温泉微生物多样性与酶类分析

温泉微生物多样性包括物种多样性、遗传多样性、生理多样性和生态多样性。温泉微生物多样性受地理位置、温度和酸碱度、水化学成分(硫、硼、铁、砷等离子和化合物)及氧气和光照等生态因子的影响。目前已经从温泉微生物中筛选出了许多具有热稳定性的酶。本文分析了温泉微生物多样性及其影响因素,并讨论了具有广泛应用价值的温泉微生物酶,为拓展我国温泉微生物多样性研究、深入认识和开发温泉微生物资源提供基础。     

极端微生物及其适应机理的研究进展

极端微生物是生物对极端环境适应的特殊种类 ,研究极端微生物的特性对探索生命的起源、微生物的育种及开发利用等具有重要意义。从嗜热微生物、嗜冷菌和耐冷菌、极端嗜酸微生物、嗜碱微生物、嗜盐微生物、嗜压微生物等方面总结了极端微生物及其适应机理的多样性以及其研究进展 ,旨在为极端微生物的开发利用提供一定的参考依据。     

青藏高原微生物生态功能研究进展

青藏高原作为地球“第三极”和全球气候变化敏感区,有着复杂和极端的气候环境,同时也蕴藏了丰富而特殊的生物资源,因此其生物多样性及其对全球气候变化的响应等研究备受关注。随着免培养的分子生态学和高通量测序等技术的迅速发展,青藏高原微生物的多样性及其功能、与其他生物互作等方面的研究不断深入,人们得以进一步认识青藏高原微生物在调节和维持生态系统平衡稳定等方面的重要作用。本文以青藏高原微生物合成功能中的固碳、固氮和藏区特色食品生产和分解作用中的碳、氮、磷、硫元素循环和有毒有害物质的降解以及共生作用中的与微生物、动物、植物共生为主要内容,讨论了微生物对青藏高原其他物种以及生态环境等方面的独特贡献,并对其生态功能进行总结,明确青藏高原微生物对于其脆弱生态环境的重要意义,以期为青藏高原生物多样性保护及微生物资源的开发利用提供参考。     

极端嗜酸微生物

一般认为,极端嗜酸微生物指那些生长ｐＨ上限为３．０最适生长ｐＨ在１．０～２．５之间的微生物。它们一般分布于金属硫矿床酸性矿水、生物滤沥堆、煤矿床酸性矿水以及合硫温泉和土壤中,包括原核和真核两大类。其中原核嗜酸微生物依生长的温度范围不同又可划分成常温型、中温型和高温型３个类群。由于嗜酸微生物在低品位矿生物滤沥及煤的脱硫等方面有重要应用前景,因此受到广泛重视。１极端嗜酸微生物的多样性及主要类群在极端酸性环境中的真核生命几乎完全限于微生物。在黄石公园的温泉水体中已分离到光合作用的藻类。从其它一些地方金…     

油藏微生物及其在石油工业中的应用

油藏是一种特殊环境,其高温、高压、高矿化度、无氧、多孔介质及其流体等因素对微生物的存活及生长繁殖都会产生明显影响。油藏极端环境对微生物群落结构组成和数量也会有大的影响。该文介绍了与微生物采油关系紧密的微生物群落的生理生化特征及其多样性。主要有烃降解菌、发酵菌、硫酸盐还原菌及产甲烷菌。还介绍了激活本源微生物和筛选外源微生物在提高石油采收率方面的应用。最后就分子生物技术在研究油藏中可培养微生物和未培养微生物中的应用进行了讨论。     

古细菌及其在人类疾病中可能的作用

长期以来,人们一直在努力寻找在一些特殊环境条件下(如极端的pH、温度、营养条件和压力)下生存的微生物,并得到了大量关于生物多样性和微生物生命起源的信息。古细菌是一个数量多、变异大的原核生物组,它包括很多生活在极限条件如高温温泉、盐湖和深海火山口的生物。令人不解的是,尽管古细菌是地球上广泛存在的微生物,但目前还没有发现它与人类疾病有关。     

