川西北亚高山草甸植物群落结构及生物量对温度升高的响应

采用OTC模拟增温实验,研究了川西北亚高山草甸植物群落结构及生物量对温度升高的响应。由于开顶式生长室（OTC）的增温作用,在整个生长季内,地温（15cm）、地表温度和气温（30cm）的平均值在OTC内比对照样地分别高0.28、0.46℃和1.4℃,OTC内土壤相对含水量也明显减少,低于对照样地5.49%。受增温及土壤含水量减少的影响,1年后,植物群落结构及生物量生产发生了显著的改变。植物群落优势种和组成结构发生改变。OTC内禾草的盖度（19.21%）及生物量（44.07g/m^2）,均显著大于对照样地（8.04%和18.1g/m^2）,而杂类草的盖度（72.8%）及生物量（210.54g/m2）均显著小于对照样地（83.5%和244.9g/m^2）。OTC内的地上鲜体生物量（265.17g/m^2）和地下0～30cm的根系生物量（1603.84g/m^2）与对照样地（分别为272.63g/m^2和1826.77g/m^2）相比较,都出现了不同程度的减少。根系在土壤不同层中的分配比例明显改变,OTC内0～10cm土层的生物量分配比例增加,而20～30cm土层的生物量分配比例则明显减少。     

短期增温对青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落结构和生物量的影响

采用增温棚模拟增温的方法,对比研究了青藏高原腹地典型高寒草甸和沼泽草甸在两种增温梯度条件下植物群落结构及植物生长对温度升高的初期响应。由于开顶式生长室(OTC)的增温作用,在整个生长季内,沼泽草甸月平均气温分别较对照提高2.98℃ (OTC1)和 5.52℃((OTC2),20cm处土壤水分分别减少了2.45%(OTC1)和3.44%(OTC2);高寒草甸月平均气温分别比对照升高了2.59℃(OTC1)和 5.16℃ (OTC2)。20cm处土壤水分分别减少了1.83%(OTC1)和7.71%(OTC2)。受温度升高及土壤含水量减少的影响,模拟增温2个生长季后,与对照样地相比,群落种群高度、密度、盖度、频度和重要值发生变化,群落结构也发生一定变化。增温处理使高寒草甸禾草和莎草盖度减少,杂草盖度增加,而使沼泽草甸中禾草和莎草盖度增加,杂草盖度减少。增温后,两种草甸总生物量均增加,但大幅度的增温条件抑制了高寒草甸的这种促进作用,而促进了沼泽草甸的这种促进作用。两种草甸的地下生物量主要分布在土壤表层,模拟增温使得高寒草甸的生物量分配格局向深层转移,但不明显;而使沼泽草甸生物量明显的趋向深层土壤中转移。     

大兴安岭火后不同恢复时期土壤微生物生物量动态变化

林火作为我国北方森林生态系统的重要干扰因子,随着全球气候变暖,其影响将更为严重。本文对大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林重度火烧迹地3块不同恢复阶段1个生长季土壤微生物生物量氮、碳的动态变化进行了调查。结果表明:在整个生长季,土壤微生物生物量氮、碳都呈现先增加后减少的趋势,而且土壤上层微生物生物量氮、碳都高于土壤下层。火后3年和火后28年土壤上、下层微生物生物量氮高于对照样地,火干扰后9年土壤上、下层微生物生物量氮低于对照样地;火后3年土壤上、下层微生物生物量碳低于对照样地;火后9年和28年微生物生物量碳高于对照样地。火后不同恢复阶段土壤微生物生物量氮、碳在6月份达到峰值,然后在生长季中呈下降趋势。火后9年土壤上层微生物生物量碳与磷(P)含量呈显著负相关关系,火后9年土壤下层和火后28年土壤上层微生物生物量氮与土壤含水量呈正相关。本研究结果将为研究中国北方森林系统火后土壤微生物生物量氮、碳的动态变化及其火后的主要影响因子提供数据基础。     

