UASBF反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的试验研究

研究了上流式厌氧复合床反应器(UASBF)处理垃圾渗滤液的启动期、负荷提高期、运行期的处理效果及COD_Cr负荷、pH、碱度对反应器运行的影响.结果表明,启动期最佳启动温度在35±1℃,进水pH6.8,COD_Cr浓度1000～1200 mg·L^-1,水力停留时间(HRT)48h,容积负荷为0.5kgCOD_Cr·m^-3·d^-1.提高期和运行期容积负荷为10kg COD_Cr·m^-3·d^-1,COD_Cr去除率为71.5%,氨氮去除率为57.5%,总磷去除率为64.8%,悬浮物达到去除率为55%.     

石油焦基高比表面积活性炭对废水中CODCr的吸附能力

探讨了高比表面积活性炭(HSAAC)吸附水中COD_Cr时,活性炭用量、pH值和吸附时间等因素对COD_Cr吸附量和去除率的影响。实验结果表明,HSAAC用量越大,去除COD_Cr效果越好。当HSAAC用量为2.0g·L^-1,pH=3时,去除率达到78%以上;在酸性条件下HSAAC对COD_Cr的去除效果较好;HSAAC对废水中COD_Cr的吸附发生在前30min;COD_Cr浓度低于60mg·L^-1时,处理后COD_Cr的残余质量浓度低于地表水环境质量Ⅰ类标准(15mg·L^-1)。用碱再生HSAAC,一次再生率达94.22%,二次再生率达到了86.90%。说明高比表面积活性炭在适宜条件下对COD_Cr具有较好的吸附性能和良好的再生效果。     

光催化降解敌百虫农药废水的影响因素分析

在TiO₂悬浮体系,对农用敌百虫有机磷农药进行光催化氧化降解反应。发现光催化降解过程中适当补充NaOH溶液,可以维持较高的有机磷降解率,对于处理有机磷农药废水保持一定的pH值有作用。敌百虫农药有机磷含量起始浓度处于3.1mg·L^-1和31mg·L^-1之间,在50mg的催化剂TiO₂作用下90min内无机磷浓度变化符合零级反应,而且反应速率常数和敌百虫起始浓度呈线形关系,实验中探讨了降解过程中出现的影响因素。     

光催化氧化降解制药废水中头孢曲松钠的研究

以二氧化钛(TiO₂)为光催化剂,分别采用高压汞灯和反射镝灯为紫外光和模拟日光光源,对头孢曲松钠进行光催化降解,用紫外光谱跟踪其光催化降解过程。考察了光催化体系中光源、催化剂用量、光照时间、电子受体以及其他离子的存在对光催化降解过程的影响。结果显示,当反应物初始浓度500mg·L^-1,在高压汞灯和反射镝灯条件下反应5小时后,在催化剂用量分别为2.5g·L^-1和2.0g·L^-1时对头孢曲松钠的降解效果最好,分别达到93.4%和73.8%。体系中加入电子受体能促进光催化反应速率,而一些无机离子如HCO₃^-、SO₄^2-、Cl^-等的存在显著降低了TiO₂光催化剂的活性。实验结果有助于抗生素制药工业废水的光催化处理研究。     

准好氧填埋渗滤液水质变化特性研究

在大型模拟填埋试验装置(21 m×3.8 m×6.0 m)上,研究了准好氧填埋渗滤液水质的主要指标COD_Cr、BOD、NH₃⁺-N和pH的变化特性.结果表明,准好氧填埋结构下渗滤液COD_Cr、BOD浓度下降很快,没有出现在传统填埋场累积的现象,并且封场后39周分别降为173和30 mg·L^-1;NH₃⁺-N浓度下降更为显著,第39周降为1 mg·L^-1,下降率达到99.6%,为渗滤液后续处理解决了NH₃⁺-N浓度过高的难题;pH值在前2周略低于7,第3周后一直呈弱碱性.根据实验数据,拟合了准好氧填埋结构渗滤液污染物的衰减方程.     

