中国天牛总科综合分类研究进展

我国天牛总科昆虫分类从起步、发展到综合分类理论体系的建立,取得了很大的进展。解放４０多年来,除发现和建立了大量新的分类单元外,还在天牛科分类方法和起源理论、天牛科生物地理学、天牛科综合分类理论及方法等多方面进行了广泛深入的研究,取得了很多重要成果,现将其进展总结如下。１分类研究的主要发展阶段１．１初始期（１９４９年以前）我国天牛科昆虫的分类初始主要由少数西方学者如Ｂｒｅｕｎｉｇ、Ｐｉｃ、Ｆａｉｒｍａｉｒｅ、Ｇｒｅｓｓｉｔｔ等进行,１９３６年胡经甫先生在《中国昆虫名录》中记录了６９７种天牛,其中６…     

天牛科昆虫高级分类阶元实体的进化研究

本文从生物地理学、形态学、生态学、行为学、生理学、天牛—寄主植物的相互关系、地质学、气候变迁等诸方面,探讨了天牛科高级分类阶元实体的进化证据,提出了各阶元实体进化关系的新假说。研究结果表明,沟胫天牛亚科、锯天牛亚科和天牛亚科可能于侏罗纪在冈瓦纳古陆上分化出来;花天牛亚科和幽天牛亚科于白垩纪在劳亚古陆上分化出来。各亚科的进化顺序有两种可能:(1)沟胫天牛亚科、锯天牛亚科、天牛亚科、花天牛亚科、幽天牛亚科;(2)沟胫天牛亚科、天牛亚科、锯天牛亚科;花天牛亚科、幽天牛亚科。文章最后还讨论了各亚科的系统发育关系。     

天牛科昆虫高级分类阶元实体的进化研究(英文)

本文从生物地理学、形态学、生态学、行为学、生理学、天牛—寄主植物的相互关系、地质学、气候变迁等诸方面,探讨了天牛科高级分类阶元实体的进化证据,提出了各阶元实体进化关系的新假说。研究结果表明,沟胫天牛亚科、锯天牛亚科和天牛亚科可能于侏罗纪在冈瓦纳古陆上分化出来;花天牛亚科和幽天牛亚科于白垩纪在劳亚古陆上分化出来。各亚科的进化顺序有两种可能:(1)沟胫天牛亚科、锯天牛亚科、天牛亚科、花天牛亚科、幽天牛亚科;(2)沟胫天牛亚科、天牛亚科、锯天牛亚科;花天牛亚科、幽天牛亚科。文章最后还讨论了各亚科的系统发育关系。     

狭胸天牛分类地位初步研究（鞘翅目：天牛总科）

天牛类幼虫特征是探讨天牛总科演化和分类系统的重要依据。长期以来由于未找到狭胸天牛幼虫,其地位难以确定,影响到天牛总科分类系统的重建。近年来,在中国广西和西藏发现的猜胸天牛Philus antennatus (Gyllenhal）和细点音天牛Het-erophilus punctulatus Ching et Chen幼虫,为研究猜胸天牛分类地位提供了新的证据。综合比较认为,猜胸天牛与暗天牛科最相近,倾向于将狭胸天牛亚科归和暗天牛科。     

基于核糖体DNA联合序列的天牛总科高阶元分子系统学研究

【目的】利用核糖体DNA联合序列探讨天牛总科高阶元分子系统发育。【方法】本研究采用分子标记技术,分析测定了63种天牛核糖体28S rDNA D2和D3区以及18S rDNA V4和V7区的DNA序列,并采用邻接法、最大似然法和贝叶斯推论法分别构建了天牛总科2科6亚科63种的分子进化系统。【结果】序列联合比对分析,最终得到1 404 bp的联合数据组,其中可变位点446个（32.0%）,保守位点958（68.0%）,转换/颠换的平均值（R值）为1.73。28S rDNA和18S rDNA以及联合序列的饱和度分析显示碱基突变未达到饱和,说明这些序列适合于分子进化树的构建。利用不同系统发育重建方法得到进化树具有相似拓扑结构,结果支持沟胫天牛亚科、花天牛亚科和天牛亚科为单系群,这与形态学分类结果相似;狭胸天牛独立成为亚科得到了支持。【结论】利用28S rDNA D2和D3区以及18S rDNA V4和V7区联合序列成功构建出了天牛总科高阶元的系统发育树。研究表明联合序列分析是探讨天牛高阶元分类的有效的方法。     

