以冷冻和新鲜家蝇蛹为寄主的蝇蛹俑小蜂实验种群生命表参数比较

【目的】为了阐明以冷冻保存家蝇Musca domestica蛹为寄主对繁殖蝇蛹俑小蜂Spalangia endius的影响。【方法】本研究分别利用新鲜和-20℃冷冻保存的家蝇蛹为寄主,记录了小蜂日存活数、日后代数量和性别等,并分别构建了实验种群生命表,分析比较了两种类型家蝇蛹对小蜂寄生率、日后代数量和性比、生命表参数等的影响。【结果】与新鲜家蝇蛹为寄主时相比,小蜂在以冷冻蛹为寄主时寄生率、后代数量和雄性百分比均较低（P<0.01）,成蜂寿命和产卵期差异不大（P>0.05）。在以新鲜和冷冻家蝇蛹为寄主时,小蜂寄生率和后代数量均随日龄的增加而显著降低（P<0.01）;以新鲜和冷冻家蝇蛹为寄主时小蜂的净生殖率（R₀）分别为34.91和20.16,种群内禀增长率（r_m）分别为0.17和0.11,均以寄生新鲜家蝇蛹时较大（P<0.01）;在以冷冻家蝇蛹为寄主时,世代时间和种群倍增时间较以新鲜家蝇蛹为寄主时有所延长（P<0.01）。【结论】蝇蛹俑小蜂可以利用冷冻家蝇蛹为寄主完成生活史;在规模化繁殖蝇蛹俑小蜂时,使用冷冻方式保存家蝇蛹的方法具有重要价值。     

温度对蝇蛹俑小蜂寄生瓜实蝇蛹功能反应的影响

【目的】蝇蛹俑小蜂是很多双翅目害虫的蛹寄生蜂。了解温度对寄生蜂寄生效能的影响是利用寄生蜂控制害虫的重要前提。【方法】实验室条件下设置温度为21、24、27、30、33℃,测定温度对蝇蛹俑小蜂雌蜂寄生瓜实蝇蛹功能反应的影响。蝇蛹俑小蜂对瓜实蝇蛹的功能反应用Michaelis-Menten-Ⅱ型功能反应模型N_a=AN/(F+N)进行拟合。【结果】不同温度下蝇蛹俑小蜂的寄生潜能(A)和寄主半饱和密度(F)不同。当温度在27℃时,其寄生潜能最大;而寄主半饱和密度随着温度升高而降低。【结论】瓜实蝇在瓜地盛发期的栖境温度适宜蝇蛹俑小蜂的寄生。     

不同日龄南瓜实蝇蛹对蝇蛹俑小蜂寄生选择、发育及寿命的影响

蝇蛹俑小蜂Spalangia endius(Walker)是实蝇类害虫的蛹期单寄生蜂。本文在温度26℃±1℃、相对湿度(RH)为70%±5%、光周期L∶D=14 h∶10 h的条件下,研究了不同日龄南瓜实蝇蛹对蝇蛹俑小蜂选择、发育及寿命的影响。结果表明:在选择性和非选择性试验中,蝇蛹俑小蜂均偏好寄生3、4日龄的南瓜实蝇蛹,且随着南瓜实蝇蛹龄期的增加,蝇蛹俑小蜂对其寄生率呈下降趋势。蝇蛹俑小蜂能在1-7日龄南瓜实蝇蛹上产卵并可发育至成虫,在3、4日龄的南瓜实蝇蛹上的发育历期显著较短,子代雌蜂寿命较长。综上所述,3、4日龄的南瓜实蝇蛹是蝇蛹俑小蜂寄生的最佳时期。     

寄主对蝇蛹俑小蜂发育及寄生效能的影响

【背景】蝇蛹俑小蜂是蝇类害虫蛹期重要的寄生蜂,该蜂可寄生家蝇、瓜实蝇、橘小实蝇和南瓜实蝇等多种蝇类害虫。研究蝇蛹俑小蜂对寄主的选择性及在不同寄主上的发育情况有助于该寄生蜂的扩繁和利用。【方法】在温度(26±1)℃、相对湿度(70±5)%,光周期L∶D=14 h∶10 h的条件下,研究了蝇蛹俑小蜂对瓜实蝇蛹、南瓜实蝇蛹和橘小实蝇蛹的寄生率及子代蜂发育、寿命的影响。【结果】蝇蛹俑小蜂在瓜实蝇蛹、橘小实蝇蛹和南瓜实蝇蛹上均能产卵并发育至成虫,其对瓜实蝇蛹的选择系数和寄生率分别为0.37和55.33%,显著高于其对另外2种实蝇蛹。在非选择条件下,蝇蛹俑小蜂在瓜实蝇蛹上的出蜂量最高,发育历期最短。在同一寄主条件下,蝇蛹俑小蜂雌蜂的发育历期、寿命显著较雄蜂的长,雌蜂的质量显著大于雄蜂。【结论与意义】蝇蛹俑小蜂可用于瓜实蝇的防治,瓜实蝇蛹是扩繁蝇蛹俑小蜂的理想寄主。     