川西高山林线土壤活性碳、氮对短期增温的响应

随着温室效应的加剧,受低温限制的高山林线生态系统对全球气候变暖较为敏感,可能直接影响到植物的生长和土壤碳氮过程.本研究假设气候变暖会改变高山生态系统土壤活性碳氮含量,在四川省理县米亚罗高山生态系统定位站,采用开顶式模拟增温装置(OTC)模拟增温对土壤活性碳、氮的短期影响.分别于2017年4、7和10月,采集OTC以及对照样地(CK)内土壤有机层和矿质土壤层的原状土壤,测定土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)、土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、土壤可溶性有机氮(DON)和土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量.结果表明: 模拟增温使年均气温升高0.88 ℃,土壤有机层和矿质土壤层的年均温度分别提高0.48和0.23 ℃.模拟增温没有显著改变土壤有机质和含水量,但显著提高了矿质土壤层的pH值,同时显著降低了非生长季矿质土壤层的DOC、DON含量;季节变化对两个层次的DOC、DON和MBN含量有极显著影响,而MBC没有明显的季节动态;增温和季节交互作用对矿质土壤层的DOC和DON有显著影响.土壤有机层的MBC、MBN含量显著高于矿质土壤层.土壤活性碳、氮与土壤有机质和含水量呈极显著正相关,MBC、MBN与土壤pH呈极显著正相关,MBN与土壤温度呈显著负相关.     

增温对高寒灌丛根际和非根际土壤微生物生物量碳氮的影响

本文对青藏高原东缘窄叶鲜卑花高寒灌丛生长季根际和非根际土壤微生物生物量碳和氮对增温的响应进行研究.结果表明: 窄叶鲜卑花灌丛生长季初期根际和非根际土壤微生物生物量碳和氮均显著高于生长季中期和末期.在多数时期,增温对根际土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响不显著.在非根际土壤中,增温对土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响因不同生长季节而不同: 增温使生长季初期土壤微生物生物量碳显著降低,而使土壤微生物生物量氮显著提高;生长季中期增温使土壤微生物生物量碳和氮显著提高;而在生长季末期增温对土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响不显著.土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的根际效应也因不同生长季节而不同: 土壤微生物生物量碳和氮在生长季初期表现为负根际效应,而在生长季中期表现为正根际效应;在生长季末期,土壤微生物生物量碳表现为负根际效应,土壤微生物生物量氮则表现为正根际效应.增温在生长季初期使土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的根际效应显著提高,而在生长季中期和末期使土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的根际效应降低.本研究初步阐明了气候变暖背景下高寒灌丛根际和非根际土壤生物学过程变化机理.     

Effects of warming on soil respiration during the non-growing seasons in a semiarid temperate steppe

尽管许多研究认为增温对陆地生态系统非生长季土壤呼吸的影响非常重要,但是关于这一问题仍缺乏充分的理解。本论文研究了非生长季增温对温带半干旱草原土壤呼吸的影响,并探讨了其影响机制。本实验位于温带半干旱典型草原,包括10对样地,每对样地包括一个对照和模拟增温处理。模拟增温样地自2014年10月开始,采用开顶箱(OTC)进行。2014年10月到2015年4月,2015年10月到2016年4月期间每月测定几次土壤呼吸、土壤温度与土壤湿度;并测定0-20 cm微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)和土壤速效氮。采用重复测量方差和成对t检验方法分析增温、时间及其交互作用对土壤呼吸的影响。采用简单回归确定各指标之间的因果关系。结果表明,对照样地非生长季平均土壤呼吸速率为0.24 µmol m^-2 s^-1,约占当地生长季碳通量的14.4%。模拟增温在两个非生长季使土壤温度和土壤呼吸分别比对照样地提高了1.48°C (P < 0.001)和42.1% (P < 0.01)。2015-2016年非生长季模拟增温降低了0.66%的土壤湿度,降低幅度不显著。模拟增温处理下2015-2016年非生长季MBC和MBN分别显著提高了19.72%和20.99% (P < 0.05)。此外,研究结果还表明,土壤温度、MBC和MBN的变化调控了土壤呼吸对模拟增温的响应。本结果揭示非生长季土壤呼吸变化能影响碳循环的其它组分,并可以有效促进气候变化背景下陆地生态系统碳循环的模型预测。     