鳞翅目蛾类科以上阶元分类的新进展

鳞翅目昆虫（蝶与蛾）种类繁多,是昆虫纲四大目之一,其种类仅次于鞘翅目。根据Dr．J．B．Heppner1991年统计,全世界已定名蝶与蛾有146277种。目前估计全世界蝶与蛾可能有255000种（其中蝴蝶约占10％）。1994年日本蛾类专家杉繁郎（ShigeroSllgi）写了一本日本产蛾类大图鉴名录补篇。内容详细介绍了鳞翅目的蛾类科以上阶元分类的新进展,由于它对我国生产、教学、科研方面都有着密切相关,现特转介如下。1982年出版的日本产蛾类大图鉴所采用的科以上阶元分类是以Common（197O）为基础的。但是、近十多年来关于鳞翅目的科以上分类又陆…     

雀形目高级阶元分类与起源研究概况

对雀肜目鸟类高级阶元的分类和系统发育的研究进行了简要概述.经典分类与应用分子生物学方法建立的分类系统在高级阶元(总科)有较大差异,但科级的分类基本一致.在雀形目鸟类起源研究方面,古生物学研究结果认为其起源于劳亚古陆;而分子生物学的证据则认为其起源于冈瓦纳古陆.由于化石的证据与"分子钟"的推测年代相差较大,因此对雀形目鸟类的起源还存在争议,但是目前的研究更倾向于"冈瓦纳起源"假说.     

中国脊筒天牛属分类研究(鞘翅目:天牛科)

系统整理了中国脊筒天牛属失一部种类,共31种,给出了所有种类的分类检索表,记述了新种暗背脊筒天牛Nupserha fuscodorsalis Wang et Chiang,sp nov。及2中国新纪录种三斑脊筒天牛Nupserha multimaculata Pic和黑肩脊筒天牛Nupserha nigrohumeralis Pic,新种正模保存于西南农业大学昆虫标本馆,副模共5号存于南开大学生物系标本室。     

The origin of higher taxa: macroevolutionary processes, and the case of the mammals

The origin of a new higher taxon is characterized by a long‐term phylogenetic trend, involving evolutionary changes in a large number of characters. At this phylogenetic level, the conflict between internal integration of the phenotype and its evolvability can be resolved by the correlated progression model, in which many disparate traits evolve by a sequence of small increments in loose correlation with one another, rather than by the modularity model. The trend leading to the new higher taxon implies the existence of a long ridge in an adaptive landscape. An evolutionary lineage tracking it requires adaptive changes in broad biological characteristics, involving many traits. Species selection is a possible additional driver of the trend. These conclusions are tested against the synapsid fossil record of the origin of mammals. The reconstructed sequence of acquisition of mammalian traits supports the correlated progression model. The adaptive ridge involved is postulated to have been a sequence of overlapping niches requiring increasing ability to remain active in daily and seasonally fluctuating environments by means of increasing internal regulation. An inferred speciation bias in favour of relatively small, relatively more progressive carnivores indicates that species selection was also involved in driving the trend. Palaeoenvironmental evidence indicates that ecological opportunity probably played a role at certain points along the lineage.     

The concept of correlated progression as the basis of a model for the evolutionary origin of major new taxa

Understanding the evolutionary processes responsible for the long treks through morphospace associated with the origin of new higher taxa is hampered by the lack of a realistic and usable model that accounts for long-term phenotypic evolvability. The systems-related concept of correlated progression, in which all the traits are functionally linked and so constrained to evolve by small increments at a time in parallel with each other, provides the basis for such a model. Implications for the process of evolution at high taxonomic level are that: the evolving traits must be considered together as a system, and the exact sequence of incremental changes in characters is indeterminable; there are no identifiable key innovations; selection acts on the phenotype as a whole rather than on individual traits; and the selection force is therefore multidimensional. Application of the model to the pattern of evolution of traits and trait states as revealed by the fossil record of the stem groups of such taxa as mammals, turtles and tetrapods generates realistic testable hypotheses about how such groups evolved.     

A revised classification of the higher taxa of the Ostracoda (Crustacea)

Focusing on palaeontological data from the literature of the last four decades, a new classification of the Ostracoda is outlined. The superorder Podocopomorpha is accepted as a mantle term for the ‘P-orders’ Palaeocopida, Punciocopida, Platycopida and Podocopida; its counterpart are the Myodocopomorpha (Cypridinida, Halocypridida and ? Leperditicopida). The Podocopida comprise the suborders Bairdiocopina, Cytherocopina, Sigilliocopina, Cypridocopina, Darwinulocopina and Healdiocopina (n.;=Metacopina s.s.). The non-calcifying ostracodomorph arthropods (Archaeocopida and Phosphatocopida) of the Early Palaeozoic, now excluded from the Ostracoda by many authors, are also considered briefly.     

