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在陆地生态系统中,土壤、植被与大气之间有着可观的碳交换通量,陆地生态系统碳循环也和全球气候变化密切关联。菌根真菌可与绝大多数陆地植物建立菌根共生关系,通过矿质养分-碳交换连接起生态系统地上与地下部分,深度参与和影响陆地生态系统的碳循环过程。该文从碳的输入,土壤有机质的形成、稳定和分解等4个关键环节分别论述了菌根真菌在陆地生态系统碳循环中的作用。研究表明,菌根真菌在陆地生态系统碳的输入过程中扮演关键角色,其通过改善植物矿质营养,参与植物逆境响应,影响植物的光合作用强度,以及调控植物多样性与生产力之间的关系等多种途径,维持或提高植被初级生产力;大气中的CO2被植物固定后,一部分碳经由菌丝网络输送到土壤中,随后经微生物的分解和转化,与矿物结合或被团聚体包裹而被稳定在土壤中;同时,菌根真菌通过影响根际激发效应和菌丝际生物化学过程,如分泌特定胞外酶,与菌丝际微生物互作,驱动芬顿反应,以及与腐生微生物竞争等,调控土壤有机质的分解和转化过程。考虑到菌根真菌对环境和气候变化的敏感性,该文还探讨了全球变化因子对菌根真菌介导的碳循环过程的影响。最后,该文对未来研究方向进行了展望,并提... 相似文献
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菌根真菌是唱响生物共生交响曲的主角——菌根真菌专辑序言 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
《菌物学报》2017,(7):791-799
地球上任何生物都不是单独进行生命活动和进化的,即生物之间更多的是依靠密切联合、共生互助、需求互补和共同发展。其中,陆地生态系统中的强大分解者真菌和强大生产者植物关系密切,特别是以菌根真菌(mycorrhizal fungi)为代表的植物共生真菌自始至终与植物共生,这一强-强共生联合在维持生态平衡、保存生态系统可持续生产力与生态系统综合服务功能体系中,其分布之广、作用之多、功能之强和贡献之大,可谓名副其实的生物共生体系中的主导者。近年来,中国在真菌与植物共生研究领域成绩斐然,占据世界重要地位。本期《菌物学报》菌根真菌专刊刊登了2篇综述和20篇研究报告。综述分别对丛枝菌根(AM)真菌在煤矿区生态修复应用研究和兰科植物与菌根真菌的营养关系进行了总结和热点论述;研究报告分别对菌物界球囊菌门AM真菌全球公认种的中文学名给予了全面规范正确的描述、对中国部分林区红桦外生菌根真菌多样性、华山松印度块菌菌根中的块菌交配型基因、AM真菌对枳吸收磷和分泌磷酸酶的影响、转Bt基因棉叶片腐熟物抑制AM真菌定殖及菌根对磷的吸收、低pH影响AM真菌丛枝发育和磷的吸收、接种AM真菌与间作对红壤上玉米和大豆种间氮素竞争的影响、AM真菌及其菌种组合对植物根结线虫病害的影响以及接种AM真菌和施加铁可协同降低水稻砷累积等方面进行了研究。本期内容基本体现了中国菌根真菌分类、物种多样性、生理学、生态学、生理生态效应与作用机制研究的最新进展,对当前和今后开展植物共生真菌的研究具有重要的引领作用。 相似文献
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菌根真菌能够与大多数陆生植物的根系形成菌根共生体,具有改善宿主植物矿质营养、增强抗逆性、改良土壤结构等重要生态功能。城市化过程中气候、土壤、植被、土地利用等因素的改变,对菌根真菌的多样性产生了直接或间接的影响。目前城市菌根真菌的研究多侧重对其空间分布及群落组成的简单描述,缺乏针对城市典型生态现象及生态问题系统性的探讨。分别从城市菌根真菌的多样性变化、影响机制及功能应用等3方面进行了综述,全面揭示城市菌根真菌的研究现状及研究的复杂性,发现当前研究存在多样性评估简单化、研究层次单一化、内在机制现象化及功能应用停滞化等问题,认为今后应建立更为系统、综合、标准的研究体系以深刻而准确地认识与理解城市化对菌根真菌多样性的影响,为城市微生物资源的保存及绿地系统维持提供理论依据。 相似文献
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近年来, 人们越来越重视丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对植物病原物的影响和提高植物抗病性的效应。当前建立在分子生物学、免疫学和组织化学技术上的基础研究, 可以从分子水平上深入了解AM真菌提高植物抗病性的作用机制。本文主要探讨AM真菌拮抗植物土传病原物、提高抗病性的可能机制和研究途径。1 AM真菌对植物土传病原物的拮抗作用自然条件下,绝大多数植物都能形成菌根。菌根围(Mycorrhizosphere)内的主要成员:根系、细菌、真菌、线虫等之间往往通过协同和/或拮抗作用达到动态平衡。其中植物—植物间、植物—微生物间、微生物—微生物间、… 相似文献
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丛枝菌根真菌提高植物抗逆性的效应及其机制研究进展 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
丛枝菌根(arbuscularmycorrhizal,AM)真菌是土壤中重要的生物成员之一,对植物具有多种有益效应。AM真菌的基本功能之一是增强植物的抗逆性,在全球气候变化的今天尤其重要。本文总结了AM真菌降低温度胁迫、水分胁迫、盐胁迫、重金属胁迫、病虫害、以及杂草对植物造成的危害和提高植物抗逆性的效应;阐述了AM真菌提高植物抗逆性的作用机制;并讨论了当前该领域研究存在的难题及今后的展望。旨在为探讨提高植物抗逆性策略与途径提供参考。 相似文献
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山杨苗木的菌根类型及对苗木促生作用的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
用Glomus mosseae,G.intraradices,G.versiforme,Sclerocystis sinuosa和Pisolithus tinctorius,Cortinarius russus,Russula foetens,Lactarius insulsus等丛枝菌根真菌和外生菌根真菌各4种,对盆钵播种的山杨实生苗进行接种试验,结果表明,4种丛枝菌根真菌对山杨苗木均未发生侵染,与野外调查结果相符,与报道的杨属既有外生菌根又有丛枝菌根相悖,因此认为山杨属于非丛枝菌根类型。4种外生菌根真菌均与山杨苗木合成菌根,且促生作用明显,其中C.russus最好,苗高,地径,侧根数及整株干物重增长率分别为38.13%,20.27%,70.97%和33.39%,研究结果表明,山杨属外生菌根类型。 相似文献
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庐山外生菌根真菌的分布 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
