野生动物肇事补偿对社区居民态度改变的作用及机制——以四川卧龙国家级自然保护区为例

野生动物肇事补偿是缓和人与野生动物冲突的常用措施之一，其核心目的是补偿社区居民的经济损失并最终改善社区居民对于肇事动物的态度，实现人与野生动物的和谐共处。以四川卧龙国家级自然保护区为例，研究了目前以及假设补偿后社区居民态度的变化及其影响因素和作用机制。在对态度进行多维特征划分的基础上，使用Wilcoxon秩和检验、二元logistic回归模型等方法探究野生动物肇事补偿对社区居民态度改变的作用以及影响因素。研究发现：野生动物肇事补偿可显著改变社区居民对于肇事动物的态度，且均发生了积极的改变，但对不同维度态度的改变作用不同。其中，喜厌态度的改变最明显，其次是捕杀态度和保护态度，最后是期望态度。肇事补偿对于社区居民的态度及其改变作用受到其社会经济特征的影响，其中是否受到过野生动物破坏、耕作总收入或总收入中耕作收入比重以及受教育程度显著影响社区居民的态度，农地总面积、牲畜数量、玉米地面积会显著影响社区居民情感态度的改变，玉米地损失面积会显著影响社区居民行为态度的改变。论文进一步讨论了各个影响因素的作用机制，并根据研究结果提出了普及肇事补偿制度、完善肇事补偿机制、调整生计策略和种植结构、通过多种...     

贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区野猪危害特征与居民态度分析

野猪对农作物的危害是当前人与野生动物冲突的典型案例,分析其危害特征,掌握当地居民对野猪危害与保护管理的态度,对于自然保护区社区共管与野生动物保护管理决策尤为重要。对贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区的调查研究发现,野猪一年四季均危害农作物,危害高峰期在 2-4 月与10-12 月,主要受作物收获期影响;农耕地在保护区的位置、距道路距离及距水源距离显著影响野猪对农耕地的危害,农耕地距道路(< 55 m)和水源越近(< 270 m),遭受危害程度越高。保护区的实验区和周边区域人居活动强烈,但野猪危害较其他区域严重,野猪危害农地时对水源因素较距居民点距离、距林缘距离、隐蔽因素更为敏感。70% 的当地居民认为野猪危害是由于种群数量过多引起。55% 的当地居民不赞同国家保护野猪的政策,62% 的赞同猎杀野猪控制其种群数量增长。受访者年龄与野猪危害程度两因素显著影响居民对野猪的容忍度,50 - 70 岁是当地社区居民的主要人群,也是态度中立及容忍度较高的人群。为有效减少野猪危害损失,调和人与野生动物冲突矛盾,建议保护区管理者根据野猪危害特征,帮助当地居民建立有效防控措施和有效快速的危害评估与损失补偿机制,同时根据当地居民的态度特征,做好保护政策的宣教工作。     

太行山东北部区域野生动物损害及损害补偿

人兽冲突是生物多样性保护的重要研究主题,合理的损害补偿有助于野生动物可持续保护及管理。为探究太行山东北部区域野生动物损害及损害补偿,于2019年与2020年7—9月对区域内主要肇事野生动物(野猪Sus scrofa和狗獾Meles leucurus)进行了种群及损害调查;2021年7—8月基于访谈,对区域的损害赔偿及社区的受偿意愿进行了量化计测和分析。结果表明,太行山东北部区域的野猪(密度为(6.283±1.274)只/km²)及狗獾(密度为(4.855±1.610)只/km²)种群较大,对区域内的农业生产带来了较大损害,且肇事频率呈上升趋势;已有的防控手段效果有限,当地社区对野生动物保护支持度较高,但对肇事动物保护的态度相对消极;区域内的野生动物损害补偿已普遍施行,有效补偿了受损农户的部分经济损失,但也存在补偿覆盖不全面、补偿标准模糊及补偿数额偏低等问题。当地农户的受偿意愿((10962.60±1751.55)元/hm²)与其文化程度、损害补偿满意度和野生动物保护态度负相关,与保护政策支持度正相关。根据调研结果,建议加...     

