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1.
几丁质酶是降解几丁质的糖苷水解酶,参与昆虫蜕皮、器官发育、免疫等重要生理过程。目前,寄生蜂等膜翅目昆虫中几丁质酶的鉴定以及功能研究仍较少。本研究基于生物信息学分析,在丽蝇蛹集金小蜂Nasonia vitripennis基因组中鉴定到14个几丁质酶基因,氨基酸个数介于312~2 682之间。系统进化分析表明丽蝇蛹集金小蜂几丁质酶分为9个亚家族,其中Group Ⅳ、Ⅶ亚家族可能通过基因串联复制而发生基因家族扩增。qRT-PCR分析结果表明几丁质酶基因的表达具有多样性,其中NvCht1、NvCht5、NvCht6、NvCht7 4个基因在1.5 d幼虫表达量最高,NvCht3在5 d幼虫表达量最高,NvCht8在幼虫期高表达。此外,幼虫组织中的表达分析结果表明NvCht4、NvCht5、NvCht10、NvCht12在表皮中高表达,NvCht7、NvCht8、NvCht13在肠道中高表达,NvCht9在脂肪体和表皮中高表达,NvCht11在唾液腺中高表达。本研究为寄生蜂几丁质酶的进化分析以及功能研究提供理论基础。 相似文献
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丽蝇蛹集金小蜂可以蛹外寄生多种双翅目蝇科害虫,在防治卫生害虫及牲畜害虫方面效果显著。该蜂是实验室内研究寄生蜂的理想模式昆虫,其发育学、行为学、生态学以及遗传学等的研究已有70多年的历史,近年来,随着金小蜂基因组测序的完成,系统的RNAi方法和CRISPR-Cas9技术在丽蝇蛹集金小蜂中的成功应用,该蜂现已成为优良的新型遗传学研究模式昆虫。丽蝇蛹集金小蜂以末龄幼虫进行兼性滞育,其滞育由母代经历的短光照和低温决定,研究该蜂的滞育,不仅有助于揭示昆虫滞育的分子机制,也可帮助解决有益昆虫实际应用中的贮存、运输和适时防治等问题,为提高天敌昆虫的应用效果提供技术支撑。本文总结了近年来丽蝇蛹集金小蜂的研究文献,主要介绍了该蜂的基本生物学特征,概括了现代分子生物学前沿技术在金小蜂研究中的应用情况,并重点讨论了丽蝇蛹集金小蜂滞育的最新研究进展,以期为深入金小蜂的滞育研究和促进该蜂其他研究领域的发展提供参考。 相似文献
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利用RACE技术,首次从丽蝇蛹集金小蜂Nasonia vitripennis中克隆获得一个气味结合蛋白全长cDNA序列.该基因全长553 bp,开放阅读框411 bp,3'和5'端非编码序列分别为13 bp和129 bp.其推导的氨基酸序列编码136个氨基酸,推测编码蛋白质的分子量为15.4 kDa,等电点为8.76.同源性比对分析发现,丽蝇蛹集金小蜂气味结合蛋白基因与现已报道的其它昆虫气味结合蛋白基因在氨基酸水平上的相似性均低于30%,拥有6个保守半胱氨酸位点等气味结合蛋白所具有的典型特征.系统进化树分析表明,丽蝇蛹集金小蜂气味结合蛋白与意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera气味结合蛋白2,3,4,5,6,7,8和12聚为同一族,与意大利蜜蜂气味结合蛋白5,6和8的进化程度最近.RT-PCR分析表明,丽蝇蛹集金小蜂气味结合蛋白基因不仅在雌、雄成虫触角中高度表达,而且在头部和足中有微弱表达. 相似文献
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【目的】蝇蛹俑小蜂是很多双翅目害虫的蛹寄生蜂。了解温度对寄生蜂寄生效能的影响是利用寄生蜂控制害虫的重要前提。【方法】实验室条件下设置温度为21、24、27、30、33℃,测定温度对蝇蛹俑小蜂雌蜂寄生瓜实蝇蛹功能反应的影响。蝇蛹俑小蜂对瓜实蝇蛹的功能反应用Michaelis-Menten-Ⅱ型功能反应模型N_a=AN/(F+N)进行拟合。【结果】不同温度下蝇蛹俑小蜂的寄生潜能(A)和寄主半饱和密度(F)不同。当温度在27℃时,其寄生潜能最大;而寄主半饱和密度随着温度升高而降低。【结论】瓜实蝇在瓜地盛发期的栖境温度适宜蝇蛹俑小蜂的寄生。 相似文献
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【背景】蝇蛹俑小蜂是实蝇类害虫蛹期重要的寄生蜂之一。有关植物果实和寄主挥发物在蝇蛹俑小蜂寻找寄主过程中的作用尚不明确。【方法】采用\"Y\"型嗅觉仪测试了寄主和果实(健康果实和虫害诱导果实)对蝇蛹俑小蜂的引诱作用。【结果】虫伤1 d的番石榴和杨桃果实对蝇蛹佣小蜂雌蜂具有显著的引诱作用;寄主蛹——3日龄橘小实蝇蛹和4日龄瓜实蝇蛹对蝇蛹俑小蜂雌蜂也具有显著的引诱作用。蝇蛹俑小蜂雌蜂对雄蜂有显著的吸引作用。橘小实蝇性诱剂甲基丁香酚对蝇蛹俑小蜂的搜索行为则无显著影响。【结论与意义】寄主蛹和幼虫危害1 d的果实能释放对蝇蛹俑小蜂有引诱作用的物质,这可为利用蝇蛹俑小蜂防治实蝇类害虫提供基础信息。 相似文献
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佩妃延腹榕小蜂是一种与鸡嗉子传粉榕小蜂同步寄生于接收期榕果的非传粉专性寄生蜂。为探索佩妃延腹榕小蜂寄主定位机制,应用扫描电镜观察了其雌蜂触角感器的类型、分布和超微形态。结果显示:佩妃延腹榕小蜂雌蜂触角呈膝状,长775.50 μm±38.39 μm,由柄节、梗节和11个鞭小节组成的鞭节构成。触角上共发现5种感器类型,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型)、多孔板形感器、锥形感器、栓锥型乳突状感器。其中,刺形感器Ⅰ和多孔板形感器是其主要感器,前者集中分布于鞭节的第4~第8鞭小节,后者分布于第4~第11鞭小节。结合触角感器的形态、分布和佩妃延腹榕小蜂的产卵行为,对各触角感器的功能进行了探讨。 相似文献
