传统发酵食品中微生物间相互作用及应用

在传统发酵食品的过程中,丰富的物质和开放的发酵方式促成了体系中微生物的多样性,微生物的繁殖代谢推动了食品发酵的进行。同时,微生物间的相互作用在发酵过程中起到十分重要的作用。研究微生物间的相互作用有助于我们了解食品发酵的内在机理,控制发酵的进程。本文主要介绍了传统发酵食品中微生物群落结构的复杂性和可演变性等特征,综述了基于细胞生长代谢特征研究和组学技术的微生物间相互作用生理机制,初步探讨了微生物共培养在传统发酵食品生产中提升产品品质、缩短发酵周期、提高产品安全性能的积极作用。目前对微生物共培养下的微生物间相互作用方式及机理的研究仍较少,而未来微生物共培养在强化发酵上具有广泛的应用前景。     

营养相互作用对传统发酵食品微生物群落构建的推动作用研究进展

传统发酵食品是由自然接种的多微生物组成的混菌体系,了解微生物群落自发式构建的机制是认识发酵机理和调控发酵的关键。尽管大量的测序数据已经对传统发酵食品中微生物群落的结构和功能有了较为清晰的认识,但是仍然不清楚微生物群落自发式构建的机制。本文提出微生物群落是分布式的代谢系统,微生物之间的营养相互作用推动了传统发酵食品微生物群落的自发式构建。本文主要阐述了营养相互作用的概念、发生的机理以及研究方法体系,整理了传统发酵食品中微生物之间营养相互作用的研究进展,并提出了未来的研究方向。通过营养相互作用推动的传统发酵食品微生物群落的自发式构建有助于定向控制发酵过程中的微生物种类、提高生产效率和改善发酵质量。     

应用古DNA技术探究发酵微生物的适应、演化和驯化历史

发酵生产是人类最原始的对微生物的应用和实践,在人类历史上具有重要意义。然而,由于分子证据的匮乏,人类发酵生产的演变历程及相关发酵微生物的演化和驯化历史尚不清楚。本文以目前最常见的两类发酵食品——酒及发酵乳品为例介绍了发酵食品考古和相关发酵微生物的演化和驯化研究,以及古微生物学和发酵古微生物的研究现状,并讨论了将微生物古DNA技术应用于古代发酵微生物研究的可行性和难点,展示了古DNA捕获技术在本领域的应用潜力,为发酵微生物演化研究提供了新的思路和方法。     

中国白酒酒曲微生物组研究进展及趋势

酒曲是中国白酒酿造过程的糖化发酵剂,对酿造酒体的品质与风味有重要影响,其质量与其中的微生物结构和酶系组成有重要关联。近年来基于现代生物学技术对白酒酒曲微生物组的研究表明,该体系具有丰富的科学内涵与广阔的应用价值。酒曲微生物组具有微生物物种丰度高、酶系功能复杂多样等特点,并与制备环境存在显著交互作用。基于酒曲微生物组特点,研究者通过强化功能微生物制备强化大曲或接种功能微生物制备纯种酒曲,以实现提高酒曲质量与酿造功能的目标。本文就传统白酒酒曲微生物组的基本特征、酒曲微生物组理论应用与实践以及酒曲微生物组研究趋势进行简要综述。     

发酵食品生产用功能微生物的改良和发酵技术

发酵食品是利用微生物作用而制得的一类产品,在中国有着悠久的历史和丰富的内涵.发酵食品功能微生物是食品发酵体系中对产品品质和风味有重要影响的因素.发酵食品产业是中国传统的优势民族产业,与人民生活密切相关,是中华名族文化传承的重要载体.发酵食品以其良好的质地和风味,自古以来深受中国人民喜爱.现代科学研究证实发酵食品具有多种营养保健功能,引起了消费者和科研工作者的广泛关注①.但中国发酵食品产业总体发展水平较发达国家落后:缺少高性能菌株,发酵提取工艺落后;产品结构不合理,品种单调;发酵废液对环境的污染有待进一步解决等.     

