德国小蠊通过自体切除来优化断足再生

【目的】本研究旨在明确自体切除这一现象在德国小蠊Blattella germanica发生的位点,探究自体切除与德国小蠊足再生的关系,为昆虫再生的研究提供理论依据。【方法】选取3-6龄的健康德国小蠊若虫,于右后足的跗节近体端第1节、跗节近体端第2节、跗节与胫节交接处、胫节远体端的1/3, 1/2和2/3处、胫节与腿节交接处、腿节1/2处、腿节与转节交接处、转节与基节交接处以及基节基部共11处分别进行断足处理,每日定时对处理的德国小蠊若虫进行观察,记录是否出现自体切除现象、自体切除发生的时间、部位以及蜕皮后是否再生等。以未断足的左后足长度为对照,分析比较德国小蠊自体切除与未自体切除再生足的差异,分析自体切除与断足再生的关系。【结果】在德国小蠊若虫11处断足部位中均观察到2个自体切除位点,于胫节不同部位、胫节与腿节交接处和1/2腿节处截断的处理自体切除发生在转节末端;于跗节近体端第1和2节处截断的处理自体切除发生在胫节末端;而其他部位断足处理则未曾出现自体切除现象;自体切除位点与断足部位有关,但不受若虫龄期的影响。自体切除发生位点相同的不同断足部位中,同一龄期内,断足程度与自体切除发生概率...     

中华真地鳖断足再生对发育的影响

研究中华真地鳖EupolyphagasinensisWalker的断足时间及数量对发育历期的影响,以及不同龄期断足处理后发育历期间的差异。以8龄若虫为研究对象,发现其再生临界期为20~26日龄。不同日龄的8龄若虫断去1条后足,蜕1次皮后能再生的若虫从断足至蜕皮的平均时间与8龄的正常历期相近,整个8龄若虫的发育历期均比正常历期长,并随断足处理日龄的增加而逐渐增加。蜕1次皮后断足没有再生的绝大部分个体,8龄若虫的历期均比正常历期短。以3日龄的4龄若虫为处理对象,发现断去不同数量的足后(蜕1次皮后均能再生),从断足至蜕皮的历期及4龄的历期,均随虫体断足数量的增加而增加,但断去1条或2条后足处理,从断足至蜕皮的历期间及断足处理后4龄历期与正常历期间的差异不显著。不同虫龄的若虫断去1条后足的腿节后1次蜕皮后能再生的大部分个体,从断足至蜕皮的时间比同龄若虫的正常历期稍长,所延长的时间相当于从龄初至断足处理的时间,而断足后1次蜕皮未再生的其余个体从断足到蜕皮的时间均很短。     

异常的昆虫足

<正> 作者于1980年5月26日,在我县中条山中,采到一头存疑豆芫菁Epicauta dubia Fabr的雄史。它的后足左右不对称(见图)。左足的腿节和胫节比右足的粗短;左胫节端部明显膨阔,具5根端刺,外侧2根,内侧3根;左跗节成双,外侧的跗节正常,内侧的跗节第1     

竹节虫的断足再生观察

竹节虫的断足再生现象,是生物学上很有趣的问题。蔡邦华先生(1956)指出:“腿节与转节间有缝,使足易于脱落。”[1]忻介六等(1985)说,断足在蜕皮时又能长出,但明显短小。[2]戚永和等(1992)发现金平巨树Ｔｉｒａｃｈｉｄｅａｗｅｓｔｗｏｏｄｉ(ＷｏｏｄＭａｓｏｎ)的雌虫或雄虫常会缺少一只或两只足,有些个体则在断足的基部长出了细弱弯曲的“肢芽”,并能够逐渐发育成一只完整的足,但是,看上去比原有那只弱小一些。[3]ＧＯＢｅｄｆｏｒｄ(1978)援引ＪＴＳａｌｍｏｎ(1955)的文章,竹节虫若虫的附肢,蜕皮时可能被损坏(或实验性损坏),在随后的…     