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【目的】明确内共生菌 Wolbachia 对丽蝇蛹集金小蜂 Nasonia vitripennis 繁殖适合度和成蜂寿命的影响。【方法】通过给自然感染 Wolbachia 的丽蝇蛹集金小蜂成蜂喂食不同浓度的利福平来消除其体内的 Wolbachia,然后进行10个世代的连续饲养,探究不同浓度利福平对丽蝇蛹集金小蜂体内 Wolbachia 的去除效果和去除 Wolbachia 后对丽蝇蛹集金小蜂繁殖力、性比(雌蜂占子代数量的比值)和成蜂寿命的影响。【结果】低浓度利福平(0.1~0.5 mg/mL)对丽蝇蛹集金小蜂的毒害作用较小,而高浓度利福平(0.7~10.0 mg/mL)对丽蝇蛹集金小蜂的毒害作用较大,但二者均能去除丽蝇蛹集金小蜂体内的 Wolbachia;去除 Wolbachia 后丽蝇蛹集金小蜂的出蜂量显著下降(P <0.01),子代中性比显著下降(P <0.01),但寿命无明显差异。【结论】不同浓度利福平均能去除丽蝇蛹集金小蜂体内Wolbachia,但效果不一致;Wolbachia 对丽蝇蛹集金小蜂的出蜂量和子代性比均有显著影响,对成蜂寿命无显著影响。 相似文献
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【背景】对寄生蜂与寄主之间关系的研究是寄生蜂有效利用的基础。寄生蜂雌蜂通常选择最适于子代蜂发育的寄主进行产卵。【方法】在室内26℃条件下,研究了橘小实蝇蛹体型大小对蝇蛹俑小蜂产卵和生长发育的影响。采用饥饿方法处理3龄橘小实蝇幼虫以获得体型大小(用体质量表示)差异较大的寄主蛹,供寄生蜂选择寄生。【结果】蝇蛹俑小蜂显著偏好寄生体型中等的寄主蛹,然而,随着寄主体型的增大,后代雌性比率增大,且寄主蛹个体大小与后代雌蜂体型大小存在显著的正相关;橘小实蝇蛹个体大小对蝇蛹俑小蜂后代发育历期和寿命无显著影响。【结论与意义】蝇蛹俑小蜂雌蜂能够根据寄主蛹质量来调整后代数量和性比,以使后代适应度最大化。 相似文献
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蝇蛹俑小蜂Spalangia endius(Walker)是实蝇类害虫的蛹期单寄生蜂。本文在温度26℃±1℃、相对湿度(RH)为70%±5%、光周期L∶D=14 h∶10 h的条件下,研究了不同日龄南瓜实蝇蛹对蝇蛹俑小蜂选择、发育及寿命的影响。结果表明:在选择性和非选择性试验中,蝇蛹俑小蜂均偏好寄生3、4日龄的南瓜实蝇蛹,且随着南瓜实蝇蛹龄期的增加,蝇蛹俑小蜂对其寄生率呈下降趋势。蝇蛹俑小蜂能在1-7日龄南瓜实蝇蛹上产卵并可发育至成虫,在3、4日龄的南瓜实蝇蛹上的发育历期显著较短,子代雌蜂寿命较长。综上所述,3、4日龄的南瓜实蝇蛹是蝇蛹俑小蜂寄生的最佳时期。 相似文献
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Parasitoid development, parasitoid-induced host mortality and parasitoid progeny emergence were determined at five constant temperatures for Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner, Spalangia cameroni Perkins and Spalangia endius Walker using pupae of the house fly, Musca domestica L., as hosts. At temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C the median development times (days from oviposition to adult emergence), respectively, were M. raptor (28.4, 20.7, 14.3, 14.5), M. zaraptor (30.6, 22.8, 14.1, 14.2), S. cameroni (55.6, 35.2, 21.8, 25.0) and S. endius (52.4, 31.5, 16.3, 14.6). All species failed to emerge at 15 degrees C. Using densities of five parasitoids and 100 hosts and a 24 h exposure period, Muscidifurax species oviposited at a greater rate over a wider range of temperatures than Spalangia species. At 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C the mean number of pupae killed per parasitoid were, respectively, M. raptor (1.4, 7.4, 10.5, 13.7, 14.1), M. zaraptor (0.0, 3.3, 8.9, 14.4, 15.0), S.cameroni (0.0, 7.8, 11.0, 11.9, 7.4), S.endius (0.6, 4.0, 7.5, 12.0, 11.7), and means of the number of parasitoid progeny per parasitoid were, respectively, M.raptor (0.2, 5.2, 7.9, 11.8, 11.6), M.zaraptor (1.3, 4.4, 8.2, 13.0, 13.7), S.cameroni (0.0, 2.4, 4.7, 5.1, 1.0), S.endius (0.0, 0.9, 3.4, 7.5, 4.9). Development and ovipositional activity in S.cameroni was strongly inhibited at 35 degrees C. The model by Sharpe & DeMichele (1977) was used to describe temperature-dependent development and the number of parasitoid progeny produced per parasitoid at temperatures of 15-30 degrees C in all species. 相似文献
