4种针叶幼树光合速率,蒸腾速率与土壤含水量的关系及其抗旱性研究

对半干旱区４种针叶幼树的光合速率、蒸腾速率与土壤含水量关系的分析表明,二者均有随土壤含水量下降而减小的趋势,其关系可用回归方程ｙ＝Ａ＋Ｂｅ（－ｋｘ）表示．依此式计算出的净光合速率（Ｙ）等于零时的土壤含水量（Ｘ）值,各树种间有明显的差别,该值小的树种具有较强的抗旱性．其抗旱性顺序为侧柏＞樟子松＞油松＞白扦．     

土壤水分变化对长白山主要树种蒙古栎幼树生长的影响

选择长白山红松阔叶林主要优势树种蒙古栎为研究对象,人工控制3种施水量研究蒙古栎幼树形态、生物量效应和光合生理特征对土壤含水量变化的响应．结果表明,不同土壤含水量变化显著影响蒙古栎叶片、枝、根的生物量及其分配格局和叶片光合气体交换特征．水分胁迫改变幼树树冠结构,抑制幼树树高、地径、叶片大小、地上和地下生物量;同时,蒙古栎幼树根冠生物量比随着土壤水分含量的减少显著提高;供水量减少对幼树净光合速率、CO2利用率和碳利用率等特征有显著的负向影响;而叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用率对不同土壤含水量反应较复杂,只在土壤含水量较低时,幼树气孔导度、蒸腾速率明显降低,叶片水分利用率升高,表现出蒙古栎树种是干旱可变植物,长期水分胁迫可提高树种的耐旱能力．     

金花茶气体交换参数对光强的响应

为林下推广种植金花茶(Camellia nitidissima)选择适宜的林分郁闭度和光强,以降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera)不同种植密度下套种的金花茶幼树与不同孔径遮阴网下金花茶幼苗为研究材料,分析其光合生理特性。结果表明:光强在小于700μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时,金花茶幼树净光合速率随着光强的降低而降低,气孔导度随着光强的降低呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,胞间二氧化碳浓度随着光强的降低逐渐升高,蒸腾速率随着光强的降低而降低,水分利用效率随光强的逐渐降低其变动趋势不明显;金花茶气体交换参数间的相关性在幼苗和幼树之间表现出差异,而幼苗与幼树在净光合速率与气孔导度关系上则没有表现出明显差异;不同光强下的金花茶幼树气体交换参数表型可塑性较高,均在0.8以上。本研究结果表明,金花茶幼树在700μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)光强下会发生光抑制,因此金花茶的林下推广种植,应选择郁闭度30%以上的林分,避免强光胁迫,影响生长。     

沈阳城市森林主要绿化树种——丁香的光合特性研究

应用LI-6400红外气体分析仪对城市森林典型树种丁香不同季节光合作用的日变化规律进行研究,采用相关分析和多元逐步回归统计分析方法,得出净光合速率与光合有效辐射、气温、大气湿度、气孔导度等生理生态因子间的相关关系．结果表明,丁香春季和夏季光合速率呈双峰曲线,秋季呈单峰曲线．春季影响光合速率的主要因子为光合有效辐射和气孔导度;夏季影响光合速率的主要因子为气孔导度和光合有效辐射;秋季为气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度,建立了相应的影响因子回归方程。     

上海新江湾地区废弃地低干扰植物群落优势树种的光合生理生态特征

以上海市杨浦区原废弃地(新江湾地区)半自然群落的主要优势树种为对象,测定不同生活型植株在夏季不同生境下叶片的光合特性,从光合生理生态角度分析低干扰条件下上海城市废弃地的植物群落次生演替过程的特点,并结合环境因子分析并预测植物群落结构的动态变化。结果表明:(1)冠层树种光合作用日变化曲线呈双峰型,林窗树种呈单峰型,而林下树种呈不规则变化,体现出亚热带地区植物在夏季典型气候下的"光合午休"现象,而生境特点同时也影响植物光利用对策。(2)冠层成年树以落叶树种刺槐和朴树的日均净光合速率最高,且具有较高的光饱和点;在林下生境中,以强耐阴灌木植物胡颓子的日均净光合速率最高,其次为常绿树种香樟和女贞的幼树和幼苗,而林下落叶树种日均净光合速率均较低。(3)影响冠层树种的净光合速率因子中,生态因子是第一主成分,而对于林窗树种,第一主成分则是生理因子。(4)由于阳性落叶树种具有更高效的光合效率,能迅速占领上层空间,新江湾区域人为低干扰植物群落的演替早期均以扩散能力较强的先锋性树种为主;乔木群落形成后,林下更新苗则以光适应范围较宽的香樟、女贞为主,同时,上层落叶树种大规模自然衰退使得香樟和女贞逐步替代落叶树种。     

沈阳城市森林主要绿化树种——丁香的光合特性研究

应用LI-6400红外气体分析仪对城市森林典型树种丁香不同季节光合作用的日变化规律进行研究,采用相关分析和多元逐步回归统计分析方法,得出净光合速率与光合有效辐射、气温、大气湿度、气孔导度等生理生态因子间的相关关系.结果表明,丁香春季和夏季光合速率呈双峰曲线,秋季呈单峰曲线.春季影响光合速率的主要因子为光合有效辐射和气孔导度;夏季影响光合速率的主要因子为气孔导度和光合有效辐射;秋季为气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度.建立了相应的影响因子回归方程.     

