生物冰期避难所与冰期后的重新扩散

冰期（尤其是更新世冰期）对当今生物的空间分布格局和遗传结构产生了深远影响,研究生物冰期避难所对于了解不同生物区系间的关系、物种形成以及生物多样性保护具有十分重要的意义。生物冰期避难所的确定员韧是根据特有种的分布、化石、抱粉等证据推测而来,分子遗传标记为冰期生物避难所以及冰期后重新扩散路线的研究提供了有力的工具。本文以北美和欧洲为例,介绍了分子遗传标记在生物避难所以及冰期后再扩散路线研究中的应用和一些结论。我国存在许多东西走向的大山,减缓了冰期时低温对生物的影响,为许多生物提供了避难场所,但我国有关研究开展得很少。员后,对我国该领域提出了应优先开展的研究方向。     

生物地理学的新认识及其方法在多样性保护中的应用

近年来,众多分子证据和古生物学证据的出现促进了对生物地理学领域一些关键问题(如,扩散和隔离)的理解,并达成了较为统一的认识:1)扩散和隔离都是解释生物地理学格局的重要假说,并可能同时影响了生物的分布格局;2)历史生物地理学和生态生物地理学不是截然割裂的,两者结合起来有助于从不同层次上理解生物地理和生物多样性格局;3)不同的生物地理学研究方法应相互补充以揭示复杂的生物地理过程。学科思想的演变也使得生物地理学研究内容发生变化,本文还综述了当今生物地理学所关注的科学问题,并重点论述了生物地理学方法在生物多样性保护中的应用。     

大数据时代土壤微生物地理学研究综述

土壤蕴含极为丰富的微生物多样性,它们在物质分解、元素生物地球化学循环、植物生产力和生物健康中扮演着关键角色。理解土壤微生物的生物地理分布格局、形成机制与群落构建规则,有助于预测在全球变化背景下土壤微生物组的功能演变及其对陆地生态系统的调控影响。自21世纪以来,土壤微生物生物地理学在各种大型国际微生物计划的推动下逐步形成了分子生物学技术耦合大数据分析的模式,实现了多种尺度上的关联研究。阐述了土壤微生物在分布格局和群落构建规则方面的研究进展,重点介绍了分子生物学技术和大数据分析在土壤微生物生物地理研究中的应用,对土壤微生物生物地理学未来在微生物分类分辨率、模型验证与构建和功能基因地理学的发展方向进行了展望。     

东南亚生物多样性热点地区的形成与演化

东南亚地处热带,生物多样性极为丰富,可分为4个热点地区:印度-缅甸区的中南半岛、巽他区(含马来半岛、婆罗洲、苏门答腊岛)、菲律宾区(菲律宾群岛)、华莱士区(苏拉威西岛、爪哇岛、马鲁古群岛、小巽他群岛等)。中南半岛在泥盆纪便已是欧亚大陆的一部分,在印度板块撞击欧亚大陆之后受挤压而出;巽他区来自于冈瓦纳古陆和澳洲古陆;菲律宾群岛部分来自于劳亚古陆的碎片向南漂移,部分来自于太平洋西南岛弧的向北迁移;华莱士区则是劳亚古陆碎片、太平洋西南岛弧以及澳洲古陆北侧碎片的组合。巽他区地处赤道,常年温湿;菲律宾区、华莱士区、中南半岛则都受到不同程度的季风气候决定的干湿季变动。地质历史和季风气候影响程度的不同,奠定了东南亚4个生物多样性热点地区的雏形。华莱士区保存有大量的早期被子植物原始类群如睡莲目(Nymphaeales)和木兰藤目(Austrobaileyales),是现代被子植物起源地和冰期避难所之一。巽他区(婆罗洲)和中南半岛是亚洲热带植物的现代分布中心和"进化前沿",是整个东南亚地区重要的种源;而华莱士区的爪哇岛和小巽他群岛主要是物种迁入和中转的种库。这样的物种形成历史与迁移格局,塑造了东南亚4个生物多样性热点地区物种多样性水平与地理范围的基本格局。巽他区和印度-缅甸区曾在冰期通过陆桥相连,使得东南亚成为周边植物扩散交汇的一个"十字路口"。但是,人们对东南亚生物多样性热点地区的物种长距离扩散规律及植物地理学分区仍存在分歧;东南亚与邻近生物多样性热点地区如新几内亚岛、西高止山脉-斯里兰卡、中国横断山区的历史联系,还尚待深入解析。利用现代分子生物学技术,覆盖整个东南亚地区进行全域取样开展代表性类群的物种迁移与生物地理学研究,有望进一步揭示东南亚生物多样性热点地区的形成过程与演化趋势。     