公平规范与自然资源保护——基于进化博弈的理论模型

传统理论认为社区对公共自然资源的管理必然导致"公共地悲剧".但新近研究证明个人行为往往受到社会规范的影响并遵循公平互惠等"非理性"原则,进而指出社群有可能自发实现对公共资源有效的合作保护.基于这一思路,综合运用进化博弈论与行为经济学理论构建数学模型模拟了社区居民参与对自然资源的家庭承包管护的策略演化动态,并分析公平规范在该过程中能够发挥的潜在作用.结果表明在经济补偿相对管护所需劳动成本较为有限的情况下,"理性"的参与者无法长期维持高水平的保护合作;相比之下,如果公平规范对当地居民有较强的约束力,则可以实现更高的保护合作水平,其最终均衡由群体中对公平有较高要求的参与者比例决定.这一结果从理论上预测了利用公平规范推动社区参与自然资源保护合作并提高生态补偿效率的可行性.     

海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿机制

在提炼生态保护补偿概念内涵的基础上,综合考虑政策目标、海洋环境自然属性、自然保护区区域特殊性以及我国制度环境,明确了海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿的思路;根据相关法律法规,结合生态系统服务分析,对海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿机制的主体、客体和补偿标准进行了讨论。研究结果表明,海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿应该以持续的生态效益供给为目标,以正外部性内部化为基本原理;海洋自然保护区生态保护补偿的主体是国家,由相关政府部门代表国家履行补偿责任;补偿客体为保护区周边居民和保护区管理机构,对周边居民的补偿标准以其为保护区牺牲的生态效益价值来确定,对管理机构的补偿标准以其使保护区增加的生态效益价值来确定。在构建补偿机制框架后,探讨了保护区运营资金支持和补偿标准公信力等问题,为后续的研究实践提供参考与借鉴。     

湿地保护区周边农户生态补偿意愿比较

湿地生态补偿研究一直是国内外学者们研究的热点和难点。运用问卷调查方法和统计学的多元回归模型,分析湿地保护区周边生态补偿机制中微观经济主体-农户的行为与选择的问题,确定农户的生态补偿意愿值,及影响农户生态补偿意愿的主要影响因素并做比较分析。以陕西朱鹮国家级自然保护区为例,应用条件价值法(CVM),计量了2008年和2011年朱鹮保护区周边社区农户的绿色水稻生态补偿意愿值,分别为:3560.56元/hm2和3679.83元/hm2;Logistic回归模型分析的结果表明,同时影响农户2008年和2011年生态补偿意愿的相同因素是水田面积占耕地总面积比重,另外影响显著的因素主要是家庭年均收入、是否有非农收入、农户生产区距离朱鹮保护区核心区的远近、水稻田由于保护朱鹮减产是否严重。研究结果表明:应以政府为主导,加大湿地生态补偿的力度并建立生态补偿的长效机制。对推进和落实我国湿地生态经济补偿机制,特别是为陕西朱鹮湿地保护区生态经济补偿机制的完善具有参考价值。     

海洋生态损害补偿研究综述

海洋生态损害补偿是在海洋生态损害赔偿和生态保护补偿制度建立的基础下,提出的一种针对受损海洋生态环境的补偿制度,以实现海洋开发利用过程中海洋生态环境的有偿使用。从与已建立的相关制度联系的视角对海洋生态损害补偿内涵进行解读,并在此基础上对补偿主体、补偿标准、补偿方式、补偿保障措施等海洋生态损害补偿关键环节的研究进展进行综述分析。表明:目前海洋生态损害补偿研究主要集中在工程性的海洋生态损害补偿,对陆源污染带来的海洋生态损害补偿研究甚少;海洋生态损害涉及相关利益者复杂,"人-人-海"的补偿关系链条尚未完全形成;补偿标准核算仍是研究的难点,目前研究方法主要集中在海洋生态损害评估,但在一定程度上,海洋生态损害补偿标准是损害评估体系与补偿体系的综合结果;目前主要有经济、资源、生境3种海洋生态损害补偿方式,补偿方式的选取主要受技术可行性和经济效率的影响;补偿的有效落实还需要有配套制度和监管体系作为实施保障。综上所述,海洋生态损害补偿是个复杂的过程,其制度的建立和发展涉及海洋生态损害评价、补偿关键要素、补偿保障条件、补偿可持续性发展等各方面内容,缺一不可。     