深海真菌多样性及其代谢产物生物活性的研究进展

深海环境复杂多样,深海微生物逐渐进化以适应其生存环境。真菌作为深海环境中的重要微生物类群,是开发海洋生物的新兴资源。综述了近年来深海真菌的物种多样性、活性代谢产物的多样性及其生物学功能等的研究进展,并对未来深海真菌的应用进行了展望。     

深海极端微生物菌群及代谢产物多样性的研究进展

海洋覆盖了地球表面积的四分之三,它不仅是生命的起源,而且还孕育了各种极端微生物。它们存在于海洋极端环境中,如热液喷口、热泉、咸湖和深海层等,由于生境太过恶劣,一度被认为是生命的禁区。随着人类对深海极端环境微生物研究的不断深入,已经探索到那里具有丰富的菌群资源和具有潜在价值的天然生物活性产物。这些极端微生物能够适应极高温、极低温、高压、高盐、高放射性和极度酸碱性等极端环境,具有特殊的生物多样性、遗传背景和代谢途径,能够产生各种具有特殊功能的酶类及其他活性物质,展现出巨大的研究价值和应用潜力。研究海洋极端微生物对探索生物多样性、新资源开发利用及对地球生物学研究等都具有重要意义。     

极端微生物及其相关功能蛋白研究进展

极端微生物是一类能够适应特殊环境的微生物,相关功能蛋白在其适应极端环境过程中发挥着重要作用,探索极端微生物的特性及其相关的功能蛋白有助于深入了解生命的起源与进化,为蛋白酶在工业领域的应用提供一定理论依据。现概述耐辐射球菌、嗜盐菌、嗜热菌、嗜酸菌和嗜碱菌、嗜冷菌、嗜压菌的特性及其相关的功能蛋白质,从蛋白质水平阐述极端微生物对极端环境的适应机制。     

极端微生物及其应用研究进展

极端微生物是指在高/低温、高/低pH、高盐、高压等极端环境条件下生存的微生物.特殊的生存条件导致其具有特殊的遗传背景和代谢途径,并可产生功能特殊的酶类和活性物质.随着系统生物学和合成生物学技术的发展,极端微生物作为一类特殊的微生物群体,在生物医疗、生物能源和生物材料等领域具有巨大的应用潜力.极端微生物相关研究也对生命起...     

分子生物学技术在热泉地质微生物学研究中的应用

陆地热泉是一类典型的极端生命-环境互作的地质系统,是我们认识生命与环境协同演化的天然实验室。然而,受限于有限的研究手段,热泉中仍存在大量未解密的微生物"暗物质"。这种困境随着技术的革新得到了改善,尤其是近几年来基于组学、探针和同位素标记的多元化检测手段在嗜热微生物多样性的挖掘、新物种和新代谢途径的发现以及嗜热微生物对元素地球化学循环的调控和响应等方面取得了一系列令人瞩目的研究成果,使得热泉极端微生物和地质环境内在联系的研究也成为地质微生物学研究的热点。立足于前人研究成果,本文将简述常用于热泉地质微生物学研究的分子生物学手段的发展,重点总结其在挖掘热泉微生物多样性和热泉微生物的环境功能研究中的应用及进展,最后对未来研究方向提出展望。     

