塔里木兔和家兔的消化酶活性比较研究

为比较塔里木兔(Lepus yarcandensis)和家兔（Oryctolagus curiculus）消化能力的差异,探索塔里木兔对野外生存环境的食物的适应机制,以家兔为对照,测定了塔里木兔和家兔的胰腺及肠道的消化酶—淀粉酶（碘-淀粉比色法）、纤维素酶（3,5-二硝基水杨酸法）、脂肪酶（比浊法）及胰蛋白酶（紫外线吸收法）的活性。用 SPSS 15.0 软件对实验数据进行统计学分析。结果表明：1）塔里木兔肠道的淀粉酶活性明显高于家兔。其中,塔里木兔十二指肠、空肠及回肠的淀粉酶活性极显著高于家兔（P ＜ 0.01）。淀粉酶活性在塔里木兔和家兔空肠最高。2）塔里木兔肠道的纤维素酶活性高于家兔。其中,塔里木兔盲肠的纤维素酶活性极显著高于家兔（P ＜ 0.01）,其回肠的纤维素酶活性显著高于家兔（P ＜ 0.05）。纤维素酶活性在塔里木兔和家兔盲肠最高。3）家兔胰腺和肠道的脂肪酶活性明显高于塔里木兔。其中,家兔胰腺、十二指肠、空肠及回肠的脂肪酶活性显著高于塔里木兔（P ＜ 0.05）。与消化道相比,脂肪酶活性在家兔和塔里木兔胰腺最高,肠道中空肠的脂肪酶活性最高。4）家兔胰腺和肠道的胰蛋白酶活性高于塔里木兔。其中,家兔空肠和十二指肠的胰蛋白酶活性显著高于塔里木兔（P ＜ 0.05）。胰蛋白酶活性在家兔和塔里木兔空肠最高。可见,与家兔相比,塔里木兔对淀粉类、纤维类物质有较强的消化能力,对脂肪类的消化能力较弱。其中,淀粉酶活性和纤维素酶活性升高,脂肪酶活性和胰蛋白酶活性降低。这可能是塔里木兔适应贫瘠、匮乏的食物环境的重要原因之一。     

塔里木兔和家兔的消化酶活性比较

为比较塔里木兔(Lepus yarcandensis)和家兔(Oryctolagus curiculus)消化能力的差异,探索塔里木兔对野外生存环境食物的适应机制,测定了塔里木兔和家兔胰腺及肠道的消化酶活性,包括淀粉酶(碘-淀粉比色法)、纤维素酶(3,5-二硝基水杨酸法)、脂肪酶(比浊法)及胰蛋白酶(紫外线吸收法)。用SPSS 15.0软件对实验数据进行统计学分析。采用one-way AVNOVA和多因素方差分析对比分析了塔里木兔和家兔消化酶活性。结果表明:1)塔里木兔肠道的淀粉酶活性明显高于家兔。其中,塔里木兔十二指肠、空肠及回肠的淀粉酶活性极显著高于家兔(P0.01)。淀粉酶活性在塔里木兔和家兔空肠最高。2)塔里木兔肠道的纤维素酶活性高于家兔。其中,塔里木兔盲肠的纤维素酶活性极显著高于家兔(P0.01),其回肠的纤维素酶活性显著高于家兔(P0.05)。纤维素酶活性在塔里木兔和家兔盲肠最高。3)家兔胰腺和肠道的脂肪酶活性明显高于塔里木兔。其中,家兔胰腺、十二指肠、空肠及回肠的脂肪酶活性显著高于塔里木兔(P0.05)。与消化道相比,脂肪酶活性在家兔和塔里木兔胰腺最高,肠道中空肠的脂肪酶活性最高。4)家兔胰腺和肠道的胰蛋白酶活性高于塔里木兔。其中,家兔空肠和十二指肠的胰蛋白酶活性显著高于塔里木兔(P0.05)。胰蛋白酶活性在家兔和塔里木兔空肠最高。可见,与家兔相比,塔里木兔对淀粉类、纤维类物质有较强的消化能力,对脂肪类的消化能力较弱。其中,淀粉酶活性和纤维素酶活性升高,脂肪酶活性和胰蛋白酶活性降低。这可能是塔里木兔适应贫瘠、匮乏的食物环境的重要原因之一。     