早在一个世纪以前,人们就发现自然界中许多高等植物与真菌存在共生关系,并把这种共生体叫做菌根(Mycorrhiza),最常见的菌根分为内生菌根(Endotrophicmycorrhiza)和外生菌根(Entotrophicmycorrhiza)。据Trppe的调查[1],能够形成菌根的真菌很多,与木本植物形成外生菌根的真菌多属于伞菌、多孔菌、腹菌等计有11目30科90多个属;在植物界除了水生植物和极少数陆生植物种属外都能形成菌根。我国已报道能形成外生菌根的真菌约28个科63个属[2.4]。庐山是… 相似文献
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丛枝菌根结构与功能研究进展 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)是陆地生态系统中分布最广泛、最重要的互惠共生体之一,对提高植物抗逆性、修复污染生境、保持生态系统稳定与可持续生产力的作用显著.AM结构特征是判断菌根形成的主要指标,与其功能密切相关.本文总结了AM丛枝结构、泡囊结构、菌丝结构和侵入点结构等发育特征;分析了A型丛枝结构、P型丛枝结构、泡囊结构和根外菌丝结构与促进寄主植物养分吸收和生长、提高植物抗旱性、耐涝性、耐盐性、抗高温、拮抗病原物、提高植物抗病性、抗重金属毒性、分解有毒有机物、修复污染与退化土壤等功能的关系,及其所发挥的重要作用;探讨了影响AM结构与功能的因子,以及基于AM不同结构所发挥功能的作用机制.旨在为系统研究AM真菌发育特征、AM真菌效能机制,以及评价和筛选AM真菌高效菌种提供依据. 相似文献
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Yiming Meng John Davison John T. Clarke Martin Zobel Maret Gerz Mari Moora Maarja Öpik C. Guillermo Bueno 《Ecology letters》2023,26(11):1862-1876
Mycorrhizal symbioses are known to strongly influence plant performance, structure plant communities and shape ecosystem dynamics. Plant mycorrhizal traits, such as those characterising mycorrhizal type (arbuscular (AM), ecto-, ericoid or orchid mycorrhiza) and status (obligately (OM), facultatively (FM) or non-mycorrhizal) offer valuable insight into plant belowground functionality. Here, we compile available plant mycorrhizal trait information and global occurrence data (100 million records) for 11,770 vascular plant species. Using a plant phylogenetic mega-tree and high-resolution climatic and edaphic data layers, we assess phylogenetic and environmental correlates of plant mycorrhizal traits. We find that plant mycorrhizal type is more phylogenetically conserved than plant mycorrhizal status, while environmental variables (both climatic and edaphic; notably soil texture) explain more variation in mycorrhizal status, especially FM. The previously underestimated role of environmental conditions has far-reaching implications for our understanding of ecosystem functioning under changing climatic and soil conditions. 相似文献
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Magdalena Breuninger W. Einig E. Magel E. Cardoso R. Hampp 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》2000,2(1):4-10
Abstract: Tropical and subtropical forests once covered large areas of Central and South America. An important member of forests of the southern hemisphere is the genus Araucaria. Because of clear cutting only small remnants of Araucaria angustifolia forests still exist in Southern Brazil. Attempts at reforestation have had only limited success because of lack of knowledge about the environmental requirements of this species. This is especially true with respect to the root/fungus symbiosis (mycorrhiza) which is necessary for enhanced water and nutrient uptake and present in more than 90 % of land plants. Analysis of the root systems of Araucaria trees from forest and grassland (campo) sites revealed mycorrhizal structures (appressoria, penetration and coiled hyphae, vesicles, arbuscules, spores) which are characteristic for the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) type. The spores of AM fungi at both sites - forest and campo - were