高通量测序分析云南腾冲热海热泉微生物多样性

【背景】云南腾冲热海热泉中蕴含着丰富的极端微生物资源。【目的】揭示云南腾冲热海热泉中微生物物种多样性及群落结构差异,发掘酸性热泉中铁、硫氧化功能微生物。【方法】采用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术对3处热泉15个水体样品中微生物16SrRNA基因V4-V5区进行测序及生物信息学分析。【结果】3处热泉中共获得578061条有效序列,聚类为141个可操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic unit,OTU),包括19个门66个属。鼓鸣泉(GMQ)、蛤蟆嘴(HMZ)、黄瓜箐(HGQ)3处热泉均以泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)和厚壁菌门(Firmicute)为主。从属水平分析,碱性热泉鼓鸣泉(GMQ)和中性热泉蛤蟆嘴(HMZ)分别注释到37、32个属,优势属均为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和热棒菌属(Pyrobaculum)。酸性热泉黄瓜箐(HGQ)共注释到20个属,优势属为酸杆菌属(Acidibacillus)和酸硫杆状菌属(Acidithiobacillus),此外,具有铁、硫氧化潜力的菌属有喜酸菌属(Acidicaldus)、硫化芽孢杆菌属(Sulfobacillus)、硫化叶菌属(Sulfolobus)及生金球菌属(Metallosphaera)等,进一步通过硫氧化培养基分离获得了这些菌属中的纯菌株。【结论】云南腾冲热海热泉水体中蕴含丰富的微生物资源,热泉间微生物物种组成差异明显;酸性热泉中存在多种具有潜在铁、硫代谢功能的菌种;未分类类群、非培养类群丰度很高,尤其是蕴藏着可观的古菌资源。     

Phage community dynamics in hot springs

In extreme thermal environments such as hot springs, phages are the only known microbial predators. Here we present the first study of prokaryotic and phage community dynamics in these environments. Phages were abundant in hot springs, reaching concentrations of a million viruses per milliliter. Hot spring phage particles were resistant to shifts to lower temperatures, possibly facilitating DNA transfer out of these extreme environments. The phages were actively produced, with a population turnover time of 1 to 2 days. Phage-mediated microbial mortality was significant, making phage lysis an important component of hot spring microbial food webs. Together, these results show that phages exert an important influence on microbial community structure and energy flow in extreme thermal environments.     

Phage Community Dynamics in Hot Springs

In extreme thermal environments such as hot springs, phages are the only known microbial predators. Here we present the first study of prokaryotic and phage community dynamics in these environments. Phages were abundant in hot springs, reaching concentrations of a million viruses per milliliter. Hot spring phage particles were resistant to shifts to lower temperatures, possibly facilitating DNA transfer out of these extreme environments. The phages were actively produced, with a population turnover time of 1 to 2 days. Phage-mediated microbial mortality was significant, making phage lysis an important component of hot spring microbial food webs. Together, these results show that phages exert an important influence on microbial community structure and energy flow in extreme thermal environments.     

Metagenomics of microbial and viral life in terrestrial geothermal environments

Geothermally heated regions of Earth, such as terrestrial volcanic areas (fumaroles, hot springs, and geysers) and deep-sea hydrothermal vents, represent a variety of different environments populated by extremophilic archaeal and bacterial microorganisms. Since most of these microbes thriving in such harsh biotopes, they are often recalcitrant to cultivation; therefore, ecological, physiological and phylogenetic studies of these microbial populations have been hampered for a long time. More recently, culture-independent methodologies coupled with the fast development of next generation sequencing technologies as well as with the continuous advances in computational biology, have allowed the production of large amounts of metagenomic data. Specifically, these approaches have assessed the phylogenetic composition and functional potential of microbial consortia thriving within these habitats, shedding light on how extreme physico-chemical conditions and biological interactions have shaped such microbial communities. Metagenomics allowed to better understand that the exposure to an extreme range of selective pressures in such severe environments, accounts for genomic flexibility and metabolic versatility of microbial and viral communities, and makes extreme- and hyper-thermophiles suitable for bioprospecting purposes, representing an interesting source for novel thermostable proteins that can be potentially used in several industrial processes.     

Metagenomic Investigation of Bacterial and Archaeal Diversity of Hammam Essalihine Hot Spring from Khenchela,Algeria

