恢复生态学研究的一些基本问题探讨

对恢复生态学的研究概况、基本概念、内涵与研究内容以及生态恢复的目标、原则、程序与技术进行了分析与探讨。指出恢复生态学应加强基础理论研究(包括生态系统的演替理论及干扰条件下生态系统的受损过程与响应机制研究等)和应用技术研究(包括土壤、水体、大气和植被恢复技术、生物多样性保护技术以及生态系统的组装与集成技术等).生态恢复与重建是指根据生态学原理,通过一定的生物、生态以及工程的技术,人为地切断生态系统退化的主导因子和过程,调整和优化系统内部及其与外界的物质、能量和信息的流动过程及其时空秩序,使生态系统的结构、功能和生态学潜力尽快地成功地恢复到原有的乃至更高的水平。     

严重退化生态系统不同恢复和重建措施的植物多样性与地力差异研究

对花岗岩区土壤严重退化生态系统（对照）及４种不同恢复和重建措施建筑多样性和地力研究结果表明,花岗岩区红壤严重退化生态系统（对照）植物多样地性极低,土壤肥力极差,生态环境极为恶劣,改为杨梅果园（措施Ａ）或多树种混交（措施Ｂ）后,植物多样性明显增大,林地土壤肥力得到一定程度恢复,生态系统朝着良性循环方向发展,采取封山育林（措施Ｃ）方法,林下植被层和群落多样性恢复最快,林地土壤肥力亦得到较快的恢复,保留     

湖滨带退化生态系统的恢复与重建

湖滨带是水陆生态交错带的一种类型,在湖泊流域生态系统中发挥着重要作用,具有较高的生态、社会和经济价值.湖滨带的功能包括:缓冲带功能、保持生物多样性及生境保护功能、护岸功能和经济美学价值.湖滨带退化的原因主要是人为因素引起的生物群落结构的逆向演替及生态功能下降,退化湖滨带生态恢复与重建的理论基础是恢复生态学,其生态恢复技术可划分为三大类:湖滨带生境恢复与重建技术、湖滨带生物恢复与重建技术、湖滨带生态系统结构与功能恢复技术.云南洱海湖滨带近3年的生态恢复与重建试验的生态调查结果表明,试验区水生植被得到恢复,水质净化作用明显,藻类得到抑制,浮游动物的构成和数量发生变化,湖滨带湿地生态系统的生物多样性和稳定性增加.     

喀斯特石漠化地区不同恢复和重建措施对土壤质量的影响

采取4种不同恢复和重建措施对典型喀斯特石漠化地区进行了13年的生态治理研究.结果表明,喀斯特严重石漠化区（对照）植物多样性极低,土壤肥力极差,生态环境极为恶劣;改为花椒种植或多种乔-灌-藤混交种植后,植物多样性明显增大,土壤质量得到一定程度恢复,生态系统朝着良性循环方向发展;采取封山育林措施后,林下植被层和群落多样性恢复得最快,林地土壤质量得到较快的恢复;保留较好的喀斯特次生林中植物多样性较高,土壤质量最好.采用合适的生物措施,辅以必要的工程措施,是促进严重喀斯特石漠化地区生态重建的有效途径之一.     

强度干扰后退化森林生态系统中保留木的生态效应研究综述

保留木是指森林生态系统受到强度干扰后所存留的树木,保留木对退化森林生态系统结构与功能的维持和恢复具有多方面的生态效应。在生态系统的尺度上总结了退化森林生态系统中保留木的各种生态效应,主要包括保留木对非生物因子和生物因子(附生生物多样性、动物活动和动物多样性、树木更新、空间结构)的影响。森林生态系统经营中,"绿树保留"的经营方式是基于保留木生态效益的实践应用,它可有效减少采伐对生态系统结构和功能所造成的损失。并将有助于深入理解受到强度干扰后森林生态系统中保留木的多种生态效应,可为退化森林生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论依据。     