液质发酵食品中微生物群落及与乳酸菌间相互作用研究进展

液质发酵食品发酵过程中微生物组成复杂,复杂的微生物发酵体系会影响微生物的生长和代谢,继而改变微生物的群落结构与功能,最终影响液质发酵食品的品质。乳酸菌在食品发酵中对形成风味物质、提高营养价值、抑制腐败菌生长具有重要的作用。本文主要对近年来食醋、酱油和饮料酒等液质发酵食品中微生物群落及与乳酸菌间相互作用关系进行综述,了解液质发酵食品在发酵过程中微生物群落结构和群落中乳酸菌与其他微生物的相互作用类型,探讨乳酸菌在发酵过程中的功能以及乳酸菌与其他微生物之间的相互作用机制。     

火腿微生物研究进展

数千年来,微生物参与的食品发酵为人类保存食物和风味多元化提供了重要的方法。这些可再生且易于操作的发酵食品为研究微生物群落提供了理想的材料。干腌火腿就是传统发酵食品之一,在微生物作用下其加工过程发生了蛋白质和脂肪的水解和氧化反应,产生的一些化合物形成了火腿的独特风味。文中描述了不同地域火腿微生物类群及其对火腿品质形成的作用,为火腿微生物今后的研究提出了参考。     

宏组学在发酵食品微生物群落研究中的应用进展

发酵食品是人类饮食的重要组成部分,深入研究其中的微生物群落结构、代谢及其活性,对于充分探索微生物资源、促进发酵食品的质量具有深远意义。目前,随着后基因组学时代的到来,测序技术的迅猛发展及其成本的降低,主要基于宏基因组学、宏转录组学,宏蛋白质组学和代谢组学在内的宏组学技术已经应用于微生物群落的多样性、结构及潜在基因功能等方面,为发酵食品潜在分子机制的研究奠定了基础。总结了在发酵食品中应用的宏组学(宏基因组学、宏转录组学,宏蛋白质组学和代谢组学)技术。随后,对奶酪、发酵酒精饮料、发酵蔬菜、发酵茶、发酵豆制品和食醋环境中微生物群落结构和功能方面的宏组学研究进行了综述,揭示了发酵食品中有益基因和生物活性物质的来源,并简单概述了这些技术的优势及其现阶段所存在的不足,旨为未来发酵食品的科学研究和工业生产提供一定参考。     

豆豉发酵中的微生物和功能性组分研究动态

豆豉是一种以大豆为原料经微生物发酵而制成的传统发酵食品,它具有营养丰富、药用价值高的特点。本文比较了4种类型豆豉的制造工艺差别,以及形成的不同风味成分和功能成分,分析了不同豆豉中的主要发酵微生物及群系与其作用,为进一步研究豆豉的现代生产工艺提供了资讯。     

植物性微生物发酵食品的研究进展

世界各地均有植物性微生物发酵食品,水果、蔬菜、谷类、块根、豆类和油籽都用于发酵食品生产。果蔬发酵的重要之处在于获得能保藏的制品并用作非收获季节的食品供应。谷类和种子可以干制品形式得到良好保藏,延长存放期不是这类食物发酵的主要目的。由发酵引起的生物转化...     

Preventive and therapeutic aspects of fermented foods

In recent times, the status of some fermented foods which are considered as functional foods that confer health benefits in certain disease conditions has grown rapidly. The health benefits of fermented foods are due to the presence of probiotic microbes and the bioactive compounds formed during fermentation. Microbes involved and metabolites produced by them are highly species specific and contribute to the authenticity of the fermented foods. Several studies pertaining to the effect of fermented foods on various disease conditions have been conducted in recent years using both animal models and clinical trials on humans. This review focuses on the impact of fermented foods on conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, gastrointestinal disorder, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.     

食品纤溶酶研究概况

溶栓疗法是血栓性疾病安全有效的治疗手段,开发安全高效、廉价的新型纤溶酶对于预防与治疗血栓性疾病具有重要意义。近年来,在许多亚洲传统发酵食品中如日本纳豆、韩国大豆酱、中国豆豉、发酵虾酱等中均发现有丰富的纤溶酶资源。本文重点介绍传统发酵食品中纤溶酶的研究概况及其开发前景。     

传统与未来的碰撞：食品发酵工程技术与应用进展

随着生物技术的飞速发展,作为食品生物工程的主要组成部分,食品发酵工程技术不断升级,在传统发酵食品的菌种、发酵过程、产品品质得到改善的同时,生物制造的功能食品组分、未来食品等新型产品也应运而生。首先概述了由生物技术和信息技术的进步带来的食品发酵研究手段与生产方式的多层面变革,并重点阐释了利用食品合成生物学设计构建细胞工厂的思路和方法,以及食品生物工程在微生物分析、过程工程和分离工程方面的智能化进程。其次,介绍了现代食品生物工程技术在改善传统发酵食品品质及安全性、生产功能食品组分、添加剂和酶制剂、创制未来食品和开发新型益生食品方面的应用进展。最后,对全球和我国食品发酵产业面临的挑战和未来发展趋势进行了总结和展望,以期为食品发酵的技术革新和工业化应用提供参考。     