六种鲟鱼消化酶活性的比较研究

测定了两个生长阶段 6种鲟鱼幼鱼胃、肠道和肝脏中蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶活性。幼鲟消化酶活性在两个生长阶段变化不明显。 6种鲟鱼不同消化器官蛋白酶活性以肠道为最高 ,肝脏为最低 ,肝脏中的蛋白酶活性明显低于胃、肠道 (P <0 0 1)。不同消化器官脂肪酶活性 ,以肠道为最高 ,且肠道脂肪酶活性显著高于胃、肝脏 (P <0 0 1) ,胃中的脂肪酶活性与肝脏中的脂肪酶活性差异不明显 (P >0 0 5 )。不同消化器官淀粉酶活性 ,以肠道为最高 ,且明显高于胃、肝脏 (P <0 0 1)。幼鲟在第一阶段 ,肝脏中没有淀粉酶活性 ,其活性出现在第二阶段 ,且在此生长阶段 ,肝脏中的淀粉酶活性达到胃中的水平 (P >0 0 5 )。对 6种鲟鱼而言 ,除个别存在较大差异外 ,3种消化酶活性大体上都没有明显差异     

温度对南疆沙蜥和密点麻蜥消化酶活性的影响

为探究不同温度对南疆沙蜥Phrynocephalus forsythii和密点麻蜥Eremias multiocellata消化酶活性的影响,本研究测定了不同温度下南疆沙蜥和密点麻蜥的肝脏、胃及十二指肠的消化酶——淀粉酶(碘-淀粉比色法)、脂肪酶(比浊法)及胰蛋白酶(紫外线吸收法)的活性。结果显示,南疆沙蜥和密点麻蜥消化酶活性在4～45℃随着温度升高呈现先上升、后下降的趋势;40℃驯化的南疆沙蜥、35℃驯化的密点麻蜥肝脏、胃及十二指肠的淀粉酶、脂肪酶及胰蛋白酶活性最高。南疆沙蜥和密点麻蜥消化酶活性具有温度依赖性,这与机体在不同温度下的生理机能是密切相关的。同时,2种蜥蜴的消化酶活性最大时的驯化温度明显不同,这与它们偏好的环境温度密切相关。     

不同生态环境中铜绿丽金龟幼虫肠道细菌 产消化酶活性比较

目的测定不同生态环境中铜绿丽金龟幼虫肠道细菌产消化酶活性。方法采用平板透明圈法和分光光度计法。结果平板透明圈法测得废弃菜园和花生田中铜绿丽金龟幼虫肠道细菌产蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性差异无统计学意义(F=1.089、0.4963,P0.05),而细菌的产纤维素酶活性有显著差异,其中花生田铜绿丽金龟幼虫肠道中分离到的粘质沙雷菌产酶活性显著高于其他菌株;分光光度计测得的不同生态环境中铜绿丽金龟幼虫肠道细菌的产蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶活性差异均有统计学意义(F=461.565、42.349、18.7673,P0.05)。从变异系数来看,分光光度计法测得的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的变异程度较低,而脂肪酶测定时平板透明圈法的变异系数较低。结论平板透明圈法和分光光度计法均可用于铜绿丽金龟幼虫肠道细菌产消化酶活性测定。通过分析研究比较,分光光度计法适于测定细菌的产蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶活性,平板透明圈法适于测定细菌的产脂肪酶活性。     