散孔材和环孔材树种叶水分传输能力及其与抗旱性的关系

选取树龄相同的3种散孔材(杨树、梧桐和樱花)和3种环孔材(刺槐、合欢和白蜡)树种,用3种不同方法(解剖法、加压法和水容法)研究了其叶水力导度的差异及与抗旱性(PV曲线参数)的关系.结果显示:解剖法估算的最大叶水力导度高于加压法和水容法,加压法和水容法在6个树种中的5个上测定值完全一致,3种散孔材与环孔材树种的叶最大水力导度无显著差异.3种散孔材树种的饱和渗透势和膨压损失点渗透势与3种环孔材相比差异不大,但膨压损失点的相对含水量则低于环孔材树种,质外体含水量高于环孔材树种,导致其综合抗旱性指数也高于3种环孔材树种.研究表明,散孔材和环孔材树种的叶最大水力导度与其抗旱性之间并无显著相关关系.     

青冈常绿阔叶林主要植物种叶片的光合特性及其群落学意义

 青冈(Quercus glauca)林乔木层主要树种叶片的净光合速率日进程在春夏季晴天均有明显午休。常绿树种的光合速率在秋季最高,大量换叶期最低,冬季仍有一定的净光合量。落叶树种的光合速率和光合产量低于常绿树种,随着群落的发育其地位将降低。青冈和石栎(Lithocarpus glaber)的光合速率接近,但青冈能够利用较弱的光,因而其高叶量的树冠具有较高的光合总量,以保持其在群落中的优势种地位;石栎主要利用较强的光,其较低叶量的树冠可以维持较高的光合总量,以保证其次优势种地位。灌木、草本层种类光合日进程均为单峰型。灌木种类对光的需求较高。蕨类植物耐荫强,因而在林中能占有稳定的伴生地位。     

桂西南不同种源蚬木光合和生长特征的研究

为选择喀斯特特有树种蚬木(Excentrodendron hsienmu)优良种源,采用完全随机区组试验设计,研究了不同种源蚬木光合生理和生长特征的月动态变化。结果表明,蚬木光合生理特性在不同月份、不同种源间差异显著,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率表现出对气候变化的适应,均随月份发生变化。各种源蚬木净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均在8月份最高,4月份和12月份较低。水分利用效率则在8月份最低,4月份和12月份较高。相关分析表明,蚬木各种源苗高与地径、净光合速率均显著正相关,而净光合速率与地径也表现一定的正相关关系,说明净光合速率可作为蚬木生长过程中的指示性监测指标。蚬木大新、武鸣、隆安种源在整个生长季节均表现较高的净光合速率和生长量,以及较低的蒸腾速率,因此,这3个蚬木种源更适合在南宁地区引种种植。     

贵州喀斯特森林三种植物对不同坡位环境的光合生理响应

该研究以贵州普定喀斯特森林中、下坡位生长的构树( Broussonetia papyrifera)、朴树( Celtis sinensis)和光滑悬钩子( Rubus tsangii)为材料,通过对碳酸酐酶( CA)活性、光合作用日变化、净光合速率对CO2与光的响应曲线、叶绿素荧光特性以及稳定碳同位素组成等指标的测定,进而对比分析三种植物不同的光合生理响应特性。结果表明：构树光合作用过程的无机碳源既可来自大气中的CO2,也可以在气孔部分闭合的情况下利用细胞内的HCO3－,下坡位的构树较高的CA活性使其利用HCO3－的效率会更高,并能在较低光强下具有较高的光能利用效率。这可能与下坡位的构树具有较高的CA活性有关,对下坡位具有更好的适应性。朴树光合无机碳的同化能力最低,且光合无机碳源较单一,主要利用大气CO2,其较慢的生长速率使其对无机碳的需求最低,且能保持较稳定的无机碳同化速率。相对来说,中坡位的朴树具有相对较高的净光合速率和光能利用效率,对中坡位表现出较好的适应性。光滑悬钩子主要利用大气中的CO2进行光合作用。中坡位的光滑悬钩子具有较强的光能利用效率,并表现出较高的净光合速率,光滑悬钩子对中坡位同样表现出较好的适应性。该研究结果为喀斯特生态脆弱区植被重建过程中树种的选择及合理配置提供了科学依据。     

Photosynthesis at ambient and elevated humidity over a growing season in soybean

Daytime rates of net photosynthesis of upper canopy leaflets of soybeans were compared on 17 days for leaflets exposed to air at the ambient humidity and at a higher humidity. Leaflets at the higher humidity had higher rates of net photosynthesis on 16 of the 17 days. The daily total of net photosynthesis of leaflets at the higher humidity was on average 1.32 times that for leaflets at ambient humidity. A strong limitation of net photosynthesis by ambient humidity was found throughout the growing season.     