Occurrence and function of yeasts in Asian indigenous fermented foods

In the Asian region, indigenous fermented foods are important in daily life. In many of these foods, yeasts are predominant and functional during the fermentation. The diversity of foods in which yeasts predominate ranges from leavened bread-like products such as nan and idli, to alcoholic beverages such as rice and palm wines, and condiments such as papads and soy sauce. Although several products are obtained by natural fermentation, the use of traditional starter cultures is widespread. This minireview focuses on the diversity and functionality of yeasts in these products, and on opportunities for research and development.     

传统大豆发酵食品中大豆异黄酮的生理保健机能的研究进展

大豆异黄酮属于黄酮类化合物,是一类具有重要生物活性的化合物,在大豆和传统大豆发酵食品中含量丰富。近年来研究发现大豆异黄酮在预防癌症、骨质疏松症、心血管疾病和改善妇女更年期综合症等方面具有广泛的生理活性,因此引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。大豆异黄酮的研究,不仅为功能性大豆制品的开发提供理论基础,也为人们合理的膳食提供参考。综述近年来国内外对大豆异黄酮生理保健机能的研究进展。     

Traditional healthful fermented products of Japan

A variety of fermentation products, such as foods containing probiotic bacteria, black rice vinegar (kurosu), soy sauce (shoyu), soybean-barley paste (miso), natto and tempeh, are sold in food stores in Japan. These fermented food products are produced by traditional methods that exploit mixed cultures of various non-toxic microorganisms. These microorganisms include lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, sake yeast, koji molds and natto bacteria. Many traditional fermented foods have been studied and their effects on metabolism and/or immune system have been demonstrated in animal and/or human cells. This review summarizes the scientific basis for the effects of these traditional food products, which are currently produced commercially in Japan.     

Fermented foods,microbiota, and mental health: ancient practice meets nutritional psychiatry

The purposeful application of fermentation in food and beverage preparation, as a means to provide palatability, nutritional value, preservative, and medicinal properties, is an ancient practice. Fermented foods and beverages continue to make a significant contribution to the overall patterns of traditional dietary practices. As our knowledge of the human microbiome increases, including its connection to mental health (for example, anxiety and depression), it is becoming increasingly clear that there are untold connections between our resident microbes and many aspects of physiology. Of relevance to this research are new findings concerning the ways in which fermentation alters dietary items pre-consumption, and in turn, the ways in which fermentation-enriched chemicals (for example, lactoferrin, bioactive peptides) and newly formed phytochemicals (for example, unique flavonoids) may act upon our own intestinal microbiota profile. Here, we argue that the consumption of fermented foods may be particularly relevant to the emerging research linking traditional dietary practices and positive mental health. The extent to which traditional dietary items may mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress may be controlled, at least to some degree, by microbiota. It is our contention that properly controlled fermentation may often amplify the specific nutrient and phytochemical content of foods, the ultimate value of which may associated with mental health; furthermore, we also argue that the microbes (for example, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria species) associated with fermented foods may also influence brain health via direct and indirect pathways.     

Botulism among Alaska Natives. The role of changing food preparation and consumption practices.

Alaska Natives have one of the highest rates of food-borne botulism worldwide. All outbreaks have been associated with the consumption of native foods, but in recent years outbreaks have occurred in previously unaffected areas and have involved new food items. Five botulism outbreaks occurred between 1975 and 1985 in an area of southwestern Alaska without previous confirmed outbreaks and among one ethnic group, the Yupik Eskimo. Of the 5 outbreaks, 3 were associated with fermented beaver tail, a nontraditional native food recently introduced into the region. Preparation techniques vary widely within villages and among ethnic groups. Traditional fermentation techniques have changed over the past 50 years; current preparation methods used by some families and ethnic groups may be more favorable for Clostridium botulinum growth. Prevention efforts should be targeted at high-risk subgroups of Alaska Natives who appear to have modified traditional practices and increased their risk of food-borne botulism.