双斑蟋若虫后足的再生观察

研究蟋蟀若虫是否具有再生的能力,在实验室内对直翅目蟋蟀科的双斑蟋Gryllus bimaculata de Geer若虫后足的再生情况进行初步观察。结果表明:双斑蟋若虫的后足确实具有再生的能力,且再生足的伸长生长与正常足一样,均出现于虫体蜕皮时。再生的过程主要分为3个阶段:突起期、“肢芽”期、短小足期。实验结果还表明:再生能力与断肢发生的时间及断肢部位有关;断肢部位离肢体越远,再生能力越强;断肢发生的时间越早,再生能力越强。     

中华真地鳖断触角再生的研究

【目的】研究中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis(Walker)断触角再生特征及再生临界期。【方法】选取1~10龄健康的初龄若虫一条触角除基部3节外剪除,蜕皮后观察并统计触角的节数。选取生长一致健康的初龄4龄若虫,于第0~19日龄进行断触角处理,蜕皮后观察触角的再生情况和触角的节数。【结果】不同虫龄的初龄若虫断去触角蜕皮后,均能通过再生使触角的节数增加。1~10龄的若虫一条触角除基部3节外剪除,蜕皮后下一龄的触角节数分别为5、8、12、13~15、15~17、16~19、18~20、13~15、20~23、22~25、24~28节。4龄的初龄若虫一条触角分别除基部0~2、3、5、10、15、20节外剪除,蜕皮后触角的节数分别为11~12、13~15、18~21、19~25、24~27节,其中一条触角除基部20节外剪除蜕皮后基本恢复正常节数。不同日龄的4龄若虫一条触角除基部3节外剪除蜕皮后,0~8日龄的处理若虫蜕皮后触角节数为13~15节,而12日龄及以后的处理若虫蜕皮后触角节数为5~6节。4龄若虫的断触角再生临界期为9~11日龄。【结论】中华真地鳖在再生临界期内断触角后能够再生触角。     

延腹小蜂属榕小蜂对榕果果内空腔大小差异的行为和形态适应

大多数榕小蜂的雄蜂终生都在密闭的榕果中生活,榕果间果内空腔的大小存在很大的差异,这种差异可能限制对小蜂的活动。已有研究表明榕果的大小会影响果内榕小蜂雄蜂的打斗行为,那么这种差异是否会影响雄蜂的果内爬行行为? 雄蜂是否会产生适应性的形态特征？针对这些问题,在2008年6月到2009年10月期间,我们在野外采集榕果,并带回实验室中, 对榕果内生活的延腹小蜂属Philotrypesis 5种雄蜂的果内爬行行为和足的形态特征进行了研究。结果表明,根据Philotrypesis spp.雄蜂后足的跗节形态特征的不同,其后足可分成2种形态型--Ⅰ型：后足跗节基部两节的突出部分排列紧密, 后足中跗节不发达; Ⅱ型：后足跗节基部两节的突出部分排列疏松,二者之间有较宽的分隔,后足中跗节发达。GLM分析结果表明各种榕树上生活的Philotrypesis雄蜂前足腿节长宽比存在极显著差异（F_{8, 81}=94.86, P<0.001）。在大果中生活的Philotrypesis雄蜂都具有较细长的前足腿节,在小果中生活的Philotrypesis雄蜂除了M7#c-ben外,都具有较粗壮的前足腿节。当雄蜂在榕果内寻偶时,主要依靠粗壮的前足或灵活的后足在果内爬行。结果提示, 榕果空腔大小可能限制了Philotrypesis雄蜂果内爬行行为, 进而影响了雄蜂足形态的适应性进化。     

一个畸形的螽斯

<正> 笔者1986年观察蝈蝈(螽斯科的一种,学名未订)生活习性时,发现了1头2龄雌若虫,在形态上发生了很大变化。昆虫正常的足是由基节、腿节、胫节、附节所组成。而这头畸形昆虫的2个前足各有2个胫节。2个后足在腿节后的胫节部分又分成2个弯曲部分,好似各有2个胫节,其相连处关节活动自如(见照片)。其前后足各节长度如下表。前足胫节_2上的刺比正常的蝈蝈大得     