Winter dormancy of the pine sawyer Monochamus galloprovincialis (Col., Cerambycidae) in Portugal

Abstract:  The pine sawyer Monochamus galloprovincialis is the vector of the introduced pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Portugal and has a fixed univoltine life cycle, overwintering as larvae inside the wood. We investigated the possibility of the existence of a phase of winter dormancy affecting the larvae, its induction and termination under controlled conditions and its incidence and termination in the field. In the laboratory, the majority of the newly hatched larvae which were maintained at a constant temperature of 23°C and different photoperiods became dormant in <70 days. Part of the population completed dormancy and reassumed development until adult emergence at the constant temperature, without the need for a chilling period. Although no critical photoperiod for dormancy maintenance or termination could be determined, dormancy termination was more frequent for larvae experiencing changes on daylength duration. In the field, dormancy incidence grew progressively from a minimum of 26% in October to a maximum of 100% in April, and dormancy appeared to be completed only during late winter. The results suggest that M. galloprovincialis larvae underwent an obligatory dormancy associated with the last larval instar, which conforms to the general definition of diapause, although presenting some affinities with oligopause. The role of this dormancy on the regulation of the pine sawyer's seasonal development and the number of generations is discussed.     

西藏锐顶天牛属一新种（鞘翅目：天牛科）

本记述锐顶天牛属一新种,即墨脱锐颚天牛Cleptometopus motuoensis sp．nov．。模式标本保存于西南农业大学植保系昆虫标本馆。     

Comparative morphological study on the genus Leptura Linnaeus of China(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lepturinae)

A comparative morphological research was done based on the morphological characters of 21 species from Leptura in this paper. The results indicated that 18 morphological characters, such as the ratio of the lower eye lobe to genae, the relative length of antennae segments, the shape of maxillary palpi apex, prothorax, elytra apex and elytral maculae can be used to identify species in the genus. Meanwhile, the color of elytra and the size of elytral maculae could not be used to identify species from Leptura. In addition, the shape of 7th abdominally sternal apex, the length of antennae and the ratio of the first hind tarsal segment to the second can be used to distinguish the male and the female.     

Comparative efficacy of five types of trap for woodborers in the Cerambycidae, Buprestidae and Siricidae

1 Traps of four new designs were tested against the conventionally used multiple‐funnel trap to determine whether trapping of large wood‐boring insects can be improved in western Canada. All four new traps used a large collecting receptacle containing detergent‐laced water, and three presented a prominent visual silhouette above the receptacle. 2 In total, 27 336 large woodborers were captured from 10 June to 30 September in an experiment in the southern interior of British Columbia, and 4737 from 6 June to 27 July in an experiment in northern Alberta. The woodborers captured in the British Columbia experiment were mainly beetles in the families Cerambycidae (79%) and Buprestidae (15%), and woodwasps in the family Siricidae (6%). Most woodborers, e.g. three Monochamus spp. and Xylotrechus longitarsus (the predominant cerambycids), were captured throughout the summer, with peak captures in August. 3 Cross‐vane, pipe and stacked‐bottomless‐flower‐pot traps were generally superior to pan and multiple‐funnel traps for insects in nine taxa, but cross‐vane traps were the most effective overall, trapping 32% of all insects captured. 4 The large number of target insects captured in a relatively small number of traps in the two experiments suggests that employment of an efficacious trap with a large vertical silhouette and a wide, escape‐proof collecting receptacle could make mass trapping of large woodborers in timber processing areas operationally feasible. 5 Because the most effective traps were unstable in the wind, and the detergent‐laced water captured unacceptably high numbers of small mammals, design modifications are necessary. We are currently developing a wind‐firm trap, with a prominent vertical silhouette, a wide collecting surface, and an escape‐proof, but dry collecting receptacle.     

新疆桦木属(Betula L.)新分类群

为与中国植物志21卷桦木属的分组等级保持一致,将新疆桦木属(Betula Linn.)分为1组(Sect.),4亚组(Subsect.);8种,5变种。其中包括1新亚组,4新变种和1新纪录种。