耐高浓度氨氮的异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株U1的鉴定及其脱氮特性

【背景】城市垃圾渗滤液是一种成分复杂的有机废水,含氮量高,如果未经处理直接排放到环境中会造成严重的环境污染。【目的】筛选可以耐受垃圾渗滤液中高浓度氨氮并高效去除污水中氮素的异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株,为解决垃圾渗滤液的氮素污染提供功能菌株。【方法】从垃圾渗滤液中筛选分离能耐受高氨氮浓度的菌株,通过测定各菌株的脱氮能力,筛选到一株脱氮能力最强的菌株,命名为U1,通过测定16S rRNA基因序列和生理生化特性确定该菌株为铜绿假单胞菌。进一步研究了菌株U1在不同初始氨氮浓度、碳源、转速、初始pH、碳氮比等单因素变量下的脱氮能力,并结合L₉（3⁴）正交试验研究了菌株U1的最佳脱氮条件。【结果】分离出一株铜绿假单胞菌并命名为U1。该菌株的最优脱氮条件为:初始氨氮浓度为1 000 mg/L,红糖和柠檬酸三钠的混合碳源,pH 6.0,C/N为10,转速为130 r/min,菌株U1的最大总氮去除率为64.37%,最大氨氮去除率为76.73%。对于总氮和氨氮含量分别是2 345 mg/L和1 473.8 mg/L的垃圾渗滤液,菌株U1最大总氮去除率为27.86%...     

几种混凝剂用于处理制浆造纸综合废水的性能试验

利用烧杯混凝试验,通过改变pH值、药剂投加量等方法开展了一系列混凝试验,比较了一种新型聚合混凝剂硫酸铝聚合氯化铝对以木浆为主的制浆造纸厂的综合废水的处理效果.结果表明,在最佳pH值和投药量条件下,新型聚合混凝剂的处理效果最好.当pH为8.29,药剂投加量为175mg·L^-1时,即使不投加CPAM,处理后的废水COD_Cr去除率为87.4%,浊度去除率为96.4%,色度去除率为89.5%;出水COD_Cr和色度分别为90mg·L^-1左右和约32倍,均达到了广东省《水污染物排放限值》(DB4426-2001)第二时段的一级标准.     

LaVO4可见光催化降解罗丹明B的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法在不同温度下煅烧,合成了系列LAVO4光催化剂,用XRD,FT-IR,SEM,BET,UV-Vis DRS对催化剂进行了表征,考察了其可见光催化降解罗丹明B的性质.结果表明,在200℃煅烧可合成t-LaVO4晶体,300℃以上煅烧有利于制备m-LAVO4.催化剂样品为多孔结构,比表面积大,可见光催化活性良好.300℃制各的样品具有最好的光催化活性,可见光催化6 h后,罗丹明B降解率达65.45%,比TiO4的降解率高48.07%.加入电子受体或调节初始溶液pH值为酸性(pH=3)都可大幅度提高m-LaVO4的可见光催化活性,m-LaVO4可见光催化反应2 h后,罗丹明B均可完全降解.     

氨氮降解菌株的筛选及降解性能研究

为解决氨氮积累导致水体污染的问题,从北京南宫垃圾堆肥厂的垃圾渗滤液中筛选出1株具有氨氮降解能力的菌株Z-5。通过对该菌株的形态观察以及ITS基因序列同源性对比分析,鉴定该菌株为褐红篮状菌（Talaromyces pinophilus）,命名为褐红篮状菌Z-5。进一步分析筛选菌株Z-5在不同培养条件（接种量、氨氮初始浓度、碳源、pH）下各单因素以及多因素对氨氮降解性能的影响,并进行了二元分布和三因素三水平的正交试验。结果表明,当接种量为1%、氨氮初始浓度为100 mg·L^-1、碳源为红糖以及pH为7.0时,氨氮去除率达到了94.75%,效果最佳。研究结果为垃圾废水处理中氨氮的去除奠定了基础。     

农业废弃物分解产生CO2的影响因素研究

在正交预备试验得出有机废弃物分解产生CO₂适宜条件的基础上,逐一进行单因子试验,以获得利用农业废弃物分解产生的CO₂进行棚室栽培CO₂施肥的最适发酵条件.结果表明,利用有机废弃物(稻草+猪粪)生物发酵产生CO₂的最佳条件分别为:温度50℃、含水量70%、初始pH6.0～7.0.初始C/N比因发酵目的不同有较大变化,以堆肥为目的时为30/1,而以产生CO₂为目的时,则以40/1为宜.在4个因素中,初始C/N比和含水量对CO₂释放的影响较大,其次是温度,初始pH的影响最小.     

