应用噬菌体肽库筛选能封阻霍乱噬菌体VP1转染菌细胞的寡肽

噬菌体感染细菌首先要吸附于细菌表面受体 ,从目前报道的细菌与噬菌体相互作用的研究中发现 ,这些受体包括细菌细胞外膜上的蛋白、糖脂结构和鞭毛等。霍乱弧菌是霍乱的病原体 ,高守一等 (副霍乱资料汇编 ,1 984,2 37～ 2 4 5 .)从国内分离并选择出 5株噬菌体 (VP1～VP5 ) ,根据霍乱弧菌菌株对噬菌体的敏感性不同 ,将埃尔托型霍乱弧菌分为 32个噬菌体型。结合生物学分型方法 ,可区分埃尔托型霍乱弧菌的两类不同菌株 (流行株和非流行株 )和不同菌型。对各种来源的菌株进行分型 ,可作为一种追溯传染来源、传播途径和分析流行形式的流行病学研…     

前噬菌体研究进展

噬菌体是地球上最多的生物实体,一直被认为是细菌的天敌。然而随着基因组学和分子生物学等技术的快速发展,人们发现噬菌体与宿主之间存在微妙而复杂的关系。前噬菌体是指溶原性细菌内存在的整套噬菌体DNA基因组,广泛分布在细菌基因组中,对调节细菌宿主生理具有重要作用,如参与调节宿主的毒力、影响生物膜形成、赋予宿主免疫力等。有趣的是,前噬菌体可以通过“监听”细菌的群体感应来调节自身的溶原–裂解状态。近年来,一些细菌中由前噬菌体编码的抗CRISPR蛋白的发现引起了人们对前噬菌体研究的关注。因此,对前噬菌体的研究可以为改造宿主和前噬菌体提供基础理论参考。本文对前噬菌体的预测、分布、分类及功能进行了综述,以期为进一步研究噬菌体与宿主间的关系提供基础。     

短尾噬菌体识别宿主机制的研究进展

噬菌体可以作为抗生素的替代物,用于致病菌的防控和治疗。有尾噬菌体是最常见的噬菌体类型,可以根据尾部形态的不同分为短尾噬菌体、肌尾噬菌体和长尾噬菌体3类。不同噬菌体间不仅具有明显的形态差异,其对宿主细菌的识别机制也不相同。短尾噬菌体由于其较小的基因组长度和相对简单的结构组成,成为研究宿主与噬菌体的共进化关系、以及通过基因工程改造噬菌体的良好模型。本文综述了短尾噬菌体的分类特征及不同短尾噬菌体识别宿主受体的分子机制。通过明确短尾噬菌体的识别宿主机制,有助于对相应噬菌体进行工程化改造,解决噬菌体应用中存在的关键问题,使噬菌体更广泛地应用于生物、医学与食品工业等领域中。     

大肠埃希氏菌诊断噬菌体受体位置的测定

本文报道用静止期细菌吸附噬菌体速率常数测定(ARC),和细胞壁脂多糖(LPS)使50％噬菌体失活量测定(PhI_(50))的结果,以试图分析讨论存在于大肠埃希氏菌细胞壁上的噬菌体受体位置和数量。志贺氏菌噬菌体Sh的受体位置也一并于此进行试验和讨论。经试验可被噬菌体E-4(φ369)裂解的菌株9株,ARC试验K值为198～515,其中3株提取LPS测定PhI_(50)为<0.125-0.5μg/ml,证明这些细菌细胞壁上有大量E-4噬菌体的受体,而且这种受体就定位在LPS上。被噬菌体E-1(φ484)和Sh(φ62)裂解的许多R菌株,ARC试验获得很高的K值,但提取的LPS不能使这两株噬菌体失活,说明这些细菌细胞壁上虽有大量的相应受体,但受体位置不在LPS上,很可能在脂蛋白上,尚待实验证明。试验结果进一步推论两株噬菌体的受体是不相同的。被噬菌体E-2(φ466)裂解的菌株,ARC试验K值不超过100,说明在细菌细胞壁上相应受体数目较少,或噬菌体尾丝末端与受体的亲和力较低。单独的LPS不能作为噬菌体的受体,但O抗原的存在似乎对噬菌体的吸附有协同作用。噬菌体E-3(φ451)ARC试验K值很低,每个细菌细胞壁上的受体可能只有少数的几个。因此,从细胞外的裂解大概是不可能的,而是必须在细胞内复制,然后从细胞内裂解。     