温度对兰州鲇消化酶活性的影响

测定了兰州鲇(Silurus lanzhouensis)胃、肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠在不同温度(15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、37℃4、2℃、47℃)条件下的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活性。结果表明,随温度的升高,各种酶活性的变化均表现为先增高后下降直至不能检出。消化道各部位蛋白酶的最适温度均为42℃;淀粉酶的最适温度除胃和肝胰脏为37℃外,其他部位均为30℃;脂肪酶的最适温度除后肠为30℃外,其他部位均为25℃。消化酶的最适温度高于其生活水域的水温,反映出消化酶作为酶蛋白的耐热性。最适温度下,蛋白酶活性前肠≈中肠>后肠>肝胰脏≈胃;淀粉酶活性前肠>中肠>肝胰脏>胃>后肠;脂肪酶活性中肠>后肠>前肠≈肝胰脏>胃。研究结果还表明,前肠和中肠是兰州鲇消化蛋白的主要部位,中肠是其消化脂肪的主要部位,而前肠是其消化淀粉的主要部位。在消化酶表现出活性的温度范围内,蛋白酶活性明显高于淀粉酶活性。实验还表明脂肪酶具有活性的温度范围较蛋白酶和淀粉酶窄。     

大熊猫胃肠道中消化酶活力的分析

为了研究大熊猫对食物的化学性消化特点和机制,测定了9只大熊猫唾液和3只大熊猫胃肠道中主要消化酶的活力,并与其他动物进行了比较.结果显示,大熊猫唾液呈碱性,蛋白酶和淀粉酶等消化酶活力低;肠道中淀粉酶活力高,而脂肪酶活力明显低于棕熊.大熊猫小肠粘膜中存在显著量的蔗糖酶、乳糖酶和麦芽糖酶活力.另外,在1只大熊猫胃和直肠液中检测到了少量纤维素酶活力.研究结果提示,大熊猫唾液直接参与食物消化的作用可能很弱;大熊猫对淀粉类食物有很好的消化能力,但对脂肪类食物消化能力相对不高.大熊猫胃肠道消化酶的活力特点适应其消化天然食物中的营养物质.     

长足大竹象幼虫消化酶活性的初步研究

应用酶学分析法研究了长足大竹象Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Guer幼虫消化酶的主要种类和活性.结果 表明,长足大竹象幼虫主要有7种消化酶.长足大竹象幼虫的消化酶活性大小排列顺序为:半纤维素酶＞果胶酶＞纤维素酶＞淀粉酶＞蔗糖酶＞脂肪酶＞蛋白酶;在40～55℃、pH值7.4～8.5时,半纤维素酶和果胶酶活...     

饥饿对黄鳝消化酶活性的影响

饥饿是一种主要的环境胁迫因子,会对水产动物的生理生态产生广泛影响.本文探讨了饥饿对黄鳝消化器官主要消化酶活性的影响规律.在水温(20±0.5) ℃条件下,将黄鳝饥饿30 d,并分别测定了饥饿第0、3、5、10、15、20和30天其胃、前肠、后肠和肝脏的蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性.结果表明：饥饿对黄鳝胃、前肠、后肠和肝脏的蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均有一定影响.随着饥饿时间的延长,4种消化酶的活性均不断下降,且在饥饿的第5～10天内活性下降幅度最大;饥饿继续加深,则其活性下降不明显.     