中国短翅天牛属一新记录亚种记述（鞘翅目：天牛科：天牛亚科）

记述了中国短翅天牛属1新记录亚种,即柴田短翅天牛Glaphyra shibatai shibatai(Hayashi,1961)。柴田短翅天牛描述:体长8.1 mm宽2.0 mm。身体呈亮黑色。腿节亮棕黑色,后足腿节基部至中部浅黄色。鞘翅中部近中缝处有1对半透明深黄褐色区域。前胸长约1.23倍于宽,最宽广的部位在收缩之前,前足基节窝后方关闭。鞘翅基部宽约与前胸背板长相等,鞘翅长为鞘翅基部宽度的1.20倍,肩角略呈圆形,两侧向端部逐渐收缩,表面具有细而稀疏的小刻点,翅缝在基部3/5处分裂,缝角圆形。前胸腹板具有粗糙的刻点。后胸腹板具有细刻点。腹部刻点比后胸腹板更浅,更细。后足第1跗节1.50倍于2、3节之和。     

中国绒茧蜂属Apanteles Foerster四新种(膜翅目:茧蜂科)

1.樟巢螟绒茧蜂Apanteles locastrae You et Tong,新种(图1) 雌 体黑色。触角、各足基节、后足转节、腿节、胫节端部3/4、跗节、腹部、产卵管鞘黑色;下颚须基节、翅痣褐色,下颚须2—5节浅黄;前足转节、腿节基部1/4,中足转节、腿节基部3/4、胫节端部1/2,前缘脉、痣后脉、翅痣边缘暗褐色;足的其余部分和产卵管黄褐色,后足胫距白色;翅基片黑褐色。     

三种华枝断肢再生的研究

目(竹节虫目)的昆虫具有很强的断肢再生能力。该文通过对华枝属(Sinophasma spp)三种昆虫的实验,表明其再生能力与断肢发生的时间及数量有关。断肢1只或2只的1～4龄虫体发育至成虫期或至若虫末龄时,其再生足的长度与相应的正常足长度相近。若在5龄初时断肢1～2只,也具有再生能力,但至成虫期其再生足的长度则短于相对应的正常足。若在6龄及成虫时断肢,则无再生能力（若6龄时出现断肢再生,则若虫期多为7龄）。实验结果还表明,若断肢为3只或3只以上,则虫体不能存活,且多在断肢后2～3 d内死亡。观察中尚发现,再生足生长速度明显高于正常足。而且,断肢的龄期越高,再生足生长速度越快。再生足的伸长生长与正常足一样,均出现于虫体蜕皮时。     

The problem of the number of tarsomeres in the regenerated cockroach leg.

There are 5 tarsomeres in the normal cockroach leg, but this number is often reduced in regenerated legs. In order to examine this complicated situation, fore-, mid-, and hindlegs of German cockroaches were amputated at 11 different tarsal levels and at 18 different times during the last instar. When tarsi were amputated at or proximal to the 3rd tarsomere, 4-segmented tarsi regenerated. When legs were amputated distal to the 3rd tarsomere, the regenerated tarsi had 5 segments. Three-segmented tarsi rarely regenerated when legs were amputated proximal to 3rd tarsomere and in the latter half of the instar period. The lengths of all tarsomeres of regenerated tarsi were measured together with those of unoperated contralateral tarsomeres, and the ratios of the former to the latter were calculated. The ratios ranged from 28 to 138% for the various tarsomeres and levels of amputation. From a comparison of the ratios and morphological observations, it was suggested that the 3rd tarsomere of the normal 5-segmented tarsus has disappeared in the regenerated 4-segmented tarsus. Pads and disto-lateral spines of tarsomeres were observed on unoperated and regenerated tarsi. It was of interest that double spines were often found on the 4-segmented tarsi, mostly on the 2nd tarsomere, just proximal to the position of the missing 3rd tarsomere. This observation supported the idea that the 3rd tarsomere has not simply disappeared, but has probably fused with the 2nd tarsomere.     

Regeneration of appendages in the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus

An analysis was made of the regeneration of legs and antennae of Oncopeltus. Amputations were performed on first instar larvae within 24 hr after hatching, and on later instars within 24 hr after ecdysis. The resulting regenerates were then measured at each instar. When amputations were performed soon after hatching, there was no significant effect on the duration of any instar. The regenerate was usually visible after the second post-operative ecdysis, and was smaller than a normal appendage (hypomorphic). Removal of the three distal segments of the antenna usually resulted in regeneration of only one segment which was abnormally long and showed a combination of the bristle patterns characteristic of the two most distal segments of the control. In a few such cases a partial intersegmental membrane was present in the regenerated segment. Removal of the tarsus resulted in a structurally complete regenerate which was smaller than the control tarsus. The largest leg regenerates were obtained when amputation was performed through the tibia. With amputation through the femur, a decrease in length of the remainder of this segment was observed after the first ecdysis. This type of amputation and amputation through the trochanter in some cases resulted in the formation of a globular stump containing tarsal claws. The results indicate that amputation of part of an appendage in Oncopeltus does not stimulate an increased growth rate in the stump, but merely causes reorganization of the stump material which subsequently grows at the normal rate. Since even the most hypomorphic regenerates contained well-formed claws, even though proximal parts were missing, it appears that the reorganization process must begin at the most distal point and proceed proximally.     