卧龙自然保护区与当地社区关系模式探讨

针对目前国内外广泛出现的保护区与当地社区的矛盾冲突,研究以四川卧龙国家级自然保护区(以下简称卧龙保护区)为例,从就业机会、野生动物的破坏及补偿、对资源利用的限制、旅游的开展、社区参与、家畜的饲养和放牧、非木林产品的采集、狩猎、农业活动和传统保护等10个方面,向卧龙保护区内的农户、管理人员、个体经营者和游客等4类人群发放调查问卷,对卧龙保护区与当地社区之间的关系模式(包括发展协调型、社区不利型、保护区不利型和冲突竞争型)及其管理现状和存在的问题进行深入探讨.结果表明,4类人群对卧龙保护区与当地社区关系模式的界定有显著差异(P＜0.05),但皆以发展协调型为主导模式.卧龙保护区对当地社区的影响主要是:提高当地知名度、发展旅游业提高收入、限制资源的利用等;当地社区对卧龙保护区的影响主要是:协助保护野生动植物、参加联防工作、放牧破坏生物生境等.影响卧龙保护区与当地社区之间关系的主要因素是:政策、旅游和社区活动.建议建立专职的社区共管部门,聘请当地居民参与生态旅游,并设立野生动物破坏补偿委员会.对卧龙保护区与当地社区关系的评价便于管理人员整体把握各项社区管理措施的管理成效,从关系模式的主要影响因素着手,提高保护区的社区管理水平.     

基于参与性调查的退耕还林政策可持续性评价 ——卧龙自然保护区研究

农户是退耕还林工程中的经济主体,他们的经济行为和认知响应将会对工程实施产生重要影响。研究采用参与式农户评估方法,就农户对退耕还林工程的态度和认知、退耕还林工程对农户的经济影响、以及农户现有耕地面积等问题进行了调查,以期从农户角度出发,探讨卧龙自然保护区退耕还林工程的可持续性问题。研究表明,尽管农户对退耕还林工程持积极的态度,但是有3个问题影响了退耕还林工程的可持续性。一是当地居民的粮食需求问题,由于当地居民粮食消费的外在依赖性,以及工程本身导致的耕地和收入减少,使退耕还林工程的可持续性受到潜在的威胁;二是从经济发展的角度出发,结合当地居民的经济收入、就业状况和他们对于工程的经济预期,现行的退耕还林工程缺乏相应的配套措施和足够的吸引力来保证其可持续性;三从生态恢复理论和实践上看,退耕补偿的数量和期限须考虑区域的差异和生态系统功能的实现,在本研究区域须与生物多样性保护相结合。     