黄河首曲湿地植物群落生产力、物种多样性及其与生境的关系

近年来，在气候变化与人为干扰等因素的驱动下，高寒湿地退化导致生物多样性的丧失如何影响生态系统功能尚无共识。以黄河首曲高寒湿地为研究对象，基于野外采样数据和植物群落多样性指数，重点分析植物物种多样性、地上生物量空间分布格局及其与土壤因子关系。结果表明：首曲湿地存在一定程度退化，植物群落组成主要集中在菊科和禾本科，莎草科和豆科植物较少；植物群落物种多样性和地上生物量未表现出显著的经纬度和海拔梯度变化；Patrick丰富度指数(R)和Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H)与地上生物量呈显著正相关，说明保护区植物多样性的保护有利于生产力维持；土壤含水量影响着高寒湿地植被群落结构，与多样性指数呈显著相关性，是高寒湿地植被恢复和重建的关键性因子。该研究结果对于认识黄河首曲高寒湿地植物生物量和物种多样性及土壤因子的空间分异规律具有一定的参考价值，同时为高寒湿地退化生态系统功能的恢复及生物多样性的保护提供科学依据。     

贵州喀斯特石漠化地区植物多样性与土壤理化性质

以贵州典型喀斯特石漠化生态系统环境为研究对象,运用野外取样调查和实验室检测分析方法,研究不同等级石漠化环境植物多样性和土壤理化性质特征及其相关性;运用空间替代时间方法,探讨石漠化演替过程中植物多样性和土壤理化性质的响应,旨在为贵州乃至整个中国西南喀斯特森林生态保护和石漠化生态系统恢复重建提供理论支撑。结果表明:1)石漠化环境植物群路组成简单,物种丰富度也很低,且随着石漠化程度增加,植被物种组成呈递减趋势;不同等级石漠化环境植物多样性具有显著差异,均匀度指数变化与石漠化等级演替明显耦合,显示了随石漠化程度增加而减小的变化趋势。2)不同等级石漠化环境土壤理化性质存在显著差异,随着石漠化程度增加,土壤理化性质显示了先退化后改善的响应过程。土壤有机质、氮素、毛管持水量、容重和孔隙度与植物多样性具有明显的相关性,在改善土壤理化性质和促进植物多样性恢复方面起着关键作用。3)主成分分析表明,土壤有机质、氮素、钾素、持水状况、孔隙度和植物多样性均匀度指数等是基于土壤理化性质和植物多样性评价石漠化程度的关键指标。基于上述结果,进一步阐述了石漠化演替过程中植物多样性和土壤理化性质的变化规律和响应机制。研究结果对我国西南喀斯特森林生态保护和石漠化生态系统恢复重建具有一定的理论意义和实践指导价值。     

江西省不同类型退化荒山生态系统植植被恢复与重建措施

对江西省5种不同类型退化荒山生态系统进行综合治理,开展植被恢复与重建技术及理论研究,研究结果表明：优选的植物组合及合理的配置并辅以工程措施是快速启动植被恢复进程,控制水土流失、重建退化荒山生态系统的有效措施。一林多用的树种组合,合理的生物体系设计和针、阔叶树种混交是改良地力、改善环境,促进退化荒山生态系统进行演替的优良途径。先进造林技术的应用和林农牧业结合的复合经营方式是提高综合治疗效益,促进并持续生态恢复过程稳定的先决条件。     