利用微藻固定烟道气中CO2的实验研究

为获得能适合于烟道气条件下生长的微藻,找到一种高效的温室气体固定的方法,利用配置烟道气(CO₂和O₂的浓度分别为15%和2%)驯化稻田微藻混合试样,分离出对高浓度CO₂条件有很强适应力的微藻ZY-1,并研究了在不同培养条件下微藻ZY-1的生长情况.微藻ZY-1在CO₂浓度从10%～15%的范围内有较高生长力,在CO₂浓度为10%时,生长最好.微藻ZY-1对温度、气体流速、pH值等物理条件也有很宽的适应范围,在温度为25～30.C、流速为0.25～0.75L·min^-1、pH4～6范围内,生长基本稳定.在培养条件为10%CO₂、25.C、pH5.0时,微藻ZY-1的生长率最高,CO₂的固定率平均值为0.397%.可以认为,利用该藻固定烟道气温室气体具有一定的可行性.     

一株高效广谱莠去津降解菌SB5的生长和降解特性

本研究采用富集培养技术自莠去津污染的活性污泥中分离筛选到一株具有降解三嗪类除草剂功能的菌株SB5,经形态学和16S rRNA基因分析将其初步鉴定为类节杆菌属细菌。其具有已知莠去津降解相关基因trzN、atzB及atzC。在培养基中添加葡萄糖、蔗糖、柠檬酸钠、酵母浸粉和蛋白胨可显著提高菌株SB5的生物量和对莠去津的降解效率;外加(NH₄)₂SO₄和NH₄Cl对该菌生物量起到抑制作用,但不影响其对莠去津的降解效率;外加淀粉对菌株的生物量影响不显著,但会影响其对莠去津的降解。菌株SB5在4～42 ℃、4～10初始pH及50～1000 mg·L^-1莠去津初始浓度范围内均具有较好的莠去津耐受性和莠去津降解能力。以100 mg·L^-1莠去津为唯一碳源,在37 ℃、初始pH 8.0的最佳条件下,菌株SB5在36 h内对其降解率可达到100%。降解谱分析结果表明,菌株SB5对100 mg·L^-1初始浓度的西玛津、特丁津、扑灭津、氰草津、莠灭净和扑草净6种三嗪类除草剂同样具有较好的降解效果,培养48 h后的降解率分别为86.4%、92%、98.6%、95.6%、100%和99.2%,是一株高效广谱的降解菌。菌株SB5进一步丰富了莠去津生物降解的菌种资源,其对三嗪类除草剂的高效和广谱降解功能赋予其在三嗪类除草剂复合污染的生物修复和治理技术研发方面的潜在应用价值。     

Photo-irradiated titanium dioxide catalyzes site specific DNA damage via generation of hydrogen peroxide

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a potential photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy. In this study, the mechanism of DNA damage catalyzed by photo-irradiated TiO₂ was examined using [₃₂P]-5'-end-labeled DNA fragments obtained from human genes. Photo-irradiated TiO₂ (anatase and rutile) caused DNA cleavage frequently at the guanine residue in the presence of Cu(II) after E. coli formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase treatment, and the thymine residue was also cleaved after piperidine treatment. Catalase, SOD and bathocuproine, a chelator of Cu(I), inhibited the DNA damage, suggesting the involvement of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and Cu(I). The photocatalytic generation of Cu(I) from Cu(II) was decreased by the addition of SOD. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effect of SOD on DNA damage is due to the inhibition of the reduction of Cu(II) by superoxide. We also measured the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2' -deoxyguanosine, an indicator of oxidative DNA damage, and showed that anatase is more active than rutile. On the other hand, high concentration of anatase caused DNA damage in the absence of Cu(II). Typical free hydroxyl radical scavengers, such as ethanol, mannnitol, sodium formate and DMSO, inhibited the copper-independent DNA photodamage by anatase. In conclusion, photo-irradiated TiO₂ particles catalyze the copper-mediated site-specific DNA damage via the formation of hydrogen peroxide rather than that of a free hydroxyl radical. This DNA-damaging mechanism may participate in the phototoxicity of TiO₂.     