苹果榕传粉小蜂雌性触角感器及其生态学意义

利用扫描电子显微镜对苹果榕传粉小蜂Ceratosolen sp.雌性触角感器进行观察。结果显示:苹果榕传粉小蜂雌性触角呈膝形,分布着7类13种类型的感器,包括毛型感器、多孔的板型感器、锥型感器(2种类型)、栓锥型乳突状感器、刺型感器(4种类型)、腔锥型感器(3种类型)和一种专一性的角锥型感器。对各感器的形态、数量、分布进行描述,并结合感器的选择性染色(Ag+染色)、传粉小蜂行为及其榕/蜂互惠共生系统,对不同类型感器的功能和生态学意义进行探讨。     

蝇蛹俑小蜂对寄主及果实的趋性反应

【背景】蝇蛹俑小蜂是实蝇类害虫蛹期重要的寄生蜂之一。有关植物果实和寄主挥发物在蝇蛹俑小蜂寻找寄主过程中的作用尚不明确。【方法】采用"Y"型嗅觉仪测试了寄主和果实(健康果实和虫害诱导果实)对蝇蛹俑小蜂的引诱作用。【结果】虫伤1 d的番石榴和杨桃果实对蝇蛹佣小蜂雌蜂具有显著的引诱作用;寄主蛹——3日龄橘小实蝇蛹和4日龄瓜实蝇蛹对蝇蛹俑小蜂雌蜂也具有显著的引诱作用。蝇蛹俑小蜂雌蜂对雄蜂有显著的吸引作用。橘小实蝇性诱剂甲基丁香酚对蝇蛹俑小蜂的搜索行为则无显著影响。【结论与意义】寄主蛹和幼虫危害1 d的果实能释放对蝇蛹俑小蜂有引诱作用的物质,这可为利用蝇蛹俑小蜂防治实蝇类害虫提供基础信息。     

寄主大小及寄生顺序对蝇蛹佣小蜂寄生策略的影响

寄主大小模型认为寄生蜂后代性比与寄主大小相关,寄生蜂倾向于在大寄主上产出更多雌性后代,在小寄主上产出更多雄性后代.探讨了以家蝇蛹为寄主时,蝇蛹佣小蜂后代产量和性比变化;单次寄生情况下,寄主大小及寄生顺序对寄生蜂后代性比等影响.结果表明,蝇蛹佣小蜂的产卵期为(8.93±3.34)d,单头雌蜂能产雌性后代(34.11±16.34)头和雄性后代(11.04±8.87)头,且雄性百分比为0.24±0.11.随成蜂日龄的增大,寄生蜂产生雄性后代的比率显著增加.蝇蛹佣小蜂在寄生家蝇蛹时,会优先选择寄生个体较大的蛹;在单次寄生的情况下,蝇蛹佣小蜂倾向于在较大的家蝇蛹内产出更多的雌性后代.     

中华蜜蜂工蜂触角感受器的扫描电镜观察

对中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana)工蜂触角感受器的扫描电镜观察,见到在触角上有九种类型的感受器,它们是板形感器、腔锥感器、坛形感器、钟形感器、锥形感器、毛形感器A、毛形感器B、毛形感器C和D、缘感器以及各种类型的刚毛等.对于这些感受器的外部形态和分布部位进行了详细地观察和描述,发现中华蜜蜂与西方意蜂(Apis mellifera)有差异.     