细菌耐受噬菌体感染的分子机制研究进展

噬菌体是能感染细菌的病毒。为了抵抗噬菌体的感染,细菌进化出多种抵抗噬菌体感染的机制,这些机制的阐析极大地促进了基因编辑领域的发展,同时也为噬菌体治疗的开展奠定了基础。本文就细菌针对噬菌体感染的各个环节所进行的抵抗及其分子机制进行了简要综述,同时讨论了这些防御系统的存在对细菌自身的影响,分析了当前细菌耐受噬菌体机制研究存在的局限性,并对未来研究进行了展望。     

裂解或溶源-细菌遭遇噬菌体后的命运抉择

噬菌体是地球上数量最丰富的有机体,其在自然生态系统的塑造和细菌进化驱动中发挥着至关重要的作用。在与宿主的相互斗争中,噬菌体可以选择以下2种方式决定其与宿主的命运：（1）裂解：通过裂解宿主细胞最终大量释放噬菌体颗粒;（2）溶原：将其染色体整合到宿主细胞基因组中,与宿主建立一种潜在的互存关系。对于一些温和的噬菌体,这种倾向进一步受到感染多样性的调节,其中单一感染主要是裂解性的,而多重感染则多是溶原性的。溶原性的噬菌体不仅可以根据外界环境的理化因子,还可以通过细菌自身的群体感应系统来启动裂解-溶原开关,进而决定其宿主菌的命运。与此同时,宿主细菌在与噬菌体长时间的斗争中也进化出了针对噬菌体的手段。总而言之,噬菌体深刻影响着细菌的群落动态、基因组进化和生态系统等,而这一切都取决于噬菌体与宿主间的斗争模式（裂解/溶原性感染）。本文探讨了导致温和噬菌体对宿主菌进行裂解-溶原命运抉择的影响因素并系统性总结了细菌在面对噬菌体侵染时的应对策略的最新研究进展,以期能为噬菌体与宿主的研究提供建议和帮助。     

肠道噬菌体组生物信息学分析方法的研究进展

噬菌体是感染细菌的病毒,广泛存在于各类环境中。由于传统实验研究的局限性及噬菌体基因的特异性,导致对肠道噬菌体的研究很少。随着宏基因组测序技术的发展和各种生物信息分析软件的开发,可以通过噬菌体组学,加深对肠道噬菌体的认识。噬菌体组分析流程主要包括原始数据质量控制和预处理,病毒基因组序列的拼接组装,类病毒颗粒的筛选和系统分类注释以及进化分析和预测相应宿主细菌。本文对噬菌体组分析流程和其中所需要的常用生物信息分析工具和数据库进行详细的介绍,可以为肠道噬菌体研究以及相关的研究人员提供参考。     

噬菌体吸附及受体结合蛋白 (RBP) 的研究进展与应用

噬菌体通过受体结合蛋白(Receptor binding protein,RBP)结合到细菌表面,其过程需要复杂的原子结构的参与和构象改变。针对噬菌体侵染,细菌发展了多种抗性机制,同时,噬菌体也进化出多种逃逸宿主抗性的机制。对噬菌体与细菌间"吸附-抗吸附-逃逸过程"的探索有助于我们理解噬菌体与细菌共进化的过程,对科学发展噬菌体治疗技术以及噬菌体的生物应用技术具有重要意义。本文概述了噬菌体吸附相关蛋白及吸附发生过程、基于RBP改变的噬菌体逃逸机制和RBP相关的生物技术研究进展。     

噬菌体治疗中细菌对噬菌体的抗性

抗生素治疗尽管有几十年有效治疗的历史,但随着越来越多耐/抗药性细菌的出现,细菌对抗生素的抗药性已成为一个大问题。噬菌体治疗是使用噬菌体作为抗菌剂来感染细菌株系,它一直是人们倡导的一个很有前途的常规抗生素治疗的替代方案。然而,由于细菌与噬菌体的协同进化中,细菌可以通过多种机制获得对噬菌体的抗性。因此,人们对噬菌体治疗抱有期望的同时,也关注噬菌体治疗长时间的使用之后,是否会与抗生素使用之后结果相类似,导致抗性细菌病原菌感染的治疗困难。综述了细菌-噬菌体协同进化中细菌病原菌对有感染能力的噬菌体是否会产生抗性,及其在噬菌体治疗中影响的争论,并展望了噬菌体治疗的潜在前景。     