广西猫儿山自然保护区生态补偿标准与补偿方式

利用问卷调查和条件估值法,以猫儿山自然保护区为例,探讨自然保护区生态补偿机制的构建。结果表明:(1)当地居民对保护区和退耕还林政策不熟悉,如果给相应的补偿,超过一半的居民愿意为保护生态环境而放弃在保护区内从事垦荒、砍伐、放牧等活动。建立保护区后,绝大多数村民在生产生活和家庭收入等方面受到影响。(2)不同村庄农户的家庭受损和机会成本相差较大。对于林地没有被保护区划占的农户,机会成本为10000元/户。对于林地被保护区划占的农户,机会成本为10000元/户+750元/666.7m2×被划占的林地亩数。(3)采用投标卡方法,确定农户受偿意愿为230.66元666.7m-2a-1。(4)通过卡方检验,受教育程度、民族和居民所在村别均不同程度地影响受偿意愿。文化层次与受偿意愿的关系呈单调变化,瑶族的受偿意愿最高,其次是苗族,汉族的受偿意愿最低,受保护区影响越大的村庄,其受偿意愿也越大。(5)当地居民的受偿方式呈多样化。多数居民希望得到现金补偿,选择多种受偿方式的组合较为普遍。补偿金主要用于基本生活和生产的需要。农户的技术补偿需求主要是优良林木种植技术和果木蔬菜种植技术,最关心的政策补偿是提供就业。     

Escalating human–wildlife conflict in the Wolong Nature Reserve,China: A dynamic and paradoxical process

Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) has become a conservation focus for both protected area management and local communities in many parts of the world. The incidence and mediation of HWCs are rooted in coupled environmental and socioeconomic contexts. A systematic analysis of HWCs was undertaken in 2016 in the Wolong Nature Reserve located in Sichuan Province, southwestern China. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 201 local households to understand the occurrence of wildlife damage, the wildlife species involved, the typical losses incurred, and the mitigation measures employed. The results revealed that local HWC has increased rapidly in recent years due to effective biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration policies. Despite the widespread occurrence of HWCs, with nearly all respondents stating that they had suffered a financial loss, appropriate compensation schemes are lacking. Local respondents' expected compensation amount and style were investigated, and it was concluded that integrated compensation and community development plans are needed to mediate and resolve HWC. In particular, greater attention should be given to reduce local households' dependence on agriculture and transform local livelihood strategies to alternative economic activities not related to farming, such as ecotourism development and migrating employment.     

Attitudes of local people towards the mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) in Munessa,Ethiopia

Due to their direct dependence on wildlife products for subsistent use, people living in poverty are often viewed as being in conflict with wildlife conservation. We studied the attitudes of local people towards mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) in Munessa, Ethiopia. A household survey (n = 214) was used to examine the socio‐economic characteristics and beliefs of local people from three peasant associations and one village. Generally, the study revealed that local people had positive attitudes towards mountain nyala, its conservation and population increase, which is consistent with our predictions. For example, a greater percentage of the respondents had positive (62.5%) rather than negative (37.5%) attitudes towards mountain nyala and its conservation. Moreover, the larger proportion of the respondents had positive (66.67%) rather than negative (33.3%) attitudes towards an increase in mountain nyala population. However, compared to socio‐economic characteristics, beliefs towards mountain nyala were more powerful and consistent predictor of attitudes and explained much of the variances of the two groups of the dependent variables. Thus, informing local communities about the value of mountain nyala (e.g. recreational and economic) through conservation education, advocating the need for sustainable utilization and introducing an economic benefit sharing may improve positive attitude and increase participation of local people in conservation and management of the mountain nyala population in Munessa.     

Troublesome neighbours: Changing attitudes towards chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in a human-dominated landscape in Uganda

