菓菠萝蛋白酶的分子构象与活力变化的研究

发现CBZ-Lys·pNP能有效地被菓菠萝蛋白酶(Fruit Bromelain E.C.3.4.22.5)作用,测得Km为4.167×10~(-4)mol/L,k_(cat)为742min~(-1)。以荧光和紫外差示光谱为监测手段,对酶分子构象变化进行研究。酶的荧光强度随胍浓度增大而逐渐下降,4mol/L胍变性时,发射峰自332nm红移到353nm,并在310nm处出现新的发射峰。酶的荧光强度都因SDS存在而下降,SDS浓度大于3.47mmol/L有所回升,并出现红移,同时在315nm处出现新的发射肩;紫外差示光谱显示在236nm有一个较显著的员峰,此峰与β-螺旋结构变化有关,278、286和295nm出现三个负峰,260nm有较小正峰,说明酶分子中Tyr、Trp和Phe的微环境发生了明显的变化。测定酶在不同浓度胍和SDS中的变性和失活速度常数,对酶构象变化及催化活力的关系作了比较研究,酶的失活速度均大于变性速度。     

菠萝果蛋白酶生产工艺的改进

本试验研究了菠萝果蛋白酶生产工艺中的各个重要环节。结果表明:用0.08～0.1％的丹宁作沉淀剂较适宜,既可保持产品质量,又可兼顾产品产量;酶膏在-12℃以下低温冻结和真空干燥两个因素能显著提高产品酶活性;1000 ug/g硫代硫酸钠加62.5 ug/g半胱氨酸是菠萝果蛋白酶活性的有效保护剂,可使酶活性比对照提高32.57％;提取过程中用抗坏血酸、乙二胺四乙酸二钠、氯化钠和醋酸锌溶液对酶复合物进行洗涤可有效地提高产品的活性和质量。     

胍和脲溶液对氨基酰化酶活性和构象的影响

The effects of different concentrations of guanidine and urea on the activity and conformation of pig kidney aminoacylase in solution have been studied. The results obtained clearly show that at low concentrations of guanidine and urea, less than 2m發/L, the degree of conformationsl changes in aminoacylase molecule is approximately in parallel to that of the disapperance of enzymatic activity, and at high concentrations of guanidine and urea, 2 mol/L or more, the degree of inactivation is more than that of the conformational changes of the enzyme. Comparing this result with those obtained from creatine kinase, chymotrypsin and ribonuclease, we suggest that Zn++ in aminoacylase molecule probably contributes partially to the stabilization of the local conformation in active sites of the protein, but has little effect on the overall conformation     

菠萝各器官蛋白酶的提取与保活

研究了菠萝各器官的蛋白酶含量、活性和提取过程中酶活性的保护作用,结果表明,“无刺卡因”品种的青果、７０％成熟果肉、７０％成熟果皮、茎、果柄、叶的粗酶含量分别为０．３５９、０．１９４、０．１３２、０．９９４、０．３０３和０．１９５％。各器官酶活性以青果酶活性最高。在提取过程中使用乙二胺四乙酸二钠、醋酸锌、氯化钠、抗坏血酸可使果肉蛋白酶、茎蛋白酶和叶蛋白酶活性分别提高６９．３７％、９３．８８％和１３９．６９％。１０００ｐｐｍ硫代硫酸钠＋１０００ｐｐｍ半胱氨酸是菠萝蛋白酶活性的有效保护剂,可使果蛋白酶和茎蛋白酶活性分别提高３５．５１％和６９．０６％。     

一些理化因子对α淀粉酶构象与活力的影响

用荧光光谱,紫外差示光谱和ＣＤ谱研究了一些理化因子对枯草芽孢杆菌８６３１５α淀粉酶的构象与活力的影响,实验表明,酸变性和碱变性所引起的酶构象变化是不同的;乙醇不降低α淀粉酶活力,但使其构象发生较大变化,α螺旋度从天然酶的２６,１％降到２１．８％,其构象变化不引起活性中心的改变;酶在７０℃处理１０ｍｉｎ后,由原来紧密构象变为松散构象,α螺旋度从２６．１％降到９．０％,酶活性完全丧失;而在０．０２ｍｏｌ／ＬＣａＣｌ_２和０．０２ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＣｌ的共同存在下,７０℃处理１０ｍｉｎ,酶活性不变,其荧光光谱和ＣＤ谱接近于天然酶,所以,ＣａＣ_ｌ２和ＮａＣｌ能保护α淀粉酶的构象,使之不受热变性。     