伪鞘榕小蜂雌雄成虫触角感器的超微形态、分布及适生意义

伪鞘榕小蜂Sycoscapter trifemmensis是一种寄生于鸡嗉子榕间花期榕果的专性寄生蜂,雌雄两性繁殖策略分化明显,为更好理解和诠释雌蜂寄主定位和雄蜂配偶识别机制,有必要对两性的触角感器进行观察。运用环境扫描电镜观察,对比和探讨了伪鞘榕小蜂雌雄成虫的触角和触角感器类型、分布、数量及其生态适应性。结果表明:雌蜂触角鞭节由11鞭小节组成,总长817.82±33.23μm,分布有毛形感器、刺形感器(类型1)、锥形感器(类型1)、多孔板形感器(类型1)、栓锥形乳突状感器5类5种;雄蜂触角鞭节仅由6鞭小节组成,全长为雌蜂的1/3,且各节有明显的缩短和增粗特征,着生感器包括毛形感器、刺形感器(类型2和类型3)、锥形感器(类型1和类型2)、多孔板形感器(类型2)、腔锥形感器5类7种。雌蜂触角感器的数量与分布显著高于雄蜂,且同类型感器在雌蜂上具有明显的延伸、增粗、分支的特征,以板形感器和锥形感器最为突出。伪鞘榕小蜂雌雄成虫的触角及其感器有明显的性二型,特别是与化学信息识别相关的感器,反映了雌雄蜂在不同生态环境和繁殖压力下的形态分化、行为策略和生态适应。     

蝇蛹金小蜂对桔小实蝇蛹的寄生功能反应

在温度25±1℃、相对湿度70±5%、光照周期（L∶D）14 h∶10 h条件下,研究了蝇蛹金小蜂对桔小实蝇蛹的寄生功能反应及干扰效应。结果表明,寄主密度、寄主日龄均影响寄生蜂的寄生效能。蝇蛹金小蜂对桔小实蝇2日龄（N=2）、4日龄（N=4）蛹的寄生功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型,其方程分别为Na= 0.4494N2/ (1+ 0.0294N2)、Na= 0.5586N4/ (1+ 0.0253N4)。24h内单头雌成蜂最多可寄生2日龄、4日龄蝇蛹数量分别为15.29、22.08头。自身密度对蝇蛹金小蜂寄生产生一定的干扰效应,其干扰效应符合Hassell－Varley模型（a= 0.0719P－0.2526）,表明蝇蛹金小蜂雌蜂的发现域随着自身密度的增加而逐渐变小,雌蜂个体间干扰效应降低了寄生效能。     

Ultrastructural characterization of olfactory sensilla and immunolocalization of odorant binding and chemosensory proteins from an ectoparasitoid Scleroderma guani (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

The three-dimensional structures of two odorant binding proteins (OBPs) and one chemosensory protein (CSP) from a polyphagous ectoparasitoid Scleroderma guani (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) were resolved bioinformatically. The results show that both SguaOBP1 and OBP2 are classic OBPs, whereas SguaCSP1 belongs to non-classic CSPs which are considered as the "Plus-C" CSP in this report. The structural differences between the two OBPs and between OBP and CSP are thoroughly described, and the structural and functional significance of the divergent C-terminal regions (e.g., the prolonged C-terminal region in SguaOBP2 and the additional pair of cysteines in SguaCSP1) are discussed. The immunoblot analyses with antisera raised against recombinant SguaOBP1, OBP2, and CSP1, respectively, indicate that two SguaOBPs are specific to antennae, whereas SguaCSP1, which are more abundant than OBPs and detected in both male and female wasps, expresses ubiquitously across different tissues.We also describe the ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla types in S. guani and compare them to 19 species of parasitic Hymenoptera. There are 11 types of sensilla in the flagellum and pedicel segments of antennae in both male and female wasps. Seven of them, including sensilla placodea (SP), long sensilla basiconica (LSB), sensilla coeloconica (SC), two types of double-walled wall pore sensilla (DWPS-I and DWPS-II), and two types of sensilla trichodea (ST-I and ST-II), are multiporous chemosensilla. The ultralsturctures of these sensilla are morphologically characterized. In comparison to monophagous specialists, the highly polyphagous generalist ectoparasitoids such as S. guani possess more diverse sensilla types which are likely related to their broad host ranges and complex life styles. Our immunocytochemistry study demonstrated that each of the seven sensilla immunoreacts with at least one antiserum against SguaOBP1, OBP2, and CSP1, respectively. Anti-OBP2 is specifically labeled in DWPS-II, whereas the anti-OBP1 shows a broad spectrum of immunoactivity toward four different sensilla (LSB, SP, ST-I and ST-II). On the other hand, anti-CSP1 is immunoactive toward SP, DWPS-I and SC. Interestingly, a cross co-localization pattern between SguaOBP1 and CSP1 is documented for the first time. Given that the numbers of OBPs and CSPs in many insect species greatly outnumber their antennal sensilla types, it is germane to suggest such phenomenon could be the rule rather than the exception.     

