江苏地区三叶斑潜蝇和美洲斑潜蝇的发生危害及种群动态

【目的】三叶斑潜蝇Liriomyza trifolii和美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae是一类危害蔬菜、花卉的世界性害虫,也是我国重要的外来入侵害虫。了解其发生危害特征,可为这两种斑潜蝇的防治提供科学依据。【方法】于2015年对江苏地区的两种斑潜蝇的发生分布、危害程度以及在扬州地区的发生动态进行了调查,采集含有潜道的叶片,待蛹羽化为成虫后鉴定斑潜蝇种类,同时统计叶片上的潜道数量划分危害等级。【结果】美洲斑潜蝇主要在苏北地区发生危害,三叶斑潜蝇主要在苏南、苏中地区发生危害;两种斑潜蝇在江苏地区的发生危害程度均未超过3级。在扬州地区的蔬菜上仅调查到三叶斑潜蝇的危害,其危害的寄主植物有6科、12种,主要包括茄科、豆科、葫芦科、十字花科的蔬菜。三叶斑潜蝇的发生危害从3月开始,11月结束,全年有3个发生危害高峰,其中在7月下旬至8月初的发生危害最重。【结论】两种斑潜蝇在江苏地区的种类分布呈现出明显的地理差异,同时扬州地区三叶斑潜蝇的虫口密度随寄主和时间不同呈现的明显,因此生产上需加强对斑潜蝇发生危害进行监测,并指导斑潜蝇防治。     

苹果绵蚜发生危害特点及防治对策

苹果绵蚜主要在我国辽东半岛、胶东半岛和昆明一带局部发生 ,每年 5～ 6月和 9～ 1 0月为害虫发生盛期。近几年来 ,危害逐年加重 ,并不断扩展蔓延 ,对我国苹果的产量和品质构成了严重威胁。该文介绍了苹果绵蚜在我国的危害情况和发生规律 ,分析了其发生与危害的特点 ,并提出了有效防治对策     

粘虫越冬迁飞与危害的调查及监测技术

粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)是我国粮食作物上一种典型的季节性远距离迁飞危害的重大农业害虫,具有发生范围广,危害世代多、作物损失重以及危害历史长的特点。每年粘虫在我国东半部自南向北形成5个不同类型发生区,除可在南方越冬外,还可通过季节性远距离往返迁飞在不同发生区之间危害。对其越冬、迁飞种群动态的监测及危害调查是实现粘虫综合防控的前提。根据粘虫的生物学特性以及不同类型发生区的特点,本文发展了粘虫田间越冬、迁飞种群以及幼虫发生危害的调查和监测技术,为其综合治理提供理论支撑。     

湘北烟区烟青虫发生情况研究

烟青虫在湘北烟区1年发生5代,第一至四代危害烟草,第五代在其他作物上取食。自然条件下,世代重叠比较明显,幼虫发生与危害最大的是第一代,危害时期是5月下旬至6月下旬,同时,还得出了烟青虫各代的发生期、历期及其发育起点温度和有效积温。     

我国粘虫发生危害新特点及趋势分析

粘虫Mythimna separata是我国玉米、小麦和水稻三大主粮作物上的重大害虫,对我国粮食安全有重大威胁,每年在我国南北往返迁飞危害。近年来,粘虫在我国的发生危害呈现出新的特点,主要体现为:一是受害严重区域发生变化,各世代危害范围扩大;二是主要危害世代发生变化,2代、3代粘虫发生较重;三是主害作物发生变化,玉米成第一大危害作物;四是迁飞规律发生变化,南北往返迁飞格局不变;五是田间种群抗药性明显增强,防治困难程度加重;六是生物学习性发生变异,适应能力增强。针对以上发生危害新特点的形成原因和未来趋势进行了分析与讨论。     

国槐新害虫——国槐林麦蛾的研究

国槐林麦蛾是 1 998年发现的危害国槐和龙爪槐的新害虫。该虫在山东商河 1年发生 3代 ,幼虫卷缀 2～ 9个叶片或粘连花蕾在其中危害。本文首次报道了该虫幼期的形态特征、危害习性、发生与环境的关系。     

金龟子在句容丘陵地区葡萄园的种类和发生规律

采用灯下诱集和田间调查的方法,研究了句容丘陵地区葡萄园发生的金龟子的种类、发生数量和发生规律。结果表明,在句容丘陵地区葡萄园发生的金龟子有双叉犀金龟、华北大黑腮金龟、暗黑腮金龟、铜绿异丽金龟、深铜绿异丽金龟、四纹丽金龟、斑喙丽金龟、毛黄腮金龟等8种。发生量较大,对葡萄危害较重的有铜绿异丽金龟和双叉犀金龟,并比较了这两种金龟子的发生规律和危害高峰期。文中还讨论了金龟子对葡萄危害和防治方法。     