岷江上游华山松林冬季土壤呼吸对模拟增温的短期响应

冬季的土壤呼吸是生态系统呼吸的重要组成部分, 对气候变化的响应可能更为敏感。该文采用红外辐射加热器模拟土壤增温, 研究了岷江上游华山松(Pinus armandii)人工林冬季的土壤呼吸、微生物生物量及无机氮库对模拟增温的响应。结果表明: 在冬季(2009年11月-翌年3月), 模拟增温往往能显著提高土壤呼吸速率, 平均增幅达31.4%; 同样模拟增温使土壤微生物生物量碳、氮分别增加23.2%和22.7%, 而对微生物生物量碳氮比没有影响, 温度升高显著促进了微生物的生长, 但没有改变微生物的群落结构; 增温样地土壤的NO₃ ^--N和NH₄ ⁺-N浓度较对照分别增加了38.5%和12.3%, 增温显著提高了土壤的可溶性无机氮含量。综上所述, 该区针叶林冬季土壤呼吸、微生物生长和养分矿化对未来气候变暖非常敏感。     

模拟增温对川西亚高山林线交错带绵穗柳生长、叶物候和叶性状的影响

采用开顶式生长室(open-top chamber, OTC)模拟增温的方法,研究了模拟增温对川西亚高 山林线交错带绵穗柳生长和叶性状的影响.结果表明：与对照样地相比,OTC内日平均气温(地上12 m)在植物生长季中增加2.9 ℃,而5 cm土壤温度仅增加0.4 ℃;温度升高使绵穗柳芽开放时间明显提前、落叶时间明显推迟,叶寿命延长;OTC内绵穗柳叶面积和侧枝生长速率明显加快,比叶面积明显增加,而叶氮浓度却显著下降;OTC内绵穗柳的气孔导度、净光合速率、光呼吸速率和暗呼吸速率总体上呈增加趋势.综上所述,绵穗柳适应增温效应的能力较强,在未来气候变化背景下,其分布的海拔高度有可能上升.     

模拟增温对川西亚高山林线交错带绵穗柳生长、叶物候和叶性状的影响

采用开顶式生长室(open-top chamber, OTC)模拟增温的方法,研究了模拟增温对川西亚高 山林线交错带绵穗柳生长和叶性状的影响.结果表明：与对照样地相比,OTC内日平均气温(地上12 m)在植物生长季中增加2.9 ℃,而5 cm土壤温度仅增加0.4 ℃;温度升高使绵穗柳芽开放时间明显提前、落叶时间明显推迟,叶寿命延长;OTC内绵穗柳叶面积和侧枝生长速率明显加快,比叶面积明显增加,而叶氮浓度却显著下降;OTC内绵穗柳的气孔导度、净光合速率、光呼吸速率和暗呼吸速率总体上呈增加趋势.综上所述,绵穗柳适应增温效应的能力较强,在未来气候变化背景下,其分布的海拔高度有可能上升.     