Long-term human–wildlife sympatry depends on the willingness and capacity of local people to coexist with wild animals. With human population growth and deforestation for agriculture, farmers increasingly live in proximity to wildlife, including large mammals of conservation concern. Understanding local perspectives and concerns regarding wildlife is essential for informing appropriate management strategies that reduce conflicts and promote sustainable coexistence. Social science approaches therefore have a critical role in integrated conservation programmes. We undertook an attitude survey to understand residents’ perspectives about sharing a landscape with chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in an unprotected forest–agriculture mosaic in Uganda. Interviews (n = 134) in 12 villages demonstrate residents’ ambivalence towards living alongside these protected yet potentially troublesome mammals. Chimpanzee behaviour is reported to have undergone recent changes. Residents claim apes increasingly enter villages for food, threaten people, and pose a particular threat to children's safety. Chimpanzee numbers are believed to have increased locally. Most interviewees fear chimpanzees, considering them dangerous. Crop losses to chimpanzees were widely reported. Farmers tolerate raiding of domestic fruits, but not cash-crops. Results demonstrate that attitudes towards wildlife are not fixed. Reported changes to chimpanzee behaviour are challenging villagers’ traditionally benign attitude towards them. Even so, residents acknowledge benefits to chimpanzees because they reportedly displace other crop-raiding wildlife which, unlike chimpanzees, damage important staple food crops. Survey findings are contextualised with respect to recent, major land-use changes in Uganda (clearance of unprotected forest for timber and agriculture) that have precipitated a sharp rise in farmer–chimpanzee interactions. We discuss the study's broader implications for protected mammal management and conflict mitigation in human-dominated landscapes, and ask whether it is appropriate to expect impoverished rural farmers to accommodate large-bodied mammals that pose a potential threat to their safety and livelihoods.     

国家公园原住民对野生动物肇事的认知、意愿及其影响因素——以武夷山国家公园为例

国家公园原住民对野生动物肇事的态度直接影响野生动物保护政策有效实施以及人与野生动物共存机制。迄今,学术界鲜有从原住民认知与意愿角度探讨野生动物肇事的成果,基于自然保护地国家公园的相关研究尚未见报道。根据449份有效调查问卷及深度访谈数据,论文采用有序多分类Logistic回归方法,探讨武夷山国家公园原住民对野生动物肇事的认知、意愿及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）多数原住民经历过野生动物肇事,其农作物及牲畜受到严重损害,野猪（Sus scrofa）为研究区域主要的肇事动物。（2）种群数量增加、食物短缺和生存空间受限是野生动物肇事的主要原因。（3）学历、经历及认可政府应对肇事的方式对原住民防范野生动物肇事意愿的影响显著。在此基础上,提出遵循生态规律、保护栖息地、提升认知与意愿、实行社区共管、建立野生动物致害补偿机制以及引入野生动物致害赔偿保险等对策,希望能够深化对野生动物肇事特征及机理的科学认识,为有效缓解人与野生动物冲突、推进国家公园人与野生动物和谐提供政策参考。     

四川马边大风顶自然保护区周边社区对当地自然保护的影响

采用参与式评估和KAP研究等方法,对马边县境内大风顶自然保护区周边社区的社会经济及居民生态保护意识和行为进行调查。结果表明,社区经济落后、人口增长、教育水平偏低的现状构成对保护区影响的主要因素,另外当地的传统观念及生活习惯也对保护区动植物存在一定影响。通过分析,结合当地情况,为社区及保护区将来的发展提出参考建议。     

WHY COMPENSATING WILDLIFE DAMAGES MAY BE BAD FOR CONSERVATION

Abstract: In an effort to attenuate human-wildlife conflict and promote conservation of charismatic megafauna, compensation programs for wildlife damages have been implemented in many countries. Compensating pastoralists and farmers for damage caused by wildlife reduces hunting pressure on wild animal populations. However, it can also lead to a decrease in efforts to prevent damage and exacerbate conflicts with wildlife. Furthermore, compensation programs increase the return to agriculture and can therefore be viewed as a subsidy toward crop and livestock production. Such subsidies can trigger agricultural expansion (and habitat conversion), an inflow of agriculture producers, and intensification of agricultural production. Each of these impacts is shown to have potentially adverse effects on the wildlife population that compensation intends to favor. In some circumstances, the net effect on the wildlife stock could be negative. This calls for a careful assessment of local ecological and economic conditions before compensation is implemented. Incentive mechanisms that are directly tied to conservation outcomes (e.g., payments to locals based on the size of the wildlife population) should be considered instead of compensation programs.     