Visible-light photocatalytic regeneration of NADH using P-doped TiO2 nanoparticles

P-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles were prepared by the sol–gel method and characterized by XRD, BET, SEM, XPS and UV–vis spectrum. The results indicated that the doping of phosphorus could efficiently inhibit the grain growth and enhance the surface area of TiO₂ nanoparticles. The doped phosphorus was present as the pentavalent-oxidation state, which can replace a part of Ti⁴⁺ in the crystal lattice of anatase. Because P⁵⁺ can accept photoelectron as the electron trap center, its doping reduces the recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers. In addition, P-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles also show stronger absorption in the visible light range than the pure sample, because of the formation of an impurity energy level within the band gap of TiO₂. Correspondingly, P-doped TiO₂ nanomaterials show higher ability of NADH photogenenration under visible-light irradiation than pure TiO₂.     

Application of Freundlich and Langmuir models to multistage purification process to remove heavy metal ions by using Schizomeris leibleinii

The adsorption of iron(III), lead(II) and cadmium(II) ions onto Schizomeris leibleinii, a green alga, was studied with respect to initial pH, temperature, initial metal ion and biomass concentration to determine the optimum adsorption conditions. Optimum initial pH for iron(III), lead(II) and cadmium(II) ions were 2.5, 4.5 and 5.0 at optimum temperature 30°C, respectively. The initial adsorption rates increased with increasing initial iron(III), lead(II) and cadmium(II) ion concentrations up to 100, 100 and 150 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms were developed at various initial pH and temperature values. The adsorption of these metal ions to S. leibleinii was investigated in a two-stage mixed batch reactor. The residual metal ion concentrations (C_eq) at equilibrium at each stage for a given ‘quantity of dried algae (X₀)/volume of solution containing heavy metal ion (V₀)’ ratio were calculated using Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm constants. The experimental biosorption equilibrium data for iron(III), lead(II) and cadmium(II) ions were in good agreement with those calculated by both Freundlich and Langmuir models. The adsorbed iron(III), lead(II) and cadmium(II) ion concentrations increased with increasing X₀/V₀ ratios while the adsorbed metal quantities per unit mass of dried algae decreased.     

绿色木霉在啤酒糟基质上产纤维素酶条件的优化

对绿色木霉接种到啤酒糟固态发酵产纤维素酶的培养基和培养条件进行优化,考察发酵物料起始含水量、发酵时间、起始pH值等发酵条件,以及啤酒糟培养基中添加麸皮、氮源种类对产酶的影响。结果表明,以啤酒糟为发酵基质接种绿色木霉生产纤维素酶是可行的。经单因素和正交试验获得最适固态发酵的培养条件为:起始pH 5~6,培养温度28~30℃,发酵4 d;最佳发酵培养基组合为:麸皮比例30%,培养基起始含水量50%,(NH₄)₂SO₄添加量为2.0%~2.5%。     

A combination of gamma irradiation and CaCl2 immersion for a pectin-based biodegradable film

Using citrus pectin a biodegradable film was prepared by a combination treatment of gamma irradiation (0, 10, 20, and 30 kGy) and CaCl₂ immersion (0, 5, and 10%) cross-linking. The tensile strength of the pectin-based film was the highest in the 5% CaCl₂ treatment at 20 kGy of an irradiation dose. The tensile strength of the film with CaCl₂ was generally higher than that of the non-CaCl₂ treatment. The elongation at break and water vapor permeability were the lowest at a CaCl₂ of 5% among the irradiated treatments. The total organic carbon content produced from the Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that the film of the 20 kGy-irradiated film was lower than those of the 0, 10, and 30 kGy-irradiated films. In conclusion, irradiation of the film casting solution at 20 kGy combined with a 5% CaCl₂ immersion resulted in film with improved mechanical properties and biodegradability.