短期增温对紫花针茅草原土壤微生物群落的影响

土壤微生物是生态系统碳循环的重要参与者和调控者。全球变暖可能对土壤微生物群落产生影响, 加速陆地生态系统向大气中释放碳, 进而引起陆地碳循环对气候变暖的正反馈。然而, 目前学术界对土壤微生物群落如何响应气候变暖等问题认识不足, 尤其是缺乏低温干旱条件下土壤微生物对增温响应的实验证据。为此, 该文依托青藏高原紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)草原建立的增温实验平台, 基于磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)方法测定了2015和2016年生长季表层(0-10 cm)土壤微生物各类群的生物量, 在此基础上揭示气候变暖对紫花针茅草原土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果显示, 短期增温处理导致2015和2016年生长季(5-10月)的表层土壤温度均显著提高1.6 ℃, 同时也导致土壤含水量显著下降了3.4%和2.4% (体积分数), 但并没有显著改变土壤化学性质及归一化植被指数。增温处理下, 两年生长季旺期(8月)的微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量分别为749.0和844.3 mg·kg ^-1, 微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量为43.1和102.1 mg·kg ^-1, 微生物生物量碳氮比分别为17.9和8.4, 但实验期间MBC、MBN和微生物生物量碳氮比与对照没有差异。PLFA分析的结果显示细菌在微生物群落中占主导, 而丛枝菌根真菌含量最少, 增温处理并没有改变不同类群的微生物生物量以及群落结构。进一步的分析显示, 土壤温度和含水量是调控土壤微生物群落变异的主要因子, 并且增温导致的微生物生物量碳的变化量分别与土壤温度和含水量的变化量呈显著正相关关系。以上结果表明, 由于受水分的限制, 短期增温对紫花针茅草原土壤微生物群落没有显著影响。     

放牧对小嵩草草甸生物量及不同植物类群生长率和补偿效应的影响

基于小嵩草(Kobresia parva)草甸连续2 a的牦牛放牧试验,研究了暖季和冷季放牧草场地上地下生物量及其分配规律、不同植物类群的绝对生长率生长率,探讨了放牧制度和放牧强度对不同植物类群补偿效应的影响。结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加地上总生物量呈减小趋势,放牧强度对暖季草场地上总生物量的影响极显著（P?0.01）,对冷季草场地上总生物量的影响不显著（P?0.05）;两季放牧草场各土壤层地下生物量随放牧强度的增加呈明显下降趋势,放牧强度对暖季放牧各土壤层地下生物量的影响显著（P?0.05）,对冷季放牧各土壤层地下生物量的影响不显著（P?0.05）;冷季放牧草场牧草生长季地下生物量与地上生物量的比值随放牧强度的增大而减小,暖季放牧草场对照区地下生物量与地上生物量的比值低于轻度放牧和中度放牧、高于重度放牧;暖季放牧草场各放牧处理不同植物类群均存在超补偿生长,但莎草科和禾本科植物的超补偿生长在8月份,阔叶植物的超补偿生长发生在6月和7月份,禾本科植物的超补偿生长效应强于莎草科植物和阔叶植物,轻度和中度放牧的补偿效应更明显;冷季放牧下不同植物类群也存在超补偿生长,但补偿效应不明现。因此,暖季适度（轻、中度）放牧利用更有利于产生超补偿生长,而重度利用对植被的稳定产生潜在的不利影响。     

The impact of plateau zokor<Emphasis Type="Italic">Myospalax fontanierii</Emphasis> burrows on alpine meadow vegetation on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau

The impact of burrows constructed by plateau zokorsMyospalax fontanierii (Milne-Edwards, 1867) on alpine meadow vegetation on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau was investigated. Plant samples taken from quadrats directly over active zokor burrows, back-filled burrows, adjacent burrow controls, and random sites from a field, in which no burrows or mounds occurred were compared. The biomass of plants (below- and above-ground) directly over shallow active burrows was significantly lower than on control plots. This reduction in biomass was not significantly different than that between deep active burrows and control plots. There were no significant differences between above- and below-ground plant biomass on areas perpendicular to active burrows when compared to random sites. Back-filling soil in burrows could promote the growth of above-ground monocotyledonous plants. However, the burrowing activities of zokors had a negative effect on biomass of dicotyledonous plants.     