Ovarian egg size and number in relation to female size in five species of parasitoid wasps

Within five species of parasitoid wasps of the families Pteromalidae ( Morodora armata Gahan, Muscidifurax zaraptor K. & L., Nasonia vitripennis (Walker)), Bethylidae ( Goniozus legneri Gordh), and Tiphiidae ( Myzinum quinquecinctum (Fabricius)), we found significant positive correlations between female body size and both the number and the size of the mature oocytes present in the ovaries. These data are discussed with reference to current clutch size and egg size models and biological information available on these species.     

Winter survival of nuisance fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in Canada and Denmark

Independent studies were performed in Canada and in Denmark to assess the survival of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) wintering in puparia of house fly, Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae). Data in Canada were collected for Muscidifurax raptorGirault & Saunders, M. raptorellus Kogan & Legner, M. zaraptor Kogan & Legner, Nasonia vitripennis(Walker), Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Trichomalopsis sarcophagae (Gahan) and Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead) in three microsites at an outdoor cattle facility in southern Alberta. Survival was highest for N. vitripennis, T. sarcophagae and U. rufipes, ranging from near zero to c. 7%. No survival was observed for S. cameroni. Daily mean values for ambient air temperature (DMAT) averaged about -3.5 degrees C during exposure periods. Data for Denmark were collected for M. raptor, S. cameroni and U. rufipes in a dairy barn and in a swine barn. Survival of M. raptor and U. rufipes was higher than that of S. cameroni in the dairy barn (DMAT = 8.6 degrees C), with the three species having similar survival in the swine barn (DMAT = 15.4 degrees C). In both studies, parasitoids in egg stages were least likely to survive. These results identify the potential for T. sarcophagae and U. rufipes to be commercialized for use in northern climates as biocontrol agents for nuisance flies, compare directly the cold-hardiness of commercialized species (i.e. all of the above species excluding T. sarcophagae and U. rufipes), and document the importance of microsite on winter survival.     

双斑长跗萤叶甲触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察了双斑长跗萤叶甲Monolepta hieroglyphica(Motschulsky)成虫触角及其感器的形态与分布。结果表明:双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫触角为线状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,鞭节有9节,其中,雄虫的触角比雌虫长;感器类型有毛形感器(1型、2型和3型)、刺形感器、锥形感器(1型和2型)、腔锥形感器、Bhm氏鬃毛、钟形感器共9种。雌雄成虫触角感器类型无差异,但雄虫触角上的感器分布要比雌虫的稠密。     

Comparison of the antennal sensilla of females of four fig-wasps associated with Ficus auriculata

A comparison was performed of the antennal sensilla of females of four chalcid wasp species Ceratosolen emarginatus Mayr, 1906, Sycophaga sp., Philotrypesis longicaudata Mayr, 1906, and Sycoscapter roxburghi Joseph, 1957, which are specific and obligatory associated with Ficus auriculata (Lour, 1790). The four species exhibit different oviposition strategies in the fig ovules where their offspring hatch and develop. Antennal sensilla morphology was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Females of the four species present 11 morphologically similar types of sensilla: trichoid sensilla, sensilla obscura, chaetica sensilla 1 and 2, which all have mechanosensory functions; uniporous basiconic sensilla, which are presumably contact chemosensilla; basiconic capitate peg sensilla, coeloconic sensilla 1, multiporous basiconic and placoid sensilla, which may be regarded as olfactory sensilla, and coeloconic sensilla 2 and 3, which are presumed to be proprioreceptors or pressure receptors. The four species have significant differences in the abundance and arrangement of trichoid sensilla and chaetica sensilla 1 on the flagellum. The coeloconic sensilla and sensilla obscura only occur on the antennae of C. emarginatus that enter figs. The chemosensilla which are presumably involved in host discrimination, i.e., basiconic sensilla, multiporous placoid sensilla and basiconic capitate peg sensilla, are similar in shape and configuration, although they present some differences in abundance. These findings provide practical information on the adaptations of fig wasps and the relationship between multisensory antennae and functions in fig wasp behaviour.     

丽蝇蛹集金小蜂的生物学及其滞育调控机制研究进展

丽蝇蛹集金小蜂可以蛹外寄生多种双翅目蝇科害虫,在防治卫生害虫及牲畜害虫方面效果显著。该蜂是实验室内研究寄生蜂的理想模式昆虫,其发育学、行为学、生态学以及遗传学等的研究已有70多年的历史,近年来,随着金小蜂基因组测序的完成,系统的RNAi方法和CRISPR-Cas9技术在丽蝇蛹集金小蜂中的成功应用,该蜂现已成为优良的新型遗传学研究模式昆虫。丽蝇蛹集金小蜂以末龄幼虫进行兼性滞育,其滞育由母代经历的短光照和低温决定,研究该蜂的滞育,不仅有助于揭示昆虫滞育的分子机制,也可帮助解决有益昆虫实际应用中的贮存、运输和适时防治等问题,为提高天敌昆虫的应用效果提供技术支撑。本文总结了近年来丽蝇蛹集金小蜂的研究文献,主要介绍了该蜂的基本生物学特征,概括了现代分子生物学前沿技术在金小蜂研究中的应用情况,并重点讨论了丽蝇蛹集金小蜂滞育的最新研究进展,以期为深入金小蜂的滞育研究和促进该蜂其他研究领域的发展提供参考。     