近年广西银杏病虫害发生及防治对策

近年来 ,银杏病虫害在广西各栽培地区普遍发生。主要报导了在广西危害比较严重 ,造成较大经济损失的病虫害及其危害症状、形态特征、发生规律和防治措施。这些病虫害在广西多属首次发现报导。     

耕作制度与水稻品种对二化螟发生世代的影响

探讨了我县耕作制度与水稻品种的变化对二化螟发生世代及危害程度的影响。双季杂交水稻的大面积种植,一是使早稻的播、插期提早,二化螟第1、2代发生期也相应提早,发生量与危害程度转轻;二是杂交早稻为2代安全过渡创造了条件。提高2代转化率,导致晚稻上第3代发生期提早、危害加重;三是杂交水稻改善了二化螟的营养条件,加速幼虫发育,促进世代的转化。     

Preliminary studies on leaf beetle, Galeruca daurica on grassland

沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica Joannis是近年来严重危害葱属(AUium)植物建群草场的重要食叶害虫.该虫在内蒙古地区一年发生1代,以卵越冬.本文介绍了该虫生活史、生活习性、发生范围、发生面积、危害症状、生境特征、危害损失,并提出了防治策略.     

Molecular ecology of some Cecidophyopsis mites (Acari: Eriophyidae) on Ribes species and evidence for their natural cross colonisation of blackcurrant (R. nigrum)

Ribosomal DNA from Cecidophyopsis mites from different Ribes species was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and the products digested using restriction enzymes. After separating the DNA fragments on gels, it was possible to identify specimens of mites obtained from field samples by comparing the profiles of their DNA banding patterns with those of known Cecidophyopsis species. Using this analysis, a non-gall forming mite found infesting blackcurrant buds in New Zealand was identified as the gooseberry mite (C. grossulariae). On wild red currant (Ribes spicatum) from Finland showing two sizes of galled buds, the red currant gall mite (C. selachodon) was identified in the larger galls located at the tips of branches and a distinct mite in the smaller galls located on the lower parts of the branches. A mite with a DNA banding profile indistinguishable from this latter mite from R. spicatum was also identified in galled buds of blackcurrant genotypes growing in Finland, including those containing the blackcurrant gall mite (C. n'ftw)-resistance genes P or Ce. The DNA banding profile of this mite resembled most closely that of C. ribis , but was distinct from it. The occurrence of C. grossulariae and this distinct Cecidophyopsis mite on blackcurrant has implications for the genetic control of Cecidophyopsis mites and possibly for the spread of the reversion disease agent in this crop.     

Wheat curl mite resistance: interactions of mite feeding with wheat streak mosaic virus infection

The majority of plant viruses are dependent on arthropod vectors for spread between plants. Wheat streak mosaic virus (family Potyviridae, genus Tritimovirus, WSMV) is transmitted by the wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella Keifer, and this virus and vector cause extensive yield losses in most major wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-growing regions of the world. Many cultivars in use are susceptible to this vector-virus complex, and yield losses of 10-99% have been documented. wheat curl mite resistance genes have been identified in goat grass, Aegilops tauschii (Coss) Schmal., and transferred to hexaploid wheat, but very few varieties contain effectively wheat curl mite resistance, due to virulent wheat curl mite populations. However, wheat curl mite resistance remains an effective strategy to reduce losses due to WSMV. The goal of our project was to identify the most effective, reproducible, and rapid method for assessing wheat curl mite resistance. We also wanted to determine whether mite resistance is affected by WSMV infection, because the pathogen and pest commonly occur together. Single and group wheat curl mite infestations produced similar amounts of leaf rolling and folding on wheat curl mite-susceptible wheat varieties that were independent of initial wheat curl mite infestation. This finding will allow accurate, efficient, large-scale screening of wheat germplasm for wheat curl mite resistance by infesting plants with sections of wheat leaf tissue containing mixed stages of wheat curl mite. The wheat curl mite-resistant breeding line 'OK05312' displayed antibiosis (reduced wheat curl mite population development). The effect of WSMV infection on wheat curl mite reproduction was genotype-dependent. Mite populations increased on infected wheat curl mite- and WSMV-susceptible plants compared with uninfected plants, but WSMV infection had no significant effect on wheat curl mite populations on resistant plants. OK05312 is a strong source of wheat curl mite resistance for wheat breeding programs.     

针叶小爪螨研究进展

针叶小爪螨是我国南方用材树种杉木和北方经济林树种板栗上的主要害螨。本文综述了20世纪70年代以来国内外有关针叶小爪螨的生物学、生态学、防治等方面的研究,以期为植保工作者较为全面地了解该螨、更有效地防控该螨提供参考.     