基于恢复生态学的洞庭湖区“山水林田湖草”生态修复研究

实施洞庭湖区"山水林田湖草"生态修复工程，是践行生态文明理念、遵循自然规律、破解生态环境保护难题的关键措施。由于自然灾害及人类不合理利用等因素影响，洞庭湖区生态问题日益严重，对洞庭湖区生态系统均衡和可持续发展带来威胁。基于恢复生态学理论，以洞庭湖区为研究对象，采用物能循环和物能转化的生态学原则分析洞庭湖区存在土壤重金属污染、水环境、生物多样性与植被退化和农村土地利用的生态问题，明确了"山水林田湖草"生命共同体中各要素及相应形成的子系统存在的相互联系和相互制约的关系，厘清洞庭湖区生态系统的生态退化过程和生态退化机制，就此提出重构生态水体、重建生态地质地貌和重现生态景观的生态恢复策略，提出妥善解决和处理洞庭湖区的生态恢复及亟需进行环境整治问题，实现自然景观的恢复重构。通过构建洞庭湖区生态系统恢复的测度指标体系和洞庭湖区生态系统恢复的监测与管控，实现洞庭湖区"山水林田湖草"生态恢复的目标。     

小良热带植被生态恢复过程土壤保持的经济价值动态特征

以热带植被退化生态系统恢复过程中的长期连续的动态监测资料为基础,应用时空互代法、机会成本法、市场价值法和影子工程法等方法,对小良极度退化生态系统的热带植被恢复中的土壤保持生态经济动态特征进行研究。结果表明：（1）退化森林生态系统恢复到30a林龄时土壤保持量已趋于饱和。边际效用递减到0时土壤保持总效用达到最高,土壤侵蚀基本控制。（2）土壤保持的经济价值具有时效依赖性。退化生态系统植被在20a林龄前恢复经济价值呈快速增长;20a林龄后增长趋势放缓,人工植被对水土的保持能力基本接近天然混交林;（3）土壤保持的经济价值同生态效应具有一致性。小良退化生态系统恢复到20a林龄,林木林冠较茂密,郁密度达到85%左右,土壤肥力增加,土壤侵蚀基本得到控制,同时植物多样性和生物多样性指数增高,其经济价值呈快速上升趋势,到20a林龄后土壤保持经济价值增长趋势平缓。（4）恢复的森林生态系统在不同林龄时的土壤保持经济价值与一些区域自然森林生态系统具有一致性。     

Restoration of an Ecosystem Function to Revegetation Communities: The Role of Invertebrate Macropores in Enhancing Soil Water Infiltration

Guidelines for revegetation in agricultural landscapes may not address restoration of ecosystem functions because management is focused on the replanting stage, although certain functions are delivered by organisms that colonize revegetation months or years later. We investigated the ecosystem function of water infiltration to tree root zones and channels, delivered by invertebrates that form soil macropores. We measured macropore density and infiltration rates at revegetation sites established on retired grazing land, in relation to site age, tree species composition, and geographical location, compared with adjacent matched pastures. Revegetated sites had significantly more macropores than pastures, and revegetation sites aged 11–20 years had more macropores than sites aged 3–5 and 6–10 years. Tree species had a marginal effect, with more macropores in sites with Acacia spp. and Eucalyptus spp. than those with Eucalyptus spp. only. Besides ants, the main groups of soil burrowers were mygalomorph and lycosid spiders and also ground‐nesting native bees. Infiltration rates in revegetation sites aged 11–20 years were double those of pastures and of 3–5 and 6–10 year sites. This is the first study to quantify the rate of recovery of an invertebrate‐driven soil hydrological ecosystem function following revegetation.     

Outcomes from engaging urban community groups in publicly funded vegetation restoration