identified. The biodiversity at the forest site was much higher, with 13 species, whereas only 6 different species could be identified at the campo site. Glomus and Acaulospora were the only genera present at the campo. The forest, however, also contained spores of Entrophospora and Scutellospora. In addition to the greater biodiversity, the spore number in soil as well as the percent mycorrhizal colonization in roots were significantly higher at the forest site than at the campo site. Because of the low frequency of hyphal coils and the dominating intercellular growth of hyphae, these mycorrhizas can be classified as an Arum -type, which is the first report of this kind in gymnosperms. 相似文献
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Cytoskeleton in mycorrhizal symbiosis 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
An understanding of the role played by the cytoskeleton in formation and function of mycorrhizas has been hampered by the technical difficulty of working with mycorrhizal material. Recently, however, improved labelling techniques suitable for both plant and fungal symbionts in combination with either epifluorescence microscopy or laser scanning confocal microscopy have resulted in new information. As well, molecular methods have made it possible to monitor changes of cytoskeletal elements during mycorrhiza development. Currently we know that the cytoskeletal systems of both plant and fungal partners undergo changes during both ecto- and endomycorrhizal symbiosis. However, little information is available concerning the regulatory factors or the cause and effect relationship of cytoskeletal changes and cellular events. In this article, research involving the cytoskeleton of mycorrhizas is reviewed in detail, whereas basic information of the cytoskeleton of plant and fungal cells is only briefly discussed as background. A brief comparison is also made between the information on mycorrhizas with that of biotrophic pathogenic fungi and the Rhizobium–legume symbiosis. 相似文献
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Genetic analyses of mycorrhizal symbioses have been far less common to date than molecular biological investigations. This review aims to address the problem that genetic research approaches are some of the least familiar to non specialists by providing some detailed explanations of the requirements and processes involved, including concepts of genetic variation and genetic mapping. Each section includes examples of research progress which is restricted to studies of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) symbioses. Most such research has focussed on AM hosts or EcM fungi. For AM hosts, some early work on natural genetic variation has not been exploited yet, but new research with barley and clover will enable genetic mapping of mycorrhizal associated QTLs for the first time. EcM fungal studies have shown a genetic basis for mycorrhizal capacity and quantitative genetic differences in mycorrhizal capacity. Some recent work with EcM hosts has begun genetic mapping of QTLs associated with mycorrhizal status. Most AM genetic