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Parasitoid-induced mortality of house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae and parasitoid progeny emergence by four species of pteromalid parasitoids, Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, M.zaraptor Kogan & Legner, Spalangia cameroni Perkins and S.endius Walker, were determined for a 24 h exposure period using parasitoid: host ratios ranging from 1:2 to 1:50. When the number of parasitoids was held constant (n = 5) and the numbers of hosts varied, and when the number of hosts was held constant (n = 100) and the number of parasitoids varied, both the number of pupae killed per parasitoid and the number of parasitoid progeny per parasitoid increased with increasing parasitoid:host ratios to reach an upper limit asymptotically. Maximum values were, respectively: M.raptor (14.7, 11.1), M.zaraptor (12.3, 9.3), S.cameroni (16.9, 5.5), S.endius (14.8, 9.7) with no consistent effects attributed to parasitoid interference. For M.raptor and S.cameroni at parasitoid:host ratios of 1:10, the pupal mortality and progeny emergence were determined for a 24 h exposure period when hosts were distributed in poultry manure at four levels of aggregation ranging from clumped to uniform. Pupal mortality was least in clumped distributions, while parasitoid progeny emergence was not significantly different. 相似文献
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PHILIP B. MORGAN EVONEO BERTI-FILHO VALMIR A. COSTA 《Medical and veterinary entomology》1991,5(3):277-282
Laboratory studies at 25.5 degrees C and 70-75% r.h. demonstrated that the average daily survival rate for females of the parasitoid Spalangia gemina Boucek (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was 0.907 over a 20-day period, with 50% mortality in 17.3 days. Mean immature developmental time of S.gemina was 22 days and the population growth rate was c. 40-fold per generation. The females successfully parasitized 1-, 2- and 3-day-old pupae of Musca domestica L. and parasitism of 98-100% was obtained at parasitoid to host ratios of 1:0.5-2.5. Parasitism of 81-87% was obtained at parasitoid to host ratios of 1:10. The male to female sex ratio was 1:1.59. S.gemina appears to have advantages over other Spalangia spp., which have immature development times of 28-32 days under comparable conditions, for the biological control of Muscidae. 相似文献