Interspecific Transition Among Caragana microphylla,C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii Along Geographic Gradient. Ⅱ. Characteristics of Photosynthesis and Water Metabolism

The characteristics of photosynthesis and water metabolism of Caragana microphylla Lam., C. davazamcii Sancz. and C. korshinskii Kom. populations in different sites (117.6o-105.7o E, 44.6o-38.8o N) were studied. (1) From the east to the west, the responses of the three species to photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) in net photosynthesis rate increased, the relative humidity of the air which corresponded to the occurrence of maximum photosynthesis rate decreased, and the corresponding air temperature increased. Along the same gradient, the before-noon superiority of the photosynthesis became evident, and the photosynthesis rate and the light use efficiency (LUE ) increased, while the transpiration rate decreased, thus the water use efficiency (WUE ) increased notably, and the leaf water content decreased gradually. From the east to the west, the plants took a water-saving strategy step by step with higher photosynthesis rate and lower transpiration rate. These physiological changes in the plants were adaptable to the conditions of light, temperature and humidity in the habitat of the plants, and might be the biological foundation for the geographical transition among C. microphylla , C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii. (2) The adaptation of photosynthetic system of C. microphylla , C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii to PAR, air humidity and temperature exhibited the interspecific continuity, which was consistent with the environmental gradient. In different species and different sites, the diurnal changes of net photosynthesis rate, the daily cumulative value of net photosynthesis, the diurnal changes of transpiration rate, the daily cumulative value of transpiration, the water use efficiency and the diurnal changes of leaf water content varied with longitudinal descent (from the east to the west). The characteristics of photosynthesis and water metabolism indicated that the geographical transition among C. microphylla , C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii was in gradual change, and these three species formed a geographical cline.     

小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理渐变性 Ⅱ.光合特性和水分代谢特性(英文)

研究了不同地区(117.6o ~105.7o E,44.6o ~38.8o N)分布的小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.)、中间锦鸡儿(Caragana davazamcii Sancz.)和柠条锦鸡儿(C.korshinskii Kom.)种群的光合特性和水分代谢特性。结果发现:(1)由东向西小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿净光合速率对光合有效辐射的响应增强;净光合速率达到最大值时所对应的空气湿度依次下降;净光合速率达到最大值时所对应的气温依次增加。光合日进程午前优势逐渐升高,光合速率逐渐升高,光能利用率逐渐升高,蒸腾速率逐渐降低,水分利用效率显著升高,叶含水量逐渐降低,植株逐渐采取低蒸腾、高光合的节水对策。这些生理变化与它们分布区的光、温、湿条件相适应。这是小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿发生地理替代分布的生物学基础。(2)小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿光合系统对光合有效辐射、空气湿度和气温的适应都表现出连续性,而且这种连续性与环境的梯度变化相一致。不同种、不同地点光合日进程、日净同化积累值、蒸腾日进程、日蒸腾积累值、水分利用效率以及叶含水量日变化也随经度自东向西呈连续变化。光合特性和水分代谢特性表明小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿的地理替代分布是连续过渡的,是一个连续地理渐变群。     

霍山石斛的光合特性研究

本文研究了霍山3种石斛的光合特性、气孔日变化与生态因子的相关性,研究结果表明,石斛光合作用的净光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点均低,要求低光强和散射光.相对湿度是影响光合作用和气孔开闭的主要因子.相对湿度降低,净光合速率也降低.白天气温在20℃以下,相对湿度在80%以上时,气孔开闭随光强变化呈单峰曲线;气温在20℃以上,相对湿度达90%以上时,气孔开张度与光强呈强正相关,相对湿度降低到80%以下,气孔开张度与光强无相关性.气孔日变化出现双峰曲线.叶绿素b含量略高,在短波光430nm处吸收峰较高,表现了阴性植物的光合特性.     