Effects of simultaneous changes in light, nutrients, and herbivory levels, on the structure and function of a subtropical turtlegrass meadow

The interactive effects of light, nutrients, and simulated herbivory on the structure and functioning of a subtropical turtlegrass bed were analyzed monthly from May to October 2001 in Perdido Bay, FL. For each of the three factors, two levels were evaluated in a factorial design with four replicates per treatment. The variables included: light, at ambient and 40% reduction; nutrients, at ambient and 2× ambient concentrations; and herbivory, with no herbivory and simulated effects of a density of 15 sea urchins/m². In practice, light levels turned out to be 40% of surface PAR for ambient conditions, and 16% for shaded plots. Biomass removed as herbivory represented, on average, slightly less than 20% of the above-ground biomass. Separate three-way ANOVAs found no significant three-way interactions for any of the response variables, and few two-way interactions. There were no significant nutrient effects on turtlegrass above-ground biomass, although nutrient additions produced significant decreases in epibiont biomass, and net above-ground primary production (NAPP); significant increases in below-ground biomass during the peak of the growing season. Shoot density and average number of leaves per shoot increased significantly, while the C/N ratio of the oldest leaf in the enriched plots decreased significantly. Light reduction significantly negatively affected all response variables, except below-ground biomass, shoot density and leaf length. Herbivory had isolated and inconsistent significant effects on below-ground biomass, shoot density, average number of leaves per shoot, and leaf length and width. Overall, our results indicate that nutrients are not limiting in Perdido Bay, and that nutrient additions had mostly detrimental effects. Light appeared to be the most important variable limiting seagrasses growth and abundance, and as with terrestrial plants, seagrasses seemed to respond more to light and nutrients than to herbivory. However, it is essential that additional tests of the single and interactive effects of the three key factors of light, nutrients and herbivory be done to evaluate the generality of our work, since our study is the first of its kind in seagrass meadows.     

Structure,productivity and energy flow in an alpine grassland in the Garhwal Himalaya

Abstract. Structure, primary production and energy flow were studied in ungrazed and grazed alpine meadows in the Garhwal Himalaya, India. In grazed grasslands, the cover of graminoids increased, the biomass of palatable species was reduced by about 50%, but the biomass of unpalatable species increased, due to reduced competition from the better-foraged species. Generally, 32% of live shoot and root biomass was consumed during a growing season. Also, above-ground plant productivity increased as a result of plant regrowth, while below-ground productivity decreased. Flow and storage of energy in ungrazed and grazed alpine grasslands showed an accumulation of 10.1 and 8.5 kJ/yr with energy conversion efficiencies of 0.7 and 0.6% respectively. Ca. 46% of the net energy accumulated was consumed by herbivores on the grazed grassland. Only 26% of the net captured energy disappeared from the system in the growing season, mainly via root and litter decomposition.     

BIOMASS AND PRODUCTION OF PONTEDERIA CORDATA AND POTAMOGETON EPIHYDRUS IN THREE CONNECTICUT RIVERS

Above- and below-ground biomass of the emergent Pontederia cordata and the floating-leaved Potamogeton epihydrus was measured during the growing season in three interconnected rivers in Connecticut, U.S.A. Maximum biomass of Pontederia, averaging 1,212 g m^-2 dry weight (524 g m^-2 above-ground, 688 g m^-2 below-ground), occurred 100–150 days after major spring growth began. Peak biomass of Potamogeton averaged 94 g m^-2 (81 g m^-2 above-ground, 14 g m^-2 below-ground) and was attained in 45–85 days. New growth of Pontederia in spring arose from, and was heavily subsidized by, the large biomass of living overwintered rhizomes and roots, which averaged 497 g m^-2 in early June. This new growth appeared to have been produced in only one season, but in reality it contained energy fixed the current season, plus energy carried over from previous years. Net production of Pontederia calculated for only one growing season averaged 1,049 g m^-2. Potamogeton also perennated from rhizomes, but the biomass of these organs in spring was low, averaging 11 g m^-2 in late May. Biomass of Potamogeton in summer consisted primarily of tissue produced during the current season. Rhizomes and roots comprised a much greater proportion of the plant in Pontederia than in Potamogeton. The ratio of new living below-ground/above-ground biomass of Pontederia rose from zero in spring to an average of 1.71 in autumn. For Potamogeton, the below-ground/above-ground ratio averaged 0.37 in late spring, 0.20 in midsummer, and 0.41 in autumn. The overwintered below-ground biomass of Pontederia alive in spring was 42–79% of the new living below-ground biomass the previous autumn. Net photosynthetic efficiency during the period between initiation of major growth in spring and attainment of peak biomass averaged 1.3% for Pontederia and 0.3% for Potamogeton.     