Community‐based ecological restoration (CBR) has been encouraged by government funding schemes worldwide to help reverse ecosystem degradation, although many observers have questioned their longer‐term outcomes. We investigated the ecological and social outcomes of community‐based revegetation projects in an urban context, using the case study of all CBR groups located within 25 km of the Brisbane CBD which had been funded during 1997–2008 by the Australian Government's Natural Heritage Trust program to undertake revegetation works and which were also available for interview (N = 9 groups). First we reviewed the funding allocation within the region. Second, we conducted rapid on‐ground assessments of vegetation outcomes at 10 project sites several years after works were completed, which showed that the detectable area of established revegetation averaged 75% of the area planned, and the achieved revegetation areas varied greatly, both in total and in relation to cost. Third, we undertook thematic analysis of semi‐structured interviews with key group members, revealing that groups viewed the NHT scheme's short‐term funding and lack of administrative flexibility as being largely incompatible with both quantitative monitoring (which groups did not prioritise) and longer‐term maintenance of sites for successful vegetation establishment. Interactions with local governments were considered important to success, but internally‐conflicting policies of local and state governments, together with unforeseen site disturbances, acted to limit the achievement of projects' revegetation goals. Volunteer involvement and motivation were an important part of groups' activities. Overall, these CBR projects achieved modest short term environmental benefits together with a range of social benefits. There is a need for new CBR models aimed at maximising both environmental and social outcomes.     

Basis for restoration of saltcedar (Tamarix spp., Tamaricaceae) invaded sites through an adaptive management approach

Biological invasions are considered one of the most serious drivers of global biodiversity degradation in the face of ecological restoration. Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) is an aggressive invader in arid environments of the United States, Mexico, Australia, and Argentina, causing profound alteration of riparian habitats, the composition and structure of natural communities, and ecosystem functioning. Given the severity of the reported invasion processes, and considering that Tamarix’s responses to the wide range of existing control techniques are still poorly explored, the objectives of this investigation were to assess the implementation of different control techniques based on active adaptive management and to define indicators to measure the effectiveness of both the techniques and the recovery of the system, as a first action in ecological restoration projects of invaded sites. The experiment was carried out in the Llancanelo Wetland Provincial Reserve and Ramsar site, where 540 ha of marsh environment were replaced by monospecific saltcedar forests. Thirteen treatments were proposed combining control techniques (mechanical and chemical), saltcedar population situation (forest, shrubland, resprouts), and times of the year. Simultaneously, an assisted revegetation experiment was performed on four of the controlled plots. Finally, the costs associated with each treatment were estimated. The most effective control techniques were mechanical extraction and root burning for areas with mature, low-density forests, and cutting and herbicide application for shrublands and resprouts in late summer-early spring. The cutting and shading technique is recommended in places where the herbicide application can put the ecosystem integrity at risk. Assisted revegetation only provided 2% coverage in the intervened plots, a non-significant value considering that natural recovery presented up to 35% coverage and a low percentage of invasive alien species. In spite of this, the species composition reported in the monitoring suggests adjusting revegetation techniques to assist native species recovery.     

Spatially designed revegetation—why the spatial arrangement of plants should be as important to revegetation as they are to natural systems

The spatial arrangements of plants, both within and between species, play a key role in natural systems and influence many fundamental ecological processes (e.g. survival, competition, facilitation, pollination, and seed dispersal) and ecosystem functions (e.g. habitat value, erosion, water, and nutrient capture). Despite this knowledge, fine‐scale planting arrangements are rarely considered during restoration plantings, yet manipulation of planting designs has the potential to aid the development of resilient and self‐sustaining ecosystems. Here, we outline how the spatial arrangement of plants can influence processes both at the vegetation level and more broadly at the ecosystem level. The review is focused on woodland systems, but also draws on key examples from grassland ecosystems. Following this synthesis, we identify research gaps in the revegetation literature that could usefully be addressed to help develop this understudied field of research. Finally, we outline components of population and community level arrangements (e.g. spacing, aggregation, community composition) that can be considered during restoration plantings—spatially designed revegetation—which are likely to lead to improved ecological outcomes of woodland and grassy woodland revegetation.     