沙蜥属Phrynocephalus生物地理学研究进展

沙蜥属Phrynocephalus作为鬣蜥科Agamidae中的古北界类群,分布区复杂的地质、地理历史对该属物种形成、分化及分布格局的形成具有重要的影响.近年来,随着生物地理学理论的不断发展,各国学者从不同角度对沙蜥属的生物地理学做了大量研究.本文主要综述了这方面的研究进展;同时基于沙蜥属的研究现状对今后的研究做出展望.     

历史生物地理学的进展

近年来历史生物地理学的进展主要是隔离分化学派的进展。对隔离分化学派的几个分支学派,特别是分支生物地理学和泛生物地理学在理论和方法方面的进展作了简要回顾和介绍。最近十年来分子手段广泛应用于历史生物地理学研究的各个方面,尤其是谱系生物地理学的快速崛起是历史生物地理学的一个明显特征。对本学科的发展做了初步的展望。     

替代学派生物地理学几种研究方法简介

历史生物地理学就其基本原理、概念和研究方法可大致分为以过程为导向的传播学派和以式样为导向的替代学派。本文简要介绍替代学派的一些基本原理和概念,对最近半个世纪以来发展的几种替代学派生物地理学方法：泛生物地理学、更新世森林避难所理论、分支生物地理学以及特有性的简约性分析法的原理、方法作了简要的介绍和评论。     

岛屿生物地理学与集合种群理论的本质与渊源

岛屿生物地理学和集合种群理论是目前生物多样性保育所依赖的主要生态学理论。人们通常强调这两种理论的区别,对它们之间的关联却很少注意到。事实上,这两种理论是同根同源的。以经典集合种群理论的创始者R．Levim对他与岛屿生物地理学的创始者R．H．MaeArthur的合作过程以及岛屿生物地理学对他提出集合种群理论的影响的回顾为基础,分析比较了岛屿生物地理学、经典集合种群理论、以Hanski为代表的现代集合种群理论的基本假设、研究范式和核心思想的异同,简要介绍了多物种集合种群与集合群落研究的差异,最后分析了岛屿生物地理学和集合种群理论在生物多样性保育实践中的应用和存在问题。     

生物地理学的新进展

近３０年来，生物地理学的发展极为迅速。由于遗传学和生态学的介入，生物区系的研究由描述走向解释、分析。历史生物地理学中离散观点的兴起，不仅能对生物地理分布格局的形成过程作出客观的解释，也可对地球的演化提出生物学家的看法。     

根瘤菌生物地理学的研究进展

根瘤菌是一类革兰氏阴性菌,能与特定的宿主植物共生形成根瘤,将空气中的分子态氮转变为植物可以利用的氨态氮。研究根瘤菌的生物地理分布格局及形成机制,不仅具有理论上的意义,还对根瘤菌接种剂的选择具有指导意义。目前,随着分子生物学技术的发展,以及根瘤菌多样性研究数据的积累,根瘤菌生物地理学取得了较大的进展。本文综述了根瘤菌生物地理学的研究方法及现状,并对今后的重点研究方向作了展望。     

Glacial Effects on Sequence Divergence of Mitochondrial COII of Polyura eudamippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in China