酢浆草如叶螨研究概述

酢浆草如叶螨Tetranychina harti(Ewing)是一种世界性分布的叶螨,在国内18个省市区也有分布。它取食酢浆草属植物,尤以危害红花酢浆草和酢浆草为甚,严重影响园林景观,是重要的园林和草坪害虫。文章根据国内外全面的资料,详细地介绍该螨的分类、形态特征、分布、遗传学、生物学、生态学和综合治理等方面的最新研究进展,旨在帮助国内昆虫工作者清楚地了解和有效地防治该螨。     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.     

Plant-mediated competition facilitates a phoretic association between a gall mite and a psyllid vector

Phoretic associations between mites and insects commonly occur in patchy and ephemeral habitats. As plants provide stable habitats for herbivores, herbivorous mites are rarely dependent on other animals for phoretic dispersal. However, a phoretic gall mite, Aceria pallida, which is found on plants, seasonally attaches to a herbivorous insect, Bactericera gobica, for overwintering survival. After detachment, the gall mite shares a habitat with its vector and is likely to compete with this vector for plant resources. However, excessive competition works against the sustainability of the seasonal phoretic association. How the gall mite, as an obligate phoretic mite, balances this relationship with its vector during the growing season to achieve phoresy is unknown. Here, the plant-mediated interspecific interaction between the gall mite and the psyllid after detachment was studied in the laboratory and field. The laboratory results showed that infestation by the gall mite had detrimental effects on the survival and development of psyllid nymphs. Meanwhile, the mite population and the gall size were also adversely affected. The results from the field showed that the mean densities of the mite galls and psyllids were lower in the mixed-species infestation treatment than in the single-species infestation treatment across the investigation period. However, the interspecific interaction between the gall mite and the psyllid decreased rather than accelerated leaf abscission caused by the psyllid, which promoted the persistence of the psyllid population and then indirectly contributed to phoretic association. Our results suggest that the plant-mediated competition between the phoretic gall mite and its vector after detachment facilitates the maintenance of the phoretic association.     

Temperature-dependent predator-prey mite ecosystem on apple tree foliage

Summary The biological control of the McDaniel spider mite, which is a pest on apple tree foliage, by a predacious mite species, which feeds upon it, is represented by a continuous-discrete time hybrid model incorporating temperature effects explicityland mite metamorphosis implicitly. The results of this model can be shown to provide good agreement when compared with relevant field data.     

广东省新发现一种危害水稻的入侵性瘿螨

最近两年一种新的入侵性瘿螨在中国广东省韶关市危害水稻。这种螨曾经在泰国北部被报道过,推测后来传入中国,目前在韶关严重危害水稻。这种螨被鉴定为具沟掌瘿螨Cheiracus sulcatus Keifer,并进行了重新描述和绘图,对危害症状进行了拍照和描述。文章还分析了其扩散风险性,并提出了控制传播的建议。     

Assessment of mite numbers: New methods and results

The determination of mite numbers in dust samples depends on the effectiveness of the sampling procedure. We report on mite isolation from dust samples by flotation distinguishing between living and dead mites. The results are varied and unreproducible; ageing processes are of relevance in the case of dead mites. Living mites can be determined more reliably when using mite mobility. Two methods based on this principle, the mobility test and the heat escape method, are described and discussed. In the case of a natural analogous mite development on carpets, mite numbers ranging from 80 000 to 200 000 mites per m² are found after approx. 3 months. It is shown that the mobility of different mite species varies. The mobility test allows the detection of mites in textile objects, and shows how mites are distributed over these objects. It is demonstrated how the infestation of clothes by mites can be determined.     

三江平原农田地表和地下土壤螨类丰富度与环境因子的空间关联性

地表和地下土壤动物群落空间格局及其与环境因子的空间作用关系,是揭示地表-地下生态系统格局与过程及生物多样性维持机制的重要基础。于2011年在三江平原农田生态系统,在50m×50m的空间尺度内,基于地统计空间分析方法,揭示地表和地下土壤螨群落及不同螨类物种丰富度的空间格局,并分析这种空间格局与土壤含水量、土壤p H值及大豆株高空间格局的空间关联性。半方差函数和普通克里格插值表明,8月份地表、地下和10月份地下螨群落及这些群落内大部分螨类物种在特定空间尺度内形成集群,表现为空间异质性特征,且这种空间分异多由结构性因素或结构性因素和随机性因素共同调控。交叉方差函数表明,土壤螨群落和不同螨类物种的空间格局与环境因子的空间格局在多种尺度上表现出复杂的空间关联性(正的或负的)。但简单Mantel检验仅发现8月份地表中气门亚目未定种1(Mesostigmata unidentified sp.1)和大豆株高存在明显的正的空间关联性。研究结果表明地下螨群落和生长季节的地表螨群落具有明显的空间异质性结构,地表和地下螨群落及大多数螨类物种丰富度与土壤含水量、土壤p H值及大豆株高的空间关联性并不显著。促进地表-地下生态系统土壤动物群落空间格局研究,为地表-地下格局与过程研究奠定基础。