聚乙二醇对菠萝蛋白酶的化学修饰

方法:用琥珀酸酐法活化的聚乙二醇对菠萝蛋白酶进行化学修饰,得到菠萝蛋白酶的修饰酶,对比研究三种菠萝蛋白酶:修饰酶、混合酶、天然酶的热稳定性及酸碱稳定性,考察金属离子对三种菠萝蛋白酶的影响。结果:当在55℃水浴保温100min后天然酶活力只保留20%,混合酶活力保留37%,修饰酶活力保留58%;在pH3.0-4.5及pH6.0-7.0的条件下,修饰酶活力高于天然酶活力。当Ca2 的浓度达到0.05mg/mL时,修饰酶的活力高达257.66%;当Mg2 的浓度达到0.035mg/mL时,修饰酶的活力高达147.25%。一价离子Na 对三种菠萝蛋白酶无明显影响。结论:修饰的菠萝蛋白酶对温度和pH值的稳定性均比天然酶有很大程度的提高。混合酶的活力介于天然酶和修饰酶之间说明聚乙二醇对菠萝蛋白酶有一定的保护作用。二价离子Ca2 、Mg2 对三种菠萝蛋白酶活力均有不同程度的激活作用。     

一些理化因子对α淀粉酶构象与活力的影响

用荧光光谱,紫外差示光谱和ＣＤ谱研究了一些理化因子对枯草芽孢杆菌８６３１５α淀粉酶的构象与活力的影响。实验表明,酸变性和碱变性所引起的酶构象变化是不同的;乙醇不降低α淀粉酶活力,但使其构象发生较大变化,α螺旋度从天然酶的２６．１％降到２１．８％,其构象变化不引起活性中心的改变;酶在７０℃处理１０ｍｉｎ后,由原来紧密构象变为松散构象,α螺旋度从２６．１％降到９．０％,酶活性完全丧失;而在０．０２ｍｐ     

天冬氨酸酶在盐酸胍变性时的酶活性与构象变化

 本文应用荧光光谱法和CD光谱法测定了天冬氨酸酶在不同浓度盐酸胍中变性时的构象与活力变化,并测定了天冬氨酸酶在不同浓度盐酸胍中变性时的巯基暴露速度。发现一部分色氨酸残基位于分子疏水核内部,另一部分位于分子表面;至少一部分酪氨酸残基与其相邻近基团形成氢键。该酶的大部分巯基位于分子内部结构比较稳定的区域而不在分子表面。低浓度盐酸胍作用下,构象发生明显变化,而活力维持原水平;盐酸胍达到一定浓度后,活力才发生骤然下降。CD谱表明,α-螺旋构象维持整个分子构象,因而对于维持活性中心构象是重要的。     

Electrochemical approach to the mechanism of urea denaturation of horse heart cytochrome c

The effect of urea denaturation on the electroactivity of horse heart cytochrome c has been studied by differential pulse polarography and cyclic voltammetry at a gold electrode; the gold electrode was activated by 4,4'-bipyridine. Essentially, two redox couples with E₀₁ ≈ 0.25 V and E'_oz ≈ ?0.05 V (vs. normal hydrogen electrode) have been detected. The experimental results have been interpreted on the basis of the existence of equilibria between native and denatured electroactive forms; transitory species have been assumed to appear on reduction. The scheme that we have proposed agrees well with the conclusions obtained previously by other authors on conformational changes. Moreover, the advantage of electrochemical techniques in investigating the denaturation process has been underlined.     

SNase R在胍变性过程中构象与活力变化的比较

以紫外差光谱、荧光光谱为监测手段对金黄色葡萄球菌核酸酶类似物(SNase R)在胍溶液中构象与活力变化进行了比较.SNase R在Llmol L0.8mol L和0.5mol L胍溶液变性时变性过程均为两个一级反应,但是酶在上述胍浓度下失活的速度远快于构象变化的速度:酶在同一胍浓度下活力丧失的程度也远快于构象变化的程度.上述结果表明:SNase R的活性部位可能位于柔性较大的区域.     