From forest to farm: systematic review of cultivar feeding by chimpanzees--management implications for wildlife in anthropogenic landscapes

Crop-raiding is a major source of conflict between people and wildlife globally, impacting local livelihoods and impeding conservation. Conflict mitigation strategies that target problematic wildlife behaviours such as crop-raiding are notoriously difficult to develop for large-bodied, cognitively complex species. Many crop-raiders are generalist feeders. In more ecologically specialised species crop-type selection is not random and evidence-based management requires a good understanding of species' ecology and crop feeding habits. Comprehensive species-wide studies of crop consumption by endangered wildlife are lacking but are important for managing human-wildlife conflict. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of crop feeding records by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), a ripe-fruit specialist. We assessed quantitatively patterns of crop selection in relation to species-specific feeding behaviour, agricultural exposure, and crop availability. Crop consumption by chimpanzees is widespread in tropical Africa. Chimpanzees were recorded to eat a considerable range of cultivars (51 plant parts from 36 species). Crop part selection reflected a species-typical preference for fruit. Crops widely distributed in chimpanzee range countries were eaten at more sites than sparsely distributed crops. We identified 'high' and 'low' conflict crops according to their attractiveness to chimpanzees, taking account of their importance as cash crops and/or staple foods to people. Most (86%) high conflict crops were fruits, compared to 13% of low conflict crops. Some widely farmed cash or staple crops were seldom or never eaten by chimpanzees. Information about which crops are most frequently consumed and which are ignored has enormous potential for aiding on-the-ground stakeholders (i.e. farmers, wildlife managers, and conservation and agricultural extension practitioners) develop sustainable wildlife management schemes for ecologically specialised and protected species in anthropogenic habitats. However, the economic and subsistence needs of local people, and the crop-raiding behaviour of sympatric wildlife, must be considered when assessing suitability of particular crops for conflict prevention and mitigation.     

Primate Conservation and Local Communities—Ethical Issues and Debates

Hunting and habitat destruction and alteration threaten the existence of many primate species. However, the conservation of these primates has significant costs, as well as benefits, for people living alongside them. Conservation policy now recognizes that people should not suffer impoverishment from wildlife preservation and that, instead, conservation programs should make a significant contribution to alleviating rural poverty. Ethical consideration requires that local communities have greater control over natural resources, and that conservation programs contribute to these people's livelihood security. Nevertheless, this conservation on the basis of potential economic value may not protect primates adequately and may render them still vulnerable to extinction, given their sensitivity to human activities. This presents an ethical dilemma: primates have intrinsic moral value so should be conserved for their own sake, yet conservation policies should not cause harm to local human populations. This article explores ethical issues that arise when primates and people live in close proximity. [Keywords: primate conservation, ethical issues, human–wildlife conflict]     

Parks-people conflicts: the case of Gonarezhou National Park and the Chitsa community in south-east Zimbabwe

National parks have been the centre piece of international conservation strategies in developing countries. The expansion in the network of national parks has enabled the conservation of biodiversity and habitats but the acquisition of vast areas into the park system has often been achieved through the displacement of resident local communities. Displaced people are exposed to a variety of impoverishment risks and this stokes up animosity towards parks. The research reported here seeks to understand the key issues involved in the occupation of a section of Gonarezhou National Park by Headman Chitsa’s people. The paper examines how the interplay between the history of displacement and dispossession, demographic pressures, limited economic opportunities, the ‘fast track’ land reform programme and dynastic politics are fomenting the land conflict between Gonarezhou and Chitsa community. Secondary actors with diverse interests have also come into the fold. Official efforts to resolve the conflict using a top-down approach have yielded little success. This culminated in a shift towards the use of traditional mechanisms of resolving a chieftaincy dispute as a step towards addressing the broader parks-people land conflict. Lessons from the case study are, inter alia, that interventions aimed at resolving parks-people conflicts should be alive to local culture, livelihood needs and power dynamics and, to the extent possible, eschew forcible relocations. Finally, we draw attention to the need to address the wider contradiction between policies promoting wildlife conservation and those promoting agriculture. The article is written to share lessons with readers interested in parks-people conflicts.