一株快速产脂肽解淀粉芽孢杆菌的筛选及其产物特性

从新疆油田采出水中筛选获得1株快速产生物表面活性剂的芽孢杆菌菌株BQ-2。16S rRNA基因序列分析显示,该菌株与解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)的序列相似性为99%。以20 g·L-1的葡萄糖为碳源,5 g·L-1的Na NO3为氮源,BQ-2在好氧条件下培养8 h即可将发酵液的表面张力由69.7 m N·m-1降至25.9 m N·m-1;第20~24 h,表面活性剂产量迅速增加,在第40 h达到最高产量655.4 mg·L-1。薄层层析和红外光谱分析结果显示,BQ-2的发酵产物为脂肽类生物表面活性剂。该表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为30 mg·L-1,且对新疆原油等供试有机化合物具有较好的乳化活性。BQ-2发酵液在广泛的温度(20~121℃)、盐度(Na Cl浓度为30~250 g·L-1)和p H(4~12)条件下保持稳定活性。BQ-2产生表面活性剂迅速,产量较高,且产物环境稳定性好,在微生物采油和污染环境修复领域具有较大的应用潜力。     

表面活性剂产生菌SQ6:筛选及其发酵液表面活性

从大庆油田油藏采出水中成功筛选获得一株表面活性剂产生菌,编号为SQ6,该菌为短杆状革兰氏阴性菌。16S rRNA基因序列比对结果显示,SQ6与铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)序列相似性达到99.9%;生理生化鉴定结果进一步表明,SQ6符合假单胞菌属特征。以葡萄糖为碳源,24h内SQ6发酵液表面张力(ST)从57.0mN·m-1降至25.6mN·m-1。SQ6发酵液在高温(121℃,30min)、高盐(NaCl浓度为12%)和广泛pH条件下保持较稳定的表面活性,其临界胶束浓度(CMC)为50mg·L-1。薄层层析结果显示,SQ6发酵液表面活性成分主要为糖脂类。     

一株产生物表面活性剂低温细菌的筛选与鉴定

采用血平板培养基及蓝色凝胶平板培养基初筛、排油圈法复筛,从低温环境下自然腐烂秸秆中分离筛选到4株产生物表面活性剂的低温细菌.其中菌株B-17发酵液排油圈达到最大,在5d内可使发酵液的表面张力由75.47 mN· m-1降至37.49 mN·m-1.通过形态特征、生理生化试验及16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定该菌为理研菌属(Petrimonas sp.).红外光谱分析表明,菌株B-17在代谢过程中能产生糖脂类表面活性物质.该菌发酵液的乳化能力在5d内仍能保持在75％,具有很好的增溶效果.研究表明,初始pH 7、盐浓度0.4％、温度20℃时,对菌株B-17生长和产生物表面活性剂最有利.本研究为低温环境下产生物表面活性剂细菌的开发奠定了基础.     

一株表面活性剂产生菌的筛选及其特性研究

从氧化沟含油污水中分离得到1株能产生物表面活性剂菌株S6(Pseudomonas sp.),经生理生化实验和16SrDNA序列分析鉴定,S6为铜绿假单胞菌。红外光谱分析得知S6在代谢过程中能够产生糖脂类表面活性物质。其临界胶束浓度(CMC)为50mg/L,可将水的表面张力由72mN/m降到33.9mN/m。发酵液的表面张力和排油直径的测定结果显示发酵液在不同的盐度、pH和溶解氧量条件下,具有较稳定的表面活性。通过正交实验确定了优化培养基条件为葡萄糖10g、尿素5g、磷酸二氢钾1g、微量元素液2mL、pH8.0、水1000mL;S6在优化培养基中合成生物表面活性剂的产量为0.173g/L。     

高效生物表面活性剂产生菌筛选及其性质研究

目的:获得产高效生物表面活性剂的菌株并获得优化培养基。方法:通过从山东文登某加油站附近长期污染富含油质的土壤中逐步采用富集培养基和平板筛选培养基分离筛选菌株并进行优化培养寻找最优生长培养和高产生物表面活性剂的条件。结果:筛选出产表面活性剂的微生物12株,分别命名为BSF1#-BSF12#,从中筛选出1株高效表面活性剂产生菌BSF8#,优化培养结果表明BSF8#的最佳生长pH在7.5左右,最佳碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为蛋白胨,BSF8#培养基中最佳NaCl浓度为2g/L。BSF8#菌株可将发酵液的表面张力由最初的48.29mN/m降到27.79 mN/m,上层乳化状发酵液的排油圈最大直径超过7.5cm,并经红外光谱分析确定其生物表面活性剂为1个糖肽类化合物。结论:BSF8#菌株产生的生物表面活性剂活性突出,有较大的开发潜力。     

1株稠油降粘菌BIT-BS002的性质研究与矿场应用

从辽河油田稠油样品中筛选出1株高产生物表面活性剂的菌株。经形态观察、生理生化性质测试以及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subitlis),并命名为BIT-BS002。通过薄层色谱和红外光谱分析确定该菌所产生物表面活性剂为一种环脂肽类物质。该菌在50℃条件下培养24 h后可使发酵液表面张力由54.88 mN/m降至26.99 mN/m,同时对煤油和液体石蜡的乳化率分别为100%和94%。室内评价结果表明,菌株BIT-BS002对辽河油田稠油的降粘率达到81.93%,驱油效率可在水驱基础上提高14.75%。矿场试验进一步表明菌株BIT-BS002增油效率显著,单井吞吐井试可提高产量达施工前的3.86倍。     