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【背景】蝇蛹俑小蜂是蝇类害虫蛹期重要的寄生蜂,该蜂可寄生家蝇、瓜实蝇、橘小实蝇和南瓜实蝇等多种蝇类害虫。研究蝇蛹俑小蜂对寄主的选择性及在不同寄主上的发育情况有助于该寄生蜂的扩繁和利用。【方法】在温度(26±1)℃、相对湿度(70±5)%,光周期L∶D=14 h∶10 h的条件下,研究了蝇蛹俑小蜂对瓜实蝇蛹、南瓜实蝇蛹和橘小实蝇蛹的寄生率及子代蜂发育、寿命的影响。【结果】蝇蛹俑小蜂在瓜实蝇蛹、橘小实蝇蛹和南瓜实蝇蛹上均能产卵并发育至成虫,其对瓜实蝇蛹的选择系数和寄生率分别为0.37和55.33%,显著高于其对另外2种实蝇蛹。在非选择条件下,蝇蛹俑小蜂在瓜实蝇蛹上的出蜂量最高,发育历期最短。在同一寄主条件下,蝇蛹俑小蜂雌蜂的发育历期、寿命显著较雄蜂的长,雌蜂的质量显著大于雄蜂。【结论与意义】蝇蛹俑小蜂可用于瓜实蝇的防治,瓜实蝇蛹是扩繁蝇蛹俑小蜂的理想寄主。 相似文献
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【目的】为了阐明以冷冻保存家蝇Musca domestica蛹为寄主对繁殖蝇蛹俑小蜂Spalangia endius的影响。【方法】本研究分别利用新鲜和-20℃冷冻保存的家蝇蛹为寄主,记录了小蜂日存活数、日后代数量和性别等,并分别构建了实验种群生命表,分析比较了两种类型家蝇蛹对小蜂寄生率、日后代数量和性比、生命表参数等的影响。【结果】与新鲜家蝇蛹为寄主时相比,小蜂在以冷冻蛹为寄主时寄生率、后代数量和雄性百分比均较低(P<0.01),成蜂寿命和产卵期差异不大(P>0.05)。在以新鲜和冷冻家蝇蛹为寄主时,小蜂寄生率和后代数量均随日龄的增加而显著降低(P<0.01);以新鲜和冷冻家蝇蛹为寄主时小蜂的净生殖率(R0)分别为34.91和20.16,种群内禀增长率(rm)分别为0.17和0.11,均以寄生新鲜家蝇蛹时较大(P<0.01);在以冷冻家蝇蛹为寄主时,世代时间和种群倍增时间较以新鲜家蝇蛹为寄主时有所延长(P<0.01)。【结论】蝇蛹俑小蜂可以利用冷冻家蝇蛹为寄主完成生活史;在规模化繁殖蝇蛹俑小蜂时,使用冷冻方式保存家蝇蛹的方法具有重要价值。 相似文献
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【目的】明确多寄主型寄生蜂蝇蛹俑小蜂Spalangia endius对不同类型新寄主的偏好选择与适应性。【方法】选择分别以瓜实蝇Zeugodacus cucurbitae、南瓜实蝇Z.tau和家蝇Musca domestica的蛹为寄主饲养的蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂,比较研究其对上述3种寄主中其他2种非饲养寄主的选择行为、寄生选择及适应性。【结果】与家蝇蛹相比,以瓜实蝇蛹为饲养寄主的蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂偏好选择和寄生南瓜实蝇蛹,且在南瓜实蝇蛹上产生更多的子代;以南瓜实蝇蛹为饲养寄主的蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂偏好选择和寄生瓜实蝇蛹,且在瓜实蝇蛹上产生更多的子代;而以家蝇蛹为饲养寄主的蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂对瓜实蝇蛹和南瓜实蝇蛹的选择数量以及在选择和非选择试验条件下的寄生率与子代数量上并无显著差异。此外,以瓜实蝇和南瓜实蝇蛹为饲养寄主的蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂分别更容易适应南瓜实蝇和瓜实蝇蛹。【结论】基于3种蝇的生态位关系,推测蝇蛹俑小蜂偏好选择和更容易适应与其饲养寄主有重叠生态位的新寄主。 相似文献
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David S. Saunders 《Entomological Science》2014,17(1):25-40
This review considers the effects of temperature on insect diapause induction and the photoperiodic response, and includes constant temperature, temperature cycles, pulses and steps in daily light–dark cycles, constant darkness and in constant light, all with reference to various circadian‐based “clock” models. Although it is a comparative survey, it concentrates on two species, the flesh fly Sarcophaga argyrostoma and its pupal parasite Nasonia vitripennis, which possess radically different photoperiodic mechanisms, although both are based upon the circadian system. Particular attention is given to the effects of daily thermoperiod in darkness and to low and high temperature pulses in conjunction with a daily light–dark cycle, treatments that suggest that S. argyrostoma “measures” night length with a “clock” of the external coincidence type. However, N. vitripennis responds to seasonal changes in photoperiod with an internal coincidence device involving both “dawn” and “dusk” oscillators. Other species may show properties of both external and internal coincidence. Although the precepts of external coincidence have been well formulated and supported experimentally, those for internal coincidence remain obscure. 相似文献