不同发酵茶中优势真菌的分离鉴定 及产消化酶活性比较

目的分离鉴定云南普洱茶、广州小青柑、广西六堡茶和湖南熙茯茶中的主要真菌,并探讨其产消化酶活性。方法采用平板涂布法分离不同发酵茶中的真菌,通过其ITS序列进行分子鉴定;利用平板透明圈法测定不同真菌的产淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶活性。结果从4种发酵茶中共分离出8种真菌,其中,在云南普洱茶中分离出2种真菌,分别为篮状菌(Talaromyces. sp.)和T.variabilis;广州小青柑中分离出3种真菌,分别为阿曲霉(Aspergillus amstelodami)、烟曲霉(A.fumigatus)和绳状篮状菌(T.funiculosus);广西六堡茶中分离出2种真菌,分别为黑曲霉(A.niger)和冠突曲霉(A.cristatus);湖南熙茯茶中仅分离出谢瓦曲霉(A.chevalieri)。其中Talaromyces. sp.、T.variabilis、A.niger、A.amstelodami、A.fumigatus、T.funiculosus有产纤维素酶活性,Talaromyces. sp.、T.variabilis、A.cristatus、A.fumigatus、T.funiculosus有产淀粉酶活性,Talaromyces. sp.、T.variabilis、A.niger、A.fumigatus、T.funiculosus有产蛋白酶活性,A.niger有产脂肪酶活性。在8种真菌中,T.variabilis、烟曲霉和绳状篮状菌可同时产纤维素酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶;黑曲霉能同时产纤维素酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶;冠突曲霉仅有产淀粉酶活性;阿曲霉仅有产纤维素酶活性。通过比较不同真菌的产酶活性表明,烟曲霉的产蛋白酶活性能力最强;Talaromyces sp.的产纤维酶活性能力最强;Talaromyces. sp.和绳状篮状菌的产淀粉酶活性最强。结论发酵茶的真菌以曲霉菌属Aspergillus、散囊菌属Eurotium和篮状菌属Talaromyces为主,多数真菌具有产消化酶活性,这些酶可能在茶叶发酵过程中起重要作用,并影响发酵茶叶的品质。     

高盐胁迫对凡纳滨对虾消化及免疫相关酶活力的影响

为探讨高盐对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)消化及免疫相关酶活力的影响,实验设置了30、40、50、60共4个盐度梯度。对虾体长(7.84±0.68)cm,养殖密度333尾/m~3,每个梯度设3个平行,实验周期30d。取血淋巴、肌肉、肝胰腺等组织,检测其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶活力。结果表明,盐度显著影响凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏中胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶的活力(P0.05);随着盐度增加,消化相关酶活力均不断下降,处理间差异显著(P0.05);盐度对凡纳滨对虾不同组织的免疫指标产生影响,表现为随着盐度升高,血淋巴中,AKP活力逐渐升高,ACP、CAT和SOD活力均表现为先升高后降低;肌肉中,AKP、ACP和SOD活力呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势;肝胰脏中,AKP活力呈现先降低后升高再降低的变化趋势,ACP活力高盐处理间差异不显著(P0.05),CAT活力先降低后升高,SOD活力盐度40后逐渐降低。实验结果初步说明,高盐显著影响凡纳滨对虾的消化及免疫相关酶活力,且盐度对不同组织中免疫酶活力影响存在一定的组织特异性,50以上的高盐胁迫对对虾消化和免疫相关酶活力的影响尤为显著。     

Evolution of digestion of carbohydrates in the separate parts of the digestive tract of the edible snail Helix lucorum (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora) during a complete 24-hour cycle and the first days of starvation

In the present study we examined carbohydrase activities during a complete 24-h cycle and during the first days of starvation in both adult and juvenile snails. The results indicated the predominant role of the digestive gland in the secretions of the enzymes responsible for degradation of most of the carbohydrates tested. Salivary glands secreted some digestive enzymes but in amounts lower than secreted by the digestive gland. Enzymatic activities fluctuated during the first hours of digestion and also after the digestive tract was empty. The relatively high enzymatic activities recorded 24 h after the intake of food and during starvation could be due to the circadian rhythm of this species and/or to the participation of an existing microflora in the digestive tract of Helix lucorum. The double origin (exogenous and endogenous) of some digestive enzymes such as cellulases is discussed.Abbreviations CMC Carboxymethyl cellulose - LSD-test least significant difference test - PNP p-nitrophenyl - SA specific activity - U units     

Influence of avocado (Persea americana) Cx-cellulase on the structural features of avocado cellulose