水稻生长及其体内C、N、P组成对开放式空气CO2浓度增高和N、P施肥的响应

采用FACE（Free Air Carbon-dioxide Enrichment)技术,研究了不同N、P施肥水平下,水稻分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期根、茎、穗生长,C/N比、N、P含量及N、P吸收对大气CO2浓度升高的响应,结果表明,高CO2促进水稻茎、穗和根的生长,增加分蘖期叶干重,对拔节期、抽穗期的成熟期叶干重没有显著增加,降低茎、叶N含量;增加抽穗期穗N含量;降低成熟期穗N含量;对分蘖期根N含量影响不显著,而降低拔节期,抽穗期和成熟期根N含量,增加拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期叶P含量,对茎、穗、根P含量影响不显著,水稻各组织C含量变化不显著,C/N比增加,显著增加水稻地上部分P吸收;增加N吸收,但没有统计显著性,N、P施用对水稻各组织生物量没有显著影响,高N（HN）比低N（LN）增加组织中N含量,而不同P肥水平间未表现出明显差异,高N条件下高CO2增加水稻成熟期地下部分/地上部分比,文中还讨论了高CO2对N、P含量及地下部分/地上部分比的影响机制。     

内蒙古温带草原不同放牧强度和围栏封育对凋落物分解的影响

放牧和围封通过影响植物群落结构和土壤微环境来调控草地生态系统的碳循环。该研究在内蒙古温带草原设置轻度放牧后围封、轻度放牧、重度放牧后围封、重度放牧4种样地, 通过测定干旱年(2011年)和湿润年(2012年)地上、地下凋落物产量、质量及其分解速率和土壤养分含量, 分析不同放牧强度对凋落物形成和分解的影响, 以及围栏封育对生态系统恢复的作用。结果表明: 重度放牧地上凋落物产量和分解速率均高于轻度放牧。干旱年轻度放牧样地地下凋落物产量和分解速率高于重度放牧, 湿润年相反。短期围封显著提高了凋落物产量, 轻度放牧样地围封后地上凋落物分解速率和养分循环加快, 而重度放牧样地围封后地上凋落物分解减慢。因此, 与重度放牧相比, 轻度放牧草地的恢复更适合采用围栏封育措施; 而重度放牧草地的恢复可能还需辅以必要的人工措施。降水显著促进地上、地下凋落物形成和分解。地下凋落物的生产和分解受降水年际波动影响较大, 重度放牧草地对降水变化的敏感度比轻度放牧草地高。地上凋落物分解速率与凋落物N含量显著正相关, 与土壤全N显著负相关, 与地上凋落物C:N和木质素:N相关性不大; 地下凋落物分解速率与凋落物C、C:N和纤维素含量显著负相关。该研究结果将为不同放牧强度的草地生态系统恢复和碳循环研究提供理论依据。     