拉步甲成虫触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电子显微镜,观察了拉步甲Carabus lafossei成虫触角感器的类型、数量和分布规律。结果表明:拉步甲触角表面存在7类、12种感器类型,包括3种毛形感器(Sensilla trichodea,ST)、3种刺形感器(Sensilla chaetica,SCh)、2种锥形感器(Sensilla basiconca,SB)、Bhm氏鬃毛(Bhm bristles,BB)、腔锥形感器(Sensilla coeloconica,SCo)、腔形感器(Sensilla cavity,SCa)和钟形感器(Sensilla campaniformia,SCam),感器类型在雌、雄个体间无差异;雌、雄个体各节触角的感器数量和分布不均匀。研究结果为今后开展电生理学和行为生态学研究打下了基础。     

Comparison of antennal sensilla of Anaphes victus and A. listronoti (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae), egg parasitoids of Curculionidae

Antennal sensilla were compared in females and males of two sympatric mymarid Hymenoptera, Anaphes victus and A. listronoti which are, respectively, solitary and gregarious parasitoids of eggs of the carrot weevil Listronotus oregonensis (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Both species are morphologically very similar in the area where they are sympatric. The external morphology of the sensilla was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Female antennae have seven different types of sensilla, morphologically similar in the two species: trichoid sensilla, which are putative mechanosensilla, sensilla chaetica types 1, 3 and 4, which are presumably contact chemosensilla, and sensilla chaetica type 2 and basiconic and placoid sensilla, which are presumed to be olfactory sensilla. The major difference between the two species is the number of sensilla chaetica type 4, of which 6–9 are found on the antennal club in A. victus, while 10–12 are present in A. listronoti. The antennae of the males of both species are similar in morphology and in the number and distribution of their four types of sensilla, i.e. trichoid sensilla, sensilla chaetica type 1 and basiconic and placoid sensilla. Accepted: 23 November 1998     

中国榕小蜂触角感受器形态特征及进化适应性分析

【目的】榕树与传粉榕小蜂体系是协同进化、专性传粉的经典系统,每种榕树上一般还生活有种类丰富、数目众多的非传粉榕小蜂。在选择压力下,榕小蜂为在榕果内生存产生了明显的适应性形态。触角感受器是昆虫通讯系统的单元,其形态是反映生态和进化适应性的最佳特征之一。本文旨在对中国部分传粉和非传粉榕小蜂的触角感受器的形态多样性和进化适应性进行系统研究。【方法】对来源于海南和云南15种榕树上24种榕小蜂54个型的触角感受器形态进行了扫描电镜观察,基于现有的分子系统发育树,对传粉榕小蜂触角感受器的形态特征进行了性状演化分析,并对榕小蜂的形态特征进行了进化适应性分析。【结果】榕小蜂触角感受器普遍存在雌雄二型现象。雌蜂触角感受器种类有毛状、锥状、板状、刺状、钟形、腔锥状和栓锥状等,数目丰富,并且进果产卵的传粉雌蜂和果外产卵的非传粉雌蜂之间、进果产卵的传粉雌蜂和进果产卵的非传粉雌蜂之间在形态上存在差异。传粉雄蜂和不具有雄性多型现象的非传粉雄蜂触角感受器极为退化,具有雄性多型的非传粉雄蜂触角感受器形态在种内不具有显著差异。性状演化分析表明进化路径相当复杂,可能存在多次独立进化过程。触角感受器的形态类型与其进化适应性相关。【结论】榕小蜂触角感受器类型多样,形态变化丰富,并为适应榕果内的生存而产生了进化适应性特点。雌蜂和雄蜂在榕果内受到了完全不同的选择压力,行使不同的生态功能,从而产生了不同的适应性形态。不同的适应性形态可能与雌蜂不同的产卵行为、雄蜂不同的交配策略具有一定联系。该文是首次对中国榕小蜂触角感受器形态进行系统研究的报道,有助于更好地理解榕小蜂的形态特征、进化路线、行为策略和生态关系。