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit produce copious quantities of the enzyme Cx-cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) during ripening. The possibility that Cx-cellulase is able to disrupt cellulose microfibril oranization was investigated using molecular weight (M_r), x-ray diffraction, and ultrastructural analyses of cell walls from unripe avocado fruit incubated with the purified enzyme. Results indicate that Cx-cellulase causes a downshift in the M_r of unbranched cell-wall polymers in the M_r range of 10⁶–10⁷ Da. There is an increase in the proportion of crystalline cellulose, and cellulose fibrils appear to lose cohesiveness in response to enzyme activity. We propose that Cx-cellulase attacks avocado cellulose at accessible sites in the peripheral and integral noncrystalline regions of the microfibril, resulting in a loss of cohesiveness within the fibril structure and an alteration in the binding of associated cell-wall matrix polysaccharides. The initial loss of avocado mesocarp firmness during fruit ripening may be linked to the onset of Cx-cellulase activity.Abbreviations CMC carboxymethylcellulose - DMAC dimethylacetamide - DS developmental stage - M molecular weight - XG xyloglucan     

纹沼螺对苦草生长的影响

在室外受控实验条件下,研究了不同密度(0,150,450个/m2)纹沼螺(Parafossarulus striatulus)对沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)生长的影响。结果表明,螺类牧食活动促进了苦草生长,与无螺对照组相比,低密度螺处理组中苦草的相对生长率、株高均增加了20%;高密度组中苦草的相对生长率、叶片数和株高分别增加了28%、15%和27%。分析表明,纹沼螺通过牧食活动降低植物叶片上附着生物干重,从而促进了苦草生长。丰富了螺-草互利关系的研究内容,有助于加深理解水生态系统中生物之间的生态关系。     

Digestive enzymes in marine species. II. Amylase activities in gut from seabream (Sparus aurata), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and redfish (Sebastes mentella)

The amylase activity of the digestive tract of three carnivorous fish species (Sparus aurata, Scophthalmus maximus and Sebastes mentella) has been studied. The activity of seabream and turbot showed its maximum at neutral pH (7.0–7.5); meanwhile, the activity of redfish had an optimum pH at 4.5-5.0. The t° function ranged between 35 and 45°C for the three species. The Arrhenius plots of the intestinal activities of seabream and turbot showed breakpoints at temperatures close to those of their physiological activities. High saline concentrations inhibited the activity of seabream and turbot and activated the activity of redfish. Seabream activity was absolutely dependent on calcium ions. On the contrary, redfish activity was only detected in the absence of this metal. Studies carried out by using several effectors suggested that the activities found in these three species are different. Considering our results from a point of view of the environmental conditions of these species, it might be concluded that enzymatic digestion of dietary carbohydrates proceeds at very low rate. Physiological implications are discussed.     

Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) with controlled particles: Application to Candida rugosa lipase

Aggregation agent type and concentration, lipase and glutaraldehyde concentration, and pH are able to affect the formation of cross-linked lipase. The carrier-free immobilized Candida rugosa lipase with a particle size of 40–50 μm showed higher activity than that of the lipase with other particle sizes. The carrier-free immobilized C. rugosa lipase can keep 86% original lipase activity (0.018 g g⁻¹ min⁻¹). The enantioselectivity of the carrier-free immobilized lipase (23.3) was about 1.8 times as much as that of the native lipase (13.0) in kinetic resolution of ibuprofen racemic mixture.     

Effect of starvation and refeeding on digestive enzyme activities in sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The digestive enzyme activities were determined in Adriatic sturgeon and rainbow trout during starvation and refeeding period. Overall, the digestive enzyme activities are affected in the same sense in both species. The protease and lipase activities were decreased later than amylase activity. Even after 1 month of starvation, both species would be prepared to digest protein and lipids in an effective way. After 72 days of starvation, the digestive machinery of the sturgeon and of the trout shows an altered capacity to digest macronutrients. The capacity to digest proteins and lipids, after 60 days of refeeding, begins to become re-established in sturgeon and trout. In contrast, in this period, the capacity to digest carbohydrates remains depressed in both species.     