Sequence divergence of mitochondrial COII was analyzed in 50 specimens belonging to five subspecies of Polyura eudamippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) collected from southern China. There were nine haplotypes in the 405 bp of partial COII sequence. Distribution of the five subspecies was primarily consistent with the spatial distribution of haplotypes. The K _st statistic showed genetic differentiation among these subspecies, except between the pair of P. e. kuangtungensis and P. e. formosana, which were separated by the Taiwan Strait. This is consistent with the 10,000-year history of the Taiwan Strait, not long enough for detectable differentiation. The present distribution pattern of COII haplotypes of P. eudamippus should be shaped by the alteration of Pleistocene glaciations, and Yunnan might be the refugium of P. eudamippus in the ice age, judging from the abundant haplotypes remaining. There were two routes for P. eudamippus in the postglacial expansion, one northward to Sichuan, Chongqing, and Hubei and another eastward to the southeastern coast of mainland China and Taiwan Island. Because the haplotype of butterflies on Hainan Island (P. e. whiteheadi) was completely different from that of mainland China, it was estimated that butterflies on Hainan Island might be from the Indo-China Peninsula rather than from mainland China.     

Glacial effects on sequence divergence of mitochondrial COII of Polyura eudamippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in China

Sequence divergence of mitochondrial COII was analyzed in 50 specimens belonging to five subspecies of Polyura eudamippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) collected from southern China. There were nine haplotypes in the 405 bp of partial COII sequence. Distribution of the five subspecies was primarily consistent with the spatial distribution of haplotypes. The K (st) statistic showed genetic differentiation among these subspecies, except between the pair of P. e. kuangtungensis and P. e. formosana, which were separated by the Taiwan Strait. This is consistent with the 10,000-year history of the Taiwan Strait, not long enough for detectable differentiation. The present distribution pattern of COII haplotypes of P. eudamippus should be shaped by the alteration of Pleistocene glaciations, and Yunnan might be the refugium of P. eudamippus in the ice age, judging from the abundant haplotypes remaining. There were two routes for P. eudamippus in the postglacial expansion, one northward to Sichuan, Chongqing, and Hubei and another eastward to the southeastern coast of mainland China and Taiwan Island. Because the haplotype of butterflies on Hainan Island (P. e. whiteheadi) was completely different from that of mainland China, it was estimated that butterflies on Hainan Island might be from the Indo-China Peninsula rather than from mainland China.     

台湾海峡鱼类物种多样性研究回顾

台湾海峡位于中国福建和台湾岛之间, 其特殊的海洋环境使得其鱼类物种多样性水平较高并独具特色。本文综述了台湾海峡鱼类物种多样性研究的历程和成果。20世纪以来, 台湾海峡鱼类物种多样性的研究可以划分为早期研究时期、研究起步时期、系统调查时期和综合研究时期4个阶段, 从最初以新种描述为主的零星报道, 到大规模系统性的综合调查和研究; 目前为止, 大陆文献共记录台湾海峡鱼类1390种, 台湾地区文献共记录鱼类1525种, 总计台湾海峡鱼类1697种。这些种类多数为暖水性广布种, 鱼类区系以印度-西太平洋暖水区的印度-马来亚区和中-日亚区过渡海区种为主; 今后台湾海峡鱼类物种多样性的研究应加强两岸合作, 并充分发挥数据库应用的优势地位。     

中国台湾海峡两岸原始被子植物的起源、分化和关系

文章分析了中国台湾海峡两岸共有20个原始被子植物科的地理分布,区系分化,起源以及它们之间的关系,进一步证明台湾海峡两海的植物区系是一个统一的区系,台湾省是一个东亚植物区系的马来西亚植物区系交汇,而以东亚植物区系成分占优势的地区,台淡丰富的原始被子植物特有种,大多种是在台湾同大陆分离以后形成的,带有新特有的种的性质,中国大陆同台湾现存的原始被子植物科属在区系上是共同起源的,起源的时间和地区可以追溯到中生代的华夏古陆,即在白垩纪末台湾同大陆第一次分裂之前就已经表成了,第四纪冰期大陆同台湾之间的陆桥,对两岸原始被子植物的分布几乎没有影响。     

Evolution in a tropical archipelago: comparative phylogeography of Philippine fauna and flora reveals complex patterns of colonization and diversification

