3 phosphorylation by means of S-nitrosylation during global ischemia/reperfusion in rat hippocampus. However, the exogenous NO (SNP) can reverse the effect of endogenous NO by inhibiting S-nitrosylation of JNK3. Together, these results suggest that the exogenous NO may provide a new clue for stroke therapy.     

电针对局灶脑缺血／再灌注模型大鼠缺血海马区血管再生的影响及其机制

目的：探讨电针促进局灶脑缺血/再灌注后缺血海马区血管再生的机制。方法180只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、电针组、CXCR4特异性拮抗剂AMD3100药物组、AMD3100＋电针组。线栓法制备右侧局灶脑缺血/再灌注模型。取大鼠“百会”穴（ GV 20）及左侧“四关”穴（合谷LI 4/太冲LR 3）为电针穴位,刺激时间为30 min/d。采用逆转录聚合酶链反应法（ RT-PCR）检测各组缺血海马区SDF-1α、CXCR4 mRNA表达,免疫荧光双标法检测CD34＋VEGFR2＋EPCs源性血管的表达。结果与假手术组比较,模型组与电针组SDF-1α、CX-CR4 mRNA表达明显增高（P＜0.05）,其中电针组各时间点相对模型组增高更为显著（P＜0.05）。 AMD3100＋电针组缺血海马SDF-1α、CXCR4 mRNA表达在再灌注后1 d时明显高于电针组（ P＜0.05）,但后逐渐下降,7 d时明显低于电针组（ P＜0.01）。与模型组比较,电针组再灌注3 d、7 d海马CD34＋VEGFR2＋EPCs源性血管表达明显增多（ P＜0.05）。与电针组比较,AMD3100＋电针组再灌注后7 d CD34＋VEGFR2＋EPCs源性血管表达明显下降（ P＜0.01）。 CD34＋VEGFR2＋血管表达变化与SDF-1α的表达变化显著相关（R＝0.784,P＜0.01）。结论电针可通过上调局灶脑缺血/再灌注大鼠缺血海马区SDF-1α/CXCR4的表达,促进血管再生。     

Selenium protects cerebral ischemia in rat brain mitochondria

Normal cellular metabolism produces oxidants that are neutralized by the cells' antioxidant enzymes and antioxidants taken from outside. An imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant has been postulated to lead to the neurodegeneration in the ischemic condition. In this study, we have demonstrated the prevention or slowdown of neuronal injury in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by sodium selenite. Rats were pretreated with 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg body wt of sodium selenite for 7 d. The rats of group I (sham) and group II (ischemia) were pretreated with physiological saline for 7 d. On d 8, MCAO was induced for 2 h in, the right side of brain of group II, III, IV, and V rats. Brains were dissect out after 22 h of reperfusion and washed with chilled physiological saline. The right cerebral hemisphere was used for the preparation of mitochondria. The activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and monoamine oxidase (MAO-A and MAO-B) was depleted significantly; conversely, the activity of poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerase was elevated significantly as compared to the sham, and the pretreatment of the animals with different doses of sodium selenite has protected the activity of these enzymes significantly. The content of glutathione was decreased significantly, whereas the level of lipid peroxidation was increased significantly in the mitochondria of MCAO as compared to the sham group, and pretreatment with different doses of sodium selenite has protected their levels significantly as compared to the MCAO group. It is concluded that selenium, which is an essential part of our diet, might be helpful in protection against neurodegeneration in cerebral ischemia.     

Isolation and characterization of LCHN: a novel factor induced by transient global ischemia in the adult rat hippocampus

Using mRNA differential display to identify cerebral ischemia-responsive mRNAs, we isolated and cloned a cDNA derived from a novel gene, that has been designated LCHN. Antisense mRNA in situ hybridization and immunoblotting confirmed LCHN expression to be induced in the rat hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia. The deduced amino acid sequence of the novel LCHN cDNA contains an open reading frame of 455 amino acids, encoding a protein with a predicted molecular mass of approximately 51 kDa. Although LCHN is highly conserved between rat, mouse, and human, the deduced amino acid sequence of LCHN does not possess significant homology to other known genes. LCHN immunoreactivity is detected within the somatodendritic compartment of neurons, is also present on dendritic growth cones, but is not detected on astrocytes. The induction of LCHN in the hippocampus following ischemic injury may have functional consequences, as the ectopic over-expression of LCHN generated neurons with longer and more branched axons and dendrites. Taken together, these data suggest that LCHN could play a role in neuritogenesis, as well as in neuronal recovery and/or restructuring in the hippocampus following transient cerebral ischemia.     

NOS和PKC参与高铁血红素对心肌缺血/再灌注的防护作用

目的：研究NOS和PKC在高铁血红素对抗心肌缺血／复灌损伤中的作用。方法：采用离体大鼠心脏Lan-gendorff灌流模型,观察心脏收缩功能、心肌梗死面积和酶学指标的变化。结果：腹腔注射高铁血红素（50mg／kg）后24h,可明显改善缺血／复灌心脏（30min缺血,2h复灌）的收缩功能,减少复灌期LDH和CK释放,缩小心肌梗死面积。在腹腔注射高铁血红素前给予一氧化氮合酶（NOS）的抑制剂LNAME可抑制高铁血红素对心肌损伤的防护作用。而蛋白激酶C（PKC）的抑制剂chelerythrine亦可阻断高铁血红素引发的心肌保护作用。结论：高铁血红素可通过激活NOS和PKC,对抗心肌缺血／复灌性损伤。     

Inhibition of MLK3-MKK4/7-JNK1/2 pathway by Akt1 in exogenous estrogen-induced neuroprotection against transient global cerebral ischemia by a non-genomic mechanism in male rats

Numerous studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of estrogen in experimental cerebral ischemia. To investigate molecular mechanisms of estrogen neuroprotection in global ischemia, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and Nissel-staining analysis were used. Our results showed that chronic pretreatment with beta-estradiol 3-benzoate (E2) enhanced Akt1 activation and reduced the activation of mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4/7 (MKK4/7), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) in the hippocampal CA1 subfield during reperfusion after 15 min of global ischemia. In addition, E2 reduced downstream JNK nuclear and non-nuclear components, c-Jun and Bcl-2 phosphorylation and Fas ligand protein expression induced by ischemia/reperfusion. Administration of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY 294,002 prevented both activation of Akt1 and inhibition of MLK3, MKK4/7 and JNK1/2. The interaction between ERalpha and the p85 subunit of PI3K was also examined. E2 and antiestrogen ICI 182,780 promoted and prevented this interaction, respectively. Furthermore, ICI 182,780 blocked both the activation of Akt1 and the inhibition of MLK3, MKK4/7 and JNK1/2. Photomicrographs of cresyl violet-stained brain sections showed that E2 reduced CA1 neuron loss after 5 days of reperfusion, which was abolished by ICI 182,780 and LY 294,002. Our data indicate that in response to estrogen, ERalpha interacts with PI3K to activate Akt1, which may inhibit the MLK3-MKK4/7-JNK1/2 pathway to protect hippocampal CA1 neurons against global cerebral ischemia in male rats.