5种相思树和尾巨桉人工林土壤养分和酶活性特征

为揭示固氮树种土壤养分转化的酶学机制,对固氮树种[厚荚相思(Acacia crassicarpa)、黑木相思(A. melanoxylon)、卷荚相思(A.cincinnata)、大叶相思(A.auriculiformis)和马占相思(A.mangium)]及非固氮树种尾巨桉(Eucalyptusurophylla×E.grandis)人工林的土壤养分含量、酶活性及其相关性进行研究。结果表明,相思林40～60cm土层的pH均高于尾巨桉林;5种相思林土壤各土层的TP、TK含量均低于尾巨桉林,而20～40 cm土层的TC、TN含量均高于尾巨桉林,黑木相思林和马占相思林各土层的有效养分均显著高于尾巨桉林(P0.05)。0～10 cm土层中,相思林的土壤酸性磷酸酶和纤维素酶活性均高于尾巨桉林,大叶相思林的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性显著高于尾巨桉林(P0.05),卷荚相思林的土壤脲酶、纤维素酶、几丁质酶和淀粉酶活性显著高于尾巨桉林(P0.05)。相关分析结果表明,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和几丁质酶活性与AP显著负相关(P0.05),蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性与NH4+-N显著负相关(P 0.05),脲酶、纤维素酶、芳基硫酸酯酶与土壤TK显著负相关(P0.05),几丁质酶活性与TN含量呈显著正相关(P0.05),土壤淀粉酶活性与NH4+-N呈显著正相关(P 0.05),过氧化氢酶活性与土壤TK含量呈显著正相关。可见,与尾巨桉人工林相比,在我国南方退化山地引种相思树可提高土壤关键酶的活性,对土壤有效养分具有明显改良作用,有利于退化地土壤的生态修复及人工林长期生产力的维持。     

(Na + K)-ATPase activity of crude homogenates of rat skeletal muscle as estimated from their K-dependent 3-O-methylfluorescein phosphatase activity

A highly sensitive fluorimetric assay using 3-O-methylfluorescein phosphate as substrate was used in the determination of K⁺-dependent phosphatase activity in preparations of rat skeletal muscle. The gastrocnemius muscle was chosen because of mixed fibre composition. Crude, detergent treated homogenate was used so as to avoid loss of activity during purification. K⁺-dependent phosphatase activities in the range 0.19–0.37 μmol · (g wet weight)⁻¹ · min⁻¹ were obtained, the value decreasing with age and K⁺-deficiency. Complete inhibition of the K⁺-dependent phosphatase was obtained with 10⁻³ M ouabain. Using a KSCN-extracted muscle enzyme the intimate relation between K⁺-dependent phosphatase activity and (Na⁺ + K⁺)-activated ATP hydrolysis could be demonstrated. A molecular activity of 620 min⁻¹ was estimated from simultaneous determination of K⁺-dependent phosphatase activity and [³H]ouabain binding capacity using the partially purified enzyme preparation. The corresponding enzyme concentration in the crude homogenates was calculated and corresponded well with the number of [³H]ouabain binding sites measured in intact muscles or biopsies hereof.     

Structure and possible functions of the calcospherite-rich cells (R* cells) in the digestive gland of the shore crab CArcinus maenas

Summary R^*-cells of the digestive gland of Carcinus maenas have been investigated functionally and morphologically. A comparison of the capacity of separated cell suspensions to synthesize glycogen gave support to the hypothesis that R and R^* cells belong to the same cell line. The unexpected observation of R^* cells in gastric juice suggests that their release could represent a mode of redistribution of carbohydrate stores when the feeding activity of the crab is lower. Under electron microscopy, the calcospherites of R^* cells appeared to be surrounded by multiple membranous layers, and displayed tubular and vesicular structures in their core. High glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity in the subcellular fraction that is enriched in calcospherites suggests that these membranes are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum, via a process in which the enzyme plays a key role. We propose that this is the way by which the R cell differentiates into R^* cell.