细菌与噬菌体相互抵抗机制研究进展

噬菌体作为一种侵染细菌的病毒,能够特异性识别宿主细菌。近年来,抗生素的过度使用导致耐药细菌的出现,噬菌体有望成为对抗耐药细菌的新武器。在细菌与噬菌体长期共进化过程中,二者都演化出一系列抵御策略。本文从抑制噬菌体吸附、阻止噬菌体DNA进入、切割噬菌体基因组、流产感染以及群体感应对噬菌体的调控等方面,对细菌抵抗噬菌体的机制以及噬菌体应对细菌的策略进行了综述,同时还列举了细菌和噬菌体相互抵抗机制的检测方法,以期为噬菌体在细菌控制中的应用以及探究细菌抵抗噬菌体的机制提供理论依据。     

Application of bacteriophages in post-harvest control of human pathogenic and food spoiling bacteria

Bacteriophages have attracted great attention for application in food biopreservation. Lytic bacteriophages specific for human pathogenic bacteria can be isolated from natural sources such as animal feces or industrial wastes where the target bacteria inhabit. Lytic bacteriophages have been tested in different food systems for inactivation of main food-borne pathogens including Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica, Shigella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Cronobacter sakazkii, and also for control of spoilage bacteria. Application of lytic bacteriophages could selectively control host populations of concern without interfering with the remaining food microbiota. Bacteriophages could also be applied for inactivation of bacteria attached to food contact surfaces or grown as biofilms. Bacteriophages may receive a generally recognized as safe status based on their lack of toxicity and other detrimental effects to human health. Phage preparations specific for L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and S. enterica serotypes have been commercialized and approved for application in foods or as part of surface decontamination protocols. Phage endolysins have a broader host specificity compared to lytic bacteriophages. Cloned endolysins could be used as natural preservatives, singly or in combination with other antimicrobials such as bacteriocins.     

The application and research progress of bacteriophages in food safety

The abuse of antibiotics and the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria aggravate the problem of food safety. Finding safe and efficient antibiotic substitutes is an inevitable demand for ensuring the safety of animal-derived food. Bacteriophages are a kind of virus that can infect bacteria, fungi or actinomycetes. They have advantages of simple structure, strong specificity and nontoxic side effects for the human body. Bacteriophages can not only differentiate live cells from dead ones but also detect bacteria in a viable but nonculturable state. These characteristics make bacteriophages more and more widely used in the food industry. This paper describes the concept and characteristics of bacteriophages, and introduces the application of bacteriophages in preharvest production, food processing, storage and sales. Several methods of using bacteriophages to detect foodborne pathogens are listed. Finally, the advantages and limitations of bacteriophages in the food industry are summarized, and the application prospect of bacteriophages in the food industry is discussed.     

A formal scheme of adsorptional receptors in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</Emphasis> and possibilities for its practical implementation

In recent years, a revival of interest to study of bacteriophages has been observed. Bacteriophages and phage-coded products can be used instead of antibiotics in the treatment of some human and animal infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Bacteriophages may serve as an excellent method for monitoring anthropogenic changes in bacterial communities, which are connected with the contamination by industrial sewages or infection of water reservoirs with pathogenic bacteria. Technical applicability of bacteriophages may be successful for combating bacterial biofilms, for example, in pipelines. And finally, comparative basic and systemic genomic studies of bacteriophages belonging to various bacterial species are conclusive in understanding and assessing their role in the joint evolution (coevolution) with host bacteria; particularly, this research is important for elucidating mechanisms of phage participation in the horizontal exchange of genetic modules. Possibly, these studies may be useful for the prediction of not only the direction of coevolution of certain bacterial species and their phages but also the time of new pathogenic bacteria origination.     

Occurrence and densities of bacteriophages proposed as indicators and bacterial indicators in river waters from Europe and South America

AIMS: To evaluate the feasibility of bacteriophages as a complementary tool for water quality assessment in surface waters from different parts of the globe. METHODS AND RESULTS: Faecal coliform bacteria, enterococci, spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia, somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA bacteriophages and bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis were determined by standardized methods in raw sewage and in 392 samples of river water from 22 sampling sites in 10 rivers in Argentina, Colombia, France and Spain, which represent very different climatic and socio-economic conditions. The results showed that the indicators studied maintained the same relative densities in the raw sewage from the different areas. Classifying the river water samples according to the content of faecal coliform bacteria, it can be observed that the relative densities of the different bacterial indicators and bacteriophages changed according to the concentration of faecal coliform bacteria. There was a relative increase in the densities of all groups of bacteriophages and sulphite-reducing clostridia with respect to faecal coliforms and enterococci in the samples with low counts of faecal coliform bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: The numbers of bacterial indicators and bacteriophages were similar in the different geographical areas studied. Once released in rivers, the persistence of the different micro-organisms differed significantly. Bacteriophages and spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia persisted longer than faecal coliforms and enterococci. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Bacteriophages in river water samples provide additional information to that provided by bacteria about the fate of faecal micro-organisms in river water. The easy, fast and cheap methods for phage determination are feasible both in industrialized and developing countries.     