Local and non-local soil microbiota impede germination of the endangered Acacia whibleyana

Inoculating soils with microbiota that benefit the germination and growth of endangered plant species could improve their revegetation success and conservation status. While ecosystem degradation can disrupt beneficial plant–soil-microbial interactions, the prospect of reintroducing native plant-associated soil microbiota during revegetation could help to restore these important ecological links and assist the recovery of key species. We address the role of soil microbiota on germination and seedling fitness traits of the endangered Acacia whibleyana (Fabaceae) through a 17-week greenhouse experiment. Soil treatments included local soil, potting medium, three inoculation ratios (3:1, 1:1, 1:3 local soil: potting medium), sterilized local soil and sterilized potting medium. Soil sterilization reduced the time to first seed germination, indicating a role of soil microbiota on germination. The 1:1 whole soil inoculation saw reduced germination rates compared with either pure local or potting-medium treatments, and the slower germination times observed in live soils confirmed the strong influence of soil microbiota on the timing of germination. We report evidence that poor inoculation strategies can adversely impact germination of this endangered Acacia. Furthermore, our findings suggest that careful assessment of microbiota associated with A. whibleyana could help to improve germination and recruitment during its revegetation and conservation management.     

生态系统修复国内外研究进展与展望

气候变化和人类活动的增加不仅导致生态系统退化、生物多样性丧失、生物圈资源供给能力降低, 而且极大地制约了社会经济的可持续发展。尽管在全世界范围内已实施了大量的保护工作, 但全球生态系统退化仍在继续, 逐渐成为备受关注的全球性问题。文章首先厘清生态系统修复的发展历程、相关概念与理论。其次, 归纳生态系统修复的全球议题, 涉及生态系统服务及其价值评估、生物多样性保护、应对气候变化与碳储存、自然保护地、监测体系与适应性管理、公平性与多主体参与等方面。然后, 总结我国森林、草原、河流与湿地、海洋与海岸带的生态系统退化问题与修复进展, 梳理生态保护红线、自然保护地生态系统修复和国土空间生态保护修复3种措施的进展与不足。最后, 对山水林田湖草沙一体化保护与系统治理、生态系统修复的多元融资政策与渠道、荒野生态保护修复的探索与实践、城镇生态系统修复的研究与应用以及生态系统修复对生物多样性的保护与维持等五个方面进行展望, 以期为我国进一步开展生态系统保护修复的相关研究与实践提供指导。     

Inoculation of Woody Legumes with Selected Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobia To Recover Desertified Mediterranean Ecosystems

Revegetation strategies, either for reclamation or for rehabilitation, are being used to recover desertified ecosystems. Woody legumes are recognized as species that are useful for revegetation of water-deficient, low-nutrient environments because of their ability to form symbiotic associations with rhizobial bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, which improve nutrient acquisition and help plants to become established and cope with stress situations. A range of woody legumes used in revegetation programs, particularly in Mediterranean regions, were assayed. These legumes included both exotic and native species and were used in a test of a desertified semiarid ecosystem in southeast Spain. Screening for the appropriate plant species-microsymbiont combinations was performed previously, and a simple procedure to produce plantlets with optimized mycorrhizal and nodulated status was developed. The results of a 4-year trial showed that (i) only the native shrub legumes were able to become established under the local environmental conditions (hence, a reclamation strategy is recommended) and (ii) biotechnological manipulation of the seedlings to be used for revegetation (by inoculation with selected rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi) improved outplanting performance, plant survival, and biomass development.     

生物土壤结皮的生态功能

荒漠化土壤或多或少地存在着结皮现象 ,导致结皮的产生有物理、化学和生物的因素 ,其中由不同种类的苔藓、地衣、藻类、真菌以及细菌等生物组成成分与其下层很薄的土壤共同形成的一个复合的生物土壤层 ,也就是所谓的生物土壤结皮在荒漠地区最具生态意义。组成生物土壤结皮的藻类、苔藓和地衣是常见的先锋拓殖植物 ,不仅能在严重干旱缺水、营养贫瘠、生境条件恶劣的环境中生长繁殖 ,并且能通过其生活代谢方式影响并改变环境 ,在防风固沙、防止土壤侵蚀、改变水分分布状况等方面更是扮演着重要角色。土壤的生态演替过程 ,往往是组成物种由低等…     

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