An unusual geological setting and a high level of endemism makes the Philippine islands of great interest to biogeography. These islands lie adjacent to the continental (Sunda) shelf, yet the majority of the islands have never been directly attached to the mainland. Existing hypotheses of colonization and diversification processes have been tested across multiple taxa, but only in ahistorical contexts. We present explicit phylogenetic predictions based on these hypotheses, and then test them using new molecular datasets for four Philippine birds. Two proposed colonization routes to the northern Philippines (from mainland Asia and Palawan) are difficult to differentiate from each other, except on the basis of outgroup, as are the two routes from the south (Sulu archipelago and Sulawesi). We find unique colonization and diversification patterns for each taxon. These results contrast with expectations from Pleistocene geography, with Luzon and Mindoro indistinguishable genetically, and Negros and Panay are often nonsister taxa. Combining these data with a literature search for studies addressing these patterns, Philippine organisms shows some evidence for each proposed colonization route but the greatest support is for the two routes from Borneo. Many taxa exhibit multiple colonization events using several of these routes, contrasting with past assumptions of single colonization events. Island‐by‐island differentiation within the Philippines follows, with patterns reflecting colonization patterns rather than Pleistocene geography, particularly for highland species. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 95 , 620–639.     

Synthesizing traditional biogeography with microbial ecology: the importance of dormancy

The discovery of biogeographical patterns among microbial communities has led to a focus on the empirical evaluation of the importance of dispersal limitation in microbial biota. As a result, the spatial distribution of microbial diversity has been increasingly studied while the synthesis of biogeographical theory with microbial ecology remains undeveloped. To make biogeographical theory relevant to microbial ecology, microbial traits that potentially affect the distribution of microbial diversity need to be considered. Given that many microorganisms in natural environments are in a state of dormancy and that dormancy is an important microbial fitness trait, I provide a first attempt to account for the effects of dormancy on microbial biogeography by treating dormancy as a fundamental biogeographical response. I discuss the effects of dormancy on the equilibrium theory of island biogeography and on the unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography, and suggest how the equilibrium theory of island biogeography can produce predictions approaching those of the Baas‐Becking hypothesis (i.e. everything is everywhere, but the environment selects). In addition, I present a conceptual model of the unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography, generalized to account for dormancy, from which a full model can be constructed for species with or without dormant life history stages.     

Use of ISSR profiles and ITS-sequences to study the biogeography of alpine cushion plants in the genus Raoulia (Asteraceae)

Nuclear ITS sequences and ISSR profiles provide evidence that Raoulia rubra is endemic to the Tararua Range in the southern part of the North Island of New Zealand. Populations in the South Island previously ascribed to R. rubra are better ascribed to R. eximia. Our findings suggest that glaciation of the central mountains of the South Island during the last ice age have had a major impact on the evolution of the South Island cushion Raoulia species in New Zealand. However, simple hypotheses accounting for the effect of Pleistocene climate change are insufficient to explain patterns of endemism in the group.     

土壤微生物生物地理学研究进展

生物地理学是研究生物（包括种群、群落等不同层次）地理分布格局及成因的一门交叉学科。微生物生物地理学的研究长期滞后于宏生物地理学。鉴于土壤微生物在调控生物地球化学过程和维持生态系统功能方面的重要作用,对其空间分布格局及形成机制的认识具有十分重要的理论和实际意义。随着分子生物学技术的发展,对微生物多样性的认知日益深入。越来越多的证据表明,土壤微生物群落结构和多样性具有一定的时空分布格局,从而对微生物全球性随机分布的传统观点提出了挑战。对当前土壤微生物生物地理学研究中的一些概念性问题,如微生物物种的定义、微生物多样性的定量测度、对微生物全球性随机分布的争论等,进行了系统评述;以微生物种-面积关系和距离-衰减关系为例对当前最新的土壤微生物生物地理学研究成果进行总结,并初步探讨了土壤微生物群落的地带性分布问题;在传统生物地理学理论的指导下,提出了一个可用于验证土壤微生物空间分布格局形成和机制维持的简单研究框架。这些对今后土壤微生物生物地理学的研究有一定借鉴和指导意义。