Selective oviposition by a leaf miner in response to temporal variation in abscission

Summary Responses to humidity of net photosynthesis and leaf conductance of single attached leaves were examined in populations of herbs from wet soil sites in Beltsville, Maryland and Davis, California, USA. Plants were grown in controlled environments under three conditions which differed in the magnitude of the day-night temperature difference and in daytime air saturation deficit. No population differences in response were found in Abutilon theophrasti. In Amaranthus hybridus stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis were more reduced by increasing leaf to air water vapor pressure difference (VPD) in the population from Beltsville, but only for the growth condition with a constant 25°C temperature. In Chenopodium album, stomatal conductance was more sensitive to VPD in the population from Davis, but only for the growth condition with 28/22°C day/night temperatures. Population differences in the sensitivity to VPD of leaf conductance were associated with differences in leaf area to root weight ratio. The relative reduction of net photosynthesis as VPD increased was greater than, equal to, or less than the relative decrease in substomatal carbon dioxide partial pressure. The pattern depended on species, and on growth condition. From these results one can not conclude that environmental humidity has been a strong selective force in determining sensitivity to humidity of stomatal conductance.     

自控玻璃温室冬季气候生态特征及调控策略

根据上海东海蔬菜示范基地荷兰型自控玻璃温室内监测的5年气象数据,采用数理统计方法,分析了冬季光照、温度、CO₂浓度和空气相对湿度的月际变化特征,揭示了不同天气型下适宜与不宜各级光照度持续时数、各级界限温度出现情况、CO₂欠缺量与持续时间特点、空气相对湿度变化特征,建立了白天温度、CO₂浓度、空气相对湿度与同期光照度间的统计关系式,明确了上海地区冬季温室内主要气候生态问题,并提出了调控建议.在本地区气候背景下在冬季要使温室作物获得高产,关键是要保证充足的光照;在夜间适当控制加温水平,重点提高晴天上午温度,增大昼夜温差,以增加蔬菜的净光合产物.分析结果为温室小气候的合理调控提供技术依据.     

Stomatal response of engelmann spruce to humidity, light, and water stress

Stomatal response of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Engelm.) to environmental conditions was studied in the natural subalpine environment and under controlled laboratory conditions. Stomata of naturally occurring trees responded to the difference in absolute humidity from leaf to air. When foliage was exposed to full sunlight, stomatal conductance decreased as the absolute humidity difference increased. In the shade, where photosynthetically active radiation was 10% of that in full sunlight, stomatal closure at large absolute humidity differences was much more complete. No effect of soil or air temperatures on stomatal aperture was observed in the field, nor were differences among three contrasting sites detected. Under growth chamber conditions, stomata responded to photosynthetically active radiation, but conductances were influenced by leaf-to-air differences in absolute humidity. Leaf water potentials below - 15 bars resulted in lower conductances over a range of humidity and light conditions. Because net photosynthesis under shaded conditions in the natural environment must be very low, stomatal closure could result in considerable savings in water while having a minimum effect on net photosynthesis.     

Photosynthesis and transpiration of monterey pine seedlings as a function of soil water suction and soil temperature

Rates of photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) were measured under controlled conditions of soil water suction and soil temperature. Air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, and air movement were maintained constant. Rates of net photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration decreased with increasing soil water suction. The decrease in the rates of net photosynthesis and transpiration as a function of the soil temperature at low soil water suctions may be attributed to changes in the viscosity of water. At soil water suctions larger than 0.70 bars rates of transpiration and net photosynthesis may be affected in the same proportion by changes in stomatal apertures.     

玉米大豆对农林复合系统小气候的光合响应

对黄土区核桃(Juglans regia L.)-(玉米+大豆)、李子(Prunus salicina)-(玉米+大豆)农林复合系统小气候效应的研究表明,在玉米和大豆的花期,农林间作系统与对照地相比可以降低农田地面温度1.7-1.9℃,减低风速55%-67%,提高相对湿度6.9%-8.4%,降低光合有效辐射强度13.9%-24.5%和大气CO2浓度5.3-10.9μmol.mol-1。本研究中,单作大豆叶片光合速率午间变化主要受到非气孔的限制作用。逐步回归分析结果表明,光合有效辐射强度和大气CO2浓度是影响林下作物光合速率的主要环境因子。林下小气候可能是作物避免"午休"现象的主要原因。     

Physiological responses of beech and sessile oak in a natural mixed stand during a dry summer

Responses of CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance to decreasing leaf water potential, and to environmental factors, were analysed in a mixed natural stand of sessile oak (Quercus petraea ssp. medwediewii) and beech (Fagus svlvatica L.) in Greece during the exceptionally dry summer of 1998. Seasonal courses of leaf water potential were similar for both species, whereas mean net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were always higher in sessile oak than in beech. The relationship between net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance was strong for both species. Sessile oak had high rates of photosynthesis even under very low leaf water potentials and high air temperatures, whereas the photosynthetic rate of beech decreased at low water potentials. Diurnal patterns were similar in both species but sessile oak had higher rates of CO2 assimilation than beech. Our results indicate that sessile oak is more tolerant of drought than beech, due, in part, to its maintenance of photosynthesis at low water potential.