research has focussed on analysis of nodulation-defective mutants for their AM host status. Map-based cloning and characterisation of the first genes shown by these analyses to be essential for establishment of both nodulation and mycorrhizal symbioses are anticipated shortly. Comparisons with molecular and genetic research on plant disease resistance genes and signalling pathways may prove useful as those studies are more advanced and underlying biochemical and evolutionary relationships are likely to exist. 相似文献
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Zuzana Sýkorová Jana Rydlová Renata Slavíková Tara Ness Petr Kohout David Püschel 《Restoration Ecology》2016,24(2):184-193
An extensive field trial was established on a fly ash deposit (1) to evaluate whether the inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and/or ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF) improves growth and survival of 13 planted tree species and (2) to trace the inoculated mycorrhizal fungi in tree roots after one growing season. Molecular methods were applied to characterize AMF and EcMF entering the studied system (inocula, native soil, and roots of nursery seedlings). Biometric parameters and mortality of the trees were recorded and the presence of AMF and EcMF in sampled trees was determined both microscopically and genetically. Mycorrhizal inoculation did not improve survival or growth of any tree species. Most AMF‐host and all EcMF‐host seedlings were highly precolonized already from the nursery. An abundant and diverse AMF community was also found in the field soil. The AMF inoculum taxa partially overlapped with AMF in the native soil and in the precolonized roots. After one season, the only two inoculum‐unique AMF taxa were detected in host species non‐precolonized or only partially precolonized from the nursery. The components of EcMF inoculum were not detected in any sampled tree. After the season, the ectomycorrhizal hosts maintained most of their original EcMF taxa gathered in nursery, some tree species were additionally colonized by EcMF probably originating from the soil. Our results show considerable self‐restoration potential of nature on the target site. Mycorrhizal inoculation thus did not bring any conclusive advantage to the planted trees and seems superfluous for reclamation practice on the fly ash deposit. 相似文献
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蓝莓Vaccinium uliginosum是欧石南菌根(ericoid mycorrhiza,ERM)真菌典型的寄主植物,但同时也可与丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌和深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophytes,DSE)共生形成复合共生体。本研究旨在调查和评价不同栽培体制下蓝莓成年树花果期根系共生体发育状况及其根区土壤中AM真菌资源分布状况,以期为优质蓝莓栽培管理提供理论依据和技术基础。从青岛佳沃蓝莓基地采集暖棚、冷棚和露地3种方式栽培的9-10年生‘蓝丰’、‘奥尼尔’和‘公爵’蓝莓的根系及根区土样,观察测定根系共生体着生数量、根区土壤中AM真菌孢子数量和菌种组成。结果表明,所有栽培方式下供试品种蓝莓根系均形成ERM、AM和DSE结构及其复合共生体;其中,AM着生数量最多,其次是ERM,DSE侵染率最低;复合共生体中则呈现ERM+AM>ERM+DSE>ERM+AM+DSE;蓝莓复合共生体着生数量、AM真菌侵染率、丛枝着生率及孢子数量等不同种植方式下呈现暖棚>冷棚>露地,不同品种呈现‘蓝丰’>‘公爵’>‘奥尼尔’,而ERM和DSE侵染率也呈现上述变化趋势。依据AM真菌形态特征,供分离鉴定获得5属11种AM真菌,以暖棚栽培条件下分离获得的AM真菌数量最多,‘蓝丰’根区土壤中分布的AM真菌属种最多。暖棚内成年树花果期蓝莓根系共生体发育健全,AM真菌种类和孢子数量较多,可能有利于提高蓝莓的产量、改善果实品质和抗逆性。 相似文献