Abstract

Hot springs are natural environments where hot groundwater comes out from the earth. Exploring the microbial diversity present in hot springs is important first to determine the microorganisms able to proliferate there and to understand their role in biogeochemical cycles. In Algeria, research concerning microbial populations in those ecosystems is limited. This study describes bacterial and archaeal diversity of the ‘Hammam Essalihine’ hot spring in Khenchela province in north-east Algeria using a culture-independent approach. This is the first microbial diversity investigation in the ‘Hammam Essalihine’ hot spring using next-generation sequencing techniques to assess the species classification of thermophilic microorganisms. Genomic DNA was extracted from water samples and the V4–V5 region of 16S rRNA gene were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. The average temperature of water varies from 68 to 70?°C. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed the presence of 21 bacterial phyla, including an unknown phylum and distributed across 42 families and 39 genera. The majority of the sequences were observed to belong to the kingdom Bacteria. The bacterial community from this hot spring is dominated by Proteobacteria (41.52%), Chloroflexi (7.62%), and Bacteroidetes (7.62%), whereas the community of Archaea is scarcely present in the study site and the two identified operational taxonomic units (OTUs) are far from what is known in the GenBank database. The study shows several uncharacterized sequences, indicating that the water of ‘Hammam Essalihine’ hot spring contains undescribed microorganisms. This study is thought to add to the understanding of thermophile diversity and ecology of ‘Hammam Essalihine’ hot spring.     

Novel Cyanobacterial Diversity Found in Costa Rican Thermal Springs Associated with Rincon de la Vieja and Miravalles Volcanoes: A Polyphasic Approach

Central America is one of the most important biodiversity hot spots in the world, and Costa Rican microbial communities from thermal springs are the best characterized in the isthmus. Miravalles is an inactive quaternary stratovolcano, and the Rincón de la Vieja is a unique active volcano, in whose slopes diverse hydrothermal springs, such as Las Lilas, are located. These springs harbor extensive microbial mats, whose diversity has been studied. Based on their importance as primary producers, in this study we focused on cultured cyanobacterial diversity from two geothermal environments of northern Costa Rica. Several cultural, molecular and taxonomic techniques were employed to maximize the results of a polyphasic approach. Sample collection sites were physicochemically described, and strains were isolated and characterized by light and electron microscopy. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequences and amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). Fifty‐six phylotypes were isolated and classified into 21 morphotypes and identified in 14 genera, some of them might be new species within these genera. Furthermore, according to phylogenetic analysis, there are three possible new genera in our collection. Miravalles and Las Lilas thermal springs are reservoirs of novel phylogeographic lineages of phototrophic microorganisms. This study is the first report of strains that belong to the genera Gloeocapsa, Stanieria, Microseira, Klisinema and Oculatella isolated from thermal springs and growing at temperatures above 50°C. We also obtained isolates assigned to Synechococcus, Leptolyngbya spp., and Fischerella, which are considered typical strains in these environments.     

云南腾冲热海两热泉菌藻席细菌多样性的研究

应用显微形态观察和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)对云南腾冲热海两热泉菌藻席的细菌多样性进行了比较分析.直接从环境样品中提取总DNA,用两套细菌通用引物进行PCR扩增,得到包含V8和V9高变区的16S rDNA片段,进行DGGE分析,结合形态观察,结果显示,热泉菌藻席中存在丰富的细菌多样性,且不同温度范围的菌藻席细菌组成差异显著.     

Phylogenetic analysis of the bacterial community in a geothermal spring,Rupi Basin,Bulgaria

Hot environments are between the supporting life extreme niches that appear to have maintained some degree of pristine quality and of special biotechnological interest. Knowledge on biodiversity in terrestrial hot springs is still scanty and has not been compared in the light of the specificity of those extreme ecological niches. Study on diversity of thermophilic bacteria inhabiting a hot spring located in Rupi Basin (RB), South-West Bulgaria, revealed a high phylogenetic richness in it (genotypic diversity is 0.37). A total of 120 clones were examined, and grouped in 28 phylogenetic types by their RFLP profile. 16S rRNA gene analysis allowed the identification of nine divisions from the domain Bacteria and one Candidate division. Ten of the retrieved bacterial sequences representing one third of the sequence types showed less than 97% similarity to the closest neighbor and were referred as new sequences. Four of them were distantly related to validly described bacteria (showed ≤90% similarity) suggesting new taxons on at least genus level. Comparison of biodiversity in the spring from Rupi Basin, Bulgaria with that described from other terrestrial hot springs revealed that Proteobacteria, Hydrogenobacter/Aquifex and Thermus are common bacterial groups for terrestrial hot springs. Simultaneously, specific bacterial taxons were observed in different springs.