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Sex ratios of Spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), in relation to current theory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract. 1. Spulungiu endius Walker is a solitary parasitoid of house fly puparia.
2. The sex and size of S.endius was not related to host size.
3. In the laboratory the mean sex ratio of all offspring of nine groups, each comprising twenty females, was consistently female-biased (x = 83.5%, range 79–87%). The sex ratio in the field was less female-biased and showed greater fluctuation (61–75%). This may be a consequence of females laying male eggs before mating, some females remaining unmated, possible shorter adult life expectancy in the field than in the laboratory, and, perhaps, the presence of conspecific females.
4. The sex ratio of offspring of individual females varied from 66% to 100% females, and males were deposited early in the oviposition sequence.
5. Although a large number of fly puparia died before adult flies or parasitoids emerged (64.5%; n = 5874), there was no differential mortality of either sex.
6. Our results fit no general sex ratio hypothesis and we conclude that (i) the genetic nature of sex ratios in these insects needs careful examination, and (ii) the prevalence of female-biased sex ratios in solitary parasitoids needs investigation. 相似文献
2. The sex and size of S.endius was not related to host size.
3. In the laboratory the mean sex ratio of all offspring of nine groups, each comprising twenty females, was consistently female-biased (x = 83.5%, range 79–87%). The sex ratio in the field was less female-biased and showed greater fluctuation (61–75%). This may be a consequence of females laying male eggs before mating, some females remaining unmated, possible shorter adult life expectancy in the field than in the laboratory, and, perhaps, the presence of conspecific females.
4. The sex ratio of offspring of individual females varied from 66% to 100% females, and males were deposited early in the oviposition sequence.
5. Although a large number of fly puparia died before adult flies or parasitoids emerged (64.5%; n = 5874), there was no differential mortality of either sex.
6. Our results fit no general sex ratio hypothesis and we conclude that (i) the genetic nature of sex ratios in these insects needs careful examination, and (ii) the prevalence of female-biased sex ratios in solitary parasitoids needs investigation. 相似文献