一株产表面活性剂细菌鉴定及发酵条件优化

本文利用16S rDNA序列并结合形态学特征,鉴定实验室前期从油污土壤中分离的产表面活性剂菌株1098-3为大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli).通过单因子实验初步确定了其产生表面活性剂的最适条件:37℃,初始pH7.0,转速200 r/min,培养基配比为可溶性淀粉2.5％,胰蛋白胨1.5％,氯化钠0.3％,磷酸二氢钾0.5％,氯化钙0.004％,硫酸铵0.6％,硫酸镁0.07％,酵母粉0.06％,500 mL三角瓶装液量为200 mL.在此条件下,发酵液表面张力由69.3 mN/m降至34.3mN/m,此时发酵液中表面活性剂相对浓度(RBC)为500.     

一株分离自海水的产生物表面活性剂菌株的鉴定及其发酵优化

为研究分离自海水的芽孢杆菌dhs-330产生物表面活性剂的培养条件和产物特性,采用16S r DNA基因序列分析鉴定菌种,对发酵培养基的碳源、氮源、p H值和培养温度进行优化,采用飞行时间质谱进行产物鉴定及抑菌圈法考察产物抑菌活性。结果显示,该菌株与Bacillus mojavensis菌株16S r DNA的序列相似性为99%。菌株发酵液表面张力可由70 m N·m-1降低至27 m N·m-1。发酵培养基的最适碳源、有机氮源和无机氮源分别为甘油、酵母膏和尿素;p H值为6.5~7.0、温度为30~35℃条件下,菌体生长和生物表面活性剂合成最为有利。发酵产物为脂肽-糖脂混合型生物表面活性剂,对海洋污损微生物Bacillus pumilus dhs04有显著的抑菌活性。菌株dhs-330是能合成脂肽-糖脂混合生物表面活性剂、具有海洋污损微生物防除潜力的优选菌株。     

生物表面活性剂高产菌的微电极脉冲选育

用自主研制的基于梳状交叉微电极阵列结构的细胞电操作系统,开展产表面活性剂BS-37菌株选育研究。在蜗牛酶质量分数1．5％、酶解温度33℃、酶解时间3h、酶解pH为6的条件下,制备的BS-37菌株原生质体活性达8．9％。在0．1mmol／LCa^2＋、0．5mmol／L Mg^2＋ 及0．8mol／L山梨醇的缓冲液条件下,电刺激原生质体,获得1株高产菌株,其发酵液的表面张力从51．47mN／m降低至37．59mN／m,乳化力由62％升高至85％。     

产生物表面活性剂的地衣芽孢杆菌种子培养条件研究

本文对产生物表面活性剂的油藏地衣芽孢杆菌种子培养条件进行优化.通过测定种子培养液中菌体浓度和发酵液的菌浓及表面张力,研究温度、通气量、接种龄、接种量对种子生长和发酵产生物表面活性剂的影响.确定了种子适宜培养条件为装液量100 mL/250 mL,12层纱布封口,于50 ℃、180 r/min摇床培养14 h.以10％接种量接种发酵,发酵24 h的发酵液表面张力降至最低,为22.6 mN/m.在该条件下培养种子,可缩短种子培养时间,实现提前接种发酵并高产生物表面活性剂.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Morphology and putative function of the colon and cloaca of marine and freshwater snakes

Among tetrapods, evidence for postrenal modification of the urine by the distal digestive tract (including the colon and cloaca) is highly variable. Birds and bladderless reptiles are of interest because the colon and cloaca represent the only sites from which water and ions can be reclaimed from the urine secreted by the kidney. For animals occupying desiccating environments (e.g., deserts and marine environments), postrenal modification of the urine may directly contribute to the maintenance of hypo‐osmotic body fluids. We compared the morphology and distribution of key proteins in the colon, cloaca, and urogenital ducts of watersnakes from marine (Nerodia clarkii clarkii) and freshwater (Nerodia fasciata) habitats. Specifically, we examined the epithelia of each tissue for evidence of mucus production by examining the distribution of mucopolysaccharides, and for evidence of water/ion regulation by examining the distribution of Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase (NKA), Na⁺/K⁺/Cl^? cotransporter (NKCC), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3). NKCC localized to the basolateral epithelium of the colon, urodeal sphincter, and proctodeum, consistent with a role in secretion of Na⁺, Cl^?, and K⁺ from the tissue, but NKA was not detected in the colon or any compartment of the cloaca. Interestingly, NKA was detected in the basolateral epithelium of the ureters, suggesting the urothelium may play a role in active ion transport. AQP3 was detected in the ureters and coprodeal complex, consistent with a role in urinary and fecal dehydration or, potentially, in the production of the watery component of the mucus secreted by the coprodeal complex. Since no differences in general cloacal morphology, production of mucus, or the distribution of ion transporters/water channels were detected between the two species, cloacal osmoregulation may either be regulated by proteins not examined in this study or may not be responsible for the differential success of N. c. clarkii and N. fasciata in marine habitats. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。