Bacteriophages may bias outcome of bacterial enrichment cultures

Enrichment cultures are widely used for the isolation of bacteria in clinical, biotechnological, and environmental studies. However, competition, relative growth rates, or inhibitory effects may alter the outcome of enrichment cultures, causing the phenomenon known as enrichment bias. Bacteriophages are a major component in many microbial systems, and it abounds in natural settings. This abundance means that bacteriophages are likely to be present in many laboratory enrichment cultures. Our hypothesis was that bacteriophages present in the sample might bias the enriched subpopulation, since it can infect and lyse the target bacteria during the enrichment step once the bacteria reach a given density. Here we show that the presence of bacteriophages in Salmonella and Shigella enrichment cultures produced a significant reduction (more than 1 log unit) in the number of these bacteria compared with samples in which bacteriophages had been reduced by filtration through 0.45-microm non-protein-binding membranes. Furthermore, our data indicate that the Salmonella biotypes isolated after the enrichment culture change if bacteriophages are present, thus distorting the results of the analysis.     

Bacteriophage isolation from human saliva

AIMS: To detect bacteriophages for Gram-positive oral pathogens in human saliva. METHODS AND RESULTS: Saliva samples from 31 donors were screened for the presence of bacteriophages for Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Actinomyces viscosus and Enterococcus faecalis. Bacteriophages for Enterococcus faecalis were found in seven samples. Enterococcus faecalis phages were still present in saliva re-collected from one donor one month, and one year after initial saliva collection. CONCLUSIONS: The presence and stability of the Enterococcus faecalis bacteriophages in human saliva suggests a possible role of these bacteriophages in the oral ecosystem. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Phage therapy as a way to control oral bacteria might be considered.     

噬菌体与宿主菌间的角逐

噬菌体和它们的宿主菌组成了地球上教目最庞大的微生物种群,噬菌体靠寄生宿主菌来扩增繁衍。但在漫长的进化中,噬菌体与宿主菌间不单是捕食关系,它们间还形成了复杂的相互对抗机制,其中抵抗防御机制的抗防御机制也会促使抗．抗防御机制的产生。从生态学角度来看,噬菌体和宿主菌间的共进化保持着动态平衡。本文综述近年来这一领域的研究,为更清楚地了解噬菌体与宿主菌间的关系和应用提供了参考。     

Bacteriophages and cancer

Bacteriophages can be used effectively to cure bacterial infections. They are known to be active against bacteria but inactive against eukaryotic cells. Nevertheless, novel observations suggest that phages are not neutral for higher organisms. They can affect physiological and immunological processes which may be crucial to their expected positive effects in therapies. Bacteriophages are a very differentiated group of viruses and at least some of them can influence cancer processes. Phages may also affect the immunological system. In general, they activate the immunological response, for example cytokine secretion. They can also switch the tumor microenvironment to one advantageous for anticancer treatment. On the other hand, bacteriophages are used as a platform for foreign peptides that may induce anticancer effects. As bacterial debris can interfere with bacteriophage activity, phage purification is significant for the final effect of a phage preparation. In this review, results of the influence of bacteriophages on cancer processes are presented which have implications for the perspective application of phage therapy in patients with cancer and the general understanding of the role of bacteriophages in the human organism.     

Bacteriophages in Arctic and Antarctic low-temperature systems

Comparative analysis of the presence of bacteriophages was carried out for the water column of a permanently ice-covered, extremely oligotrophic Lake Untersee (East Antarctica) and the ancient ice wedge of the Mamontova Gora outcrop (Aldan River, Central Yakutia). Microscopy revealed bacteriophages in the Mamontova Gora ice samples and in the lysates of the pure cultures of phage-sensitive bacteria isolated from the same samples. Bacteriophages isolated from these cultures were filamentous and interacted with bacteria as moderate (lysogenic) phages. A similar filamentous bacteriophage was isolated from the Lake Untersee water column. The highest morphological diversity of bacteriophages was revealed by microscopy in the oxic Lake Untersee water column in the chemocline zone (70–76 m) and in the sulfide layer (85 m). Detection of similar filamentous bacteriophages in a relic ice sample and in the samples from Antarctic Lake Untersee indicate wide occurrence of bacteriophages and lysogeny in microbial communities of low-temperature ecosystems.