Carbon balance of a tropical savanna of northern Australia

Through estimations of above- and below-ground standing biomass, annual biomass increment, fine root production and turnover, litterfall, canopy respiration and total soil CO₂ efflux, a carbon balance on seasonal and yearly time-scales is developed for a Eucalypt open-forest savanna in northern Australia. This carbon balance is compared to estimates of carbon fluxes derived from eddy covariance measurements conducted at the same site. The total carbon (C) stock of the savanna was 204±53 ton C ha^–1, with approximately 84% below-ground and 16% above-ground. Soil organic carbon content (0–1 m) was 151±33 ton C ha^–1, accounting for about 74% of the total carbon content in the ecosystem. Vegetation biomass was 53±20 ton C ha^–1, 39% of which was found in the root component and 61% in above-ground components (trees, shrubs, grasses). Annual gross primary production was 20.8 ton C ha^–1, of which 27% occurred in above-ground components and 73% below-ground components. Net primary production was 11 ton C ha^–1 year^–1, of which 8.0 ton C ha^–1 (73%) was contributed by below-ground net primary production and 3.0 ton C ha^–1 (27%) by above-ground net primary production. Annual soil carbon efflux was 14.3 ton C ha^–1 year^–1. Approximately three-quarters of the carbon flux (above-ground, below-ground and total ecosystem) occur during the 5–6 months of the wet season. This savanna site is a carbon sink during the wet season, but becomes a weak source during the dry season. Annual net ecosystem production was 3.8 ton C ha^–1 year^–1.     

东祁连山高寒草甸不同退化阶段植被/土壤磷素特征及其与生物量的关系

磷素是高寒草地生态系统的重要支持元素,高寒草甸退化导致较为严重的生态和生产问题,同时也引起了生态系统物质循环的变化。为揭示高寒草甸退化中土壤磷素特征及其对植被特征的效应,以东祁连山轻度(LD)、中度(MD)、重度退化(SD)高寒草甸退化阶段为研究对象,以多年围封高寒草甸(FG)为对照,在春季和夏季分别对不同高寒草甸阶段样地不同土层深度土壤全磷、有效磷、微生物量磷含量及碱性磷酸酶活性等磷素特征进行了研究,并对夏季植被地上生物量和磷素含量等植被特征进行了调查。结果表明：东祁连山高寒草甸退化导致植被地上生物量和磷含量急剧下降,重度退化高寒草甸地上生物量干重仅是围封草地的35.93%,退化高寒草甸地上部磷含量仅为围封草地的60%,且不同退化阶段地上部磷含量没有明显差异。退化导致高寒草甸表层土壤的全磷、有效磷含量升高,相比FG,土壤有效磷含量春季LD、MD和SD分别升高了16.67%、36.67%和3.33%,夏季分别升高了4.35%、26.09%和4.35%,且有效磷含量具有夏季低于春季的季节差异性。退化导致土壤微生物量磷含量明显降低,而对碱性磷酸酶活性影响没有明显的规律性,但围封草地夏季碱性...     

模拟增温对西藏高原高寒草甸土壤供氮潜力的影响

过去几十年青藏高原呈现显著的增温趋势,冬季增温幅度显著高于生长季的季节非对称特征。气候变暖会对生态系统氮素循环产生重要影响,但关于全年增温与冬季增温对高寒生态系统氮循环的不同影响仍缺乏研究。在青藏高原高寒草甸区开展模拟增温试验,研究季节非对称增温对高寒草甸生态系统氮循环的影响。该试验布设于2010年7月,设置3种处理(不增温、冬季增温与全年增温)。研究结果发现,开顶箱增温装置造成了小环境的暖干化:显著提高了地表空气温度和表层土壤温度,降低了表层土壤含水量。冬季增温会加剧土壤中氮素的流失,所以在经历了冬季增温后土壤氮含量显著降低;在生长季节,土壤氮素周转速率受土壤水分的调控,在降雨较少的季节,增温引起的土壤含水量降低会抑制土壤氮周转速率。对于土壤微生物量而言,高寒草甸土壤微生物量碳表现出明显的季节动态,在生长季旺盛期较低,在生长季末期和初冬季节反而较高,这说明为了降低对土壤养分的竞争,高寒草甸植物氮吸收与土壤微生物氮固持在时间上存在分离。研究结果表明,冬季增温导致的土壤养分含量变化会影响随后生长季植物群落的生产力、结构组成与碳氮循环等过程,对生态系统过程产生深远的影响。