α-淀粉酶在盐酸胍和碳酸胍变性中有关胍基作用的研究

利用紫外差谱、荧光光谱和园二色谱法对比地研究了α-淀粉酶盐酸胍和碳酸胍变性,分析了两种胍变性明显差异的原因。通过等同的胍基浓度下,α-淀粉酶两种胍变性的构象变化与活性关系的实验,表明同等摩尔浓度的两种胍盐变性能力上的明显差异并不主要是由于它们胍基含量上的不同。将盐酸胍从中性pH(6.5)调至碱性pH(10.4),其变性能力大增,紫外差谱与碳酸胍变性相似,出现了290nm的正肩和296nm的正峰,与此同时,酶的荧光强度大大降低,大部分酶活性丧失。由此推论,两种胍变性能力的明显差异的重要原因之一是在碱性介质中胍基的变性能力明显增强,并分析了其增强的原因。     

Denaturation thermodynamics of chicken cardiac metmyoglobin

The unfolding at pH 8 of chicken cardiac aquometmyoglobin was examined as a function of temperature and concentration of guanidinium chloride using the two-state model. The isothermal unfolding data at 25°C were fitted to Tanford's transfer model and the binding model of Aune and Tanford. The estimates obtained for ΔG_D) were virtually identical, viz., 8.3 ±0.3 kcal mol^?1. The chicken metmyoglobin is thus some 5.3 kcal mol^?1 less stable than that of sperm whale metmyoglobin. The unfolding parameters α and Δn were decreased 20% from those of mammalian myoglobins thus far examined, suggesting nonidentity of native conformations. The apparent enthalpy change on unfolding was dependent on both temperature and denaturant concentration. The decreases in the isothermal unfolding parameters from those of sperm whale are principally assigned to three of the 46 sequence changes.     

酵母乙醇脱氢酶胍变性时的失活与去折叠的比较研究

应用荧光发射光谱,圆二色光谱,二阶导数光谱和紫外差吸收光谱等监测手段,研究了酵母乙醇脱氢酶在胍溶液中的去折叠。比较不同盐酸胍浓度下酵母乙醇脱氢酶的失活与构象变化,实验表明酶的失活先于构象变化：在低浓度胍溶液中,构象尚未发生明显变化时,酶活几乎已经完全丧失。由上述结果可见,含有辅基金属离子Ｚｎ~（２＋）酶的活性部位较酶分子的整体结构也具有柔性。     

底物对变性酶的修复作用

 兎肌肌酸激酶被LDS变性后,底物能够诱导变性酶使其活力和构象得到部分恢复。变性程度不同的酶,构象和活力的恢复程度也不同:低浓度LDS变性酶,恢复程度较高;反之亦然。活力的恢复与构象的恢复两者呈对应关系。底物修复作用的pH以8.2为好。底物修复作用受其它蛋白质(例如BSA)存在的影响。等速电泳结果表明,BSA能竞争性结合LDS-酶复合物的LDS,使酶成为游离酶。变性酶先与BSA保温再加底物所得的活力恢复,大约是变性酶与含BSA的底物保温所得活力的10倍。这一结果似表明LDS变性酶仍能结合底物;被结合的底物还能使变性酶的构象发生变化。     

淀粉液化芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶在盐酸胍和碳酸胍变性过程中的构象变化

 利用紫外差光谱,荧光光谱和圆二色谱法对比地研究了淀粉液化茅孢杆菌α-淀粉酶在盐酸胍和碳酸胍变性过程的构象变化与活性关系以及在变性早期钙离子对酶构象的稳定作用。     

The denatured state dictates the topology of two proteins with almost identical sequence but different native structure and function

The protein folding problem is often studied by comparing the mechanisms of proteins sharing the same structure but different sequence. The recent design of the two proteins G_A88 and G_B88, displaying different structures and functions while sharing 88% sequence identity (49 out of 56 amino acids), allows the unique opportunity for a complementary approach. At which stage of its folding pathway does a protein commit to a given topology? Which residues are crucial in directing folding mechanisms to a given structure? By using a combination of biophysical and computational techniques, we have characterized the folding of both G_A88 and G_B88. We show that, contrary to expectation, G_B88, characterized by a native α+β fold, displays in the denatured state a content of native-like helical structure greater than G_A88, which is all-α in its native state. Both experiments and simulations indicate that such residual structure may be tuned by changing pH. Thus, despite the high sequence identity, the folding pathways for these two proteins appear to diverge as early as in the denatured state. Our results suggest a mechanism whereby protein topology is committed very early along the folding pathway, being imprinted in the residual structure of the denatured state.