Regeneration of Haller's sensory organ in the tickIxodes ricinus L.

Amputation of legs in nymphs of ticks, obtained from the first laboratory generation, resulted in regeneration of the legs after moulting to adults. Haller's sensory organ on the upper surface of each foreleg tarsus was significantly modified following regeneration. Haller's organ in non-amputated legs of the experimental ticks remained unchanged, being comparable to controls.Pored olfactory sensilla in the anterior pit, in a capsule and on a distal knoll usually increased in number, as well as grooved, thin and conical sensilla. Bordering gustatory and double-walled postcapsular sensilla either decreased or increased in number. All additional sensilla were consistent in their location. Form of the anterior pit and capsule's aperture also deeply changed after the regeneration. The authors distinguish this changes as atavistic.No correlation between changes in different parts of the organ were found.A phenomenon of induction was discovered in our study: if a distal part of tick's gnathosoma was amputated together with the left foreleg, Haller's organ in the right, untreated leg possessed the same changes after moulting as the regenerated organ in the previously amputated left foreleg.     

Limb regeneration and apolysis in the tick, Ornithodoros tartakovskyi.

Limb regeneration potential and the apolysis process were investigated in the argasid tick, Ornithodoros tartakovskyi. Developmental instars received single or multiple amputations and were subsequently allowed to undergo single or multiple apolyses. Amputated ticks regenerated complete normal limbs but only after four successive apolyses. Following a single apolysis, the majority of regenerated limbs were essentially miniature duplicates of normal legs but commonly lacked normal chaetotaxy and/or tarsal hump(s). The site of amputation distal to the coxa-trochanter joint, number of limbs removed from an individual, and instar amputated did not consistently influence the extent of regeneration. Coagulation and clot formation were observed.The limbs of the tick apolysed within the old leg hulls. Larvae and nymphs amputated relatively early during the period of apolyses regenerated limbs; late amputations precluded regeneration. The process of apolysis was irreversible and not obviously affected by amputations.     

Involvement of canonical Wnt/Wingless signaling in the determination of the positional values within the leg segment of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus

The cricket Gryllus bimaculatus is a hemimetabolous insect whose nymphs possess the ability to regenerate amputated legs. Previously, we showed that Gryllus orthologues of Drosophila hedgehog (Gb'hh), wingless (Gb'wg) and decapentaplegic (Gb'dpp) are expressed during leg regeneration and play essential roles in the establishment of the proximal-distal axis. Here, we examined their roles during intercalary regeneration: when a distally amputated tibia with disparate positional values is placed next to a proximally amputated host, intercalary growth occurs in order to regenerate the missing part. In this process, we examined expression patterns of Gb'hh and Gb'wg. We found that expressions of Gb'hh and Gb'wg were induced in a regenerate and the host proximal to the amputated region, but not in the grafted donor distal to the regenerate. This directional induction occurs even in the reversed intercalation. Because these results are consistent with a distal-to-proximal respecification of the regenerate, Gb'wg may be involved in the re-establishment of the positional values in the regenerate. Furthermore, we found that no regeneration occurs when Gb'armadillo (the orthologue of beta-catenin) was knocked down by RNA interference. These results indicate that the canonical Wnt/Wingless signaling pathway is involved in the process of leg regeneration and determination of positional information in the leg segment.     

Regeneration of the tibia and somatotopy of regenerated hair sensilla in Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål)

After injury many arthropods are able to regenerate lost body parts and their innervation. Here, regeneration was studied in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria after amputation of the midleg tibia and tarsus in the first larval instar. A regenerate was formed first in the third larval instar and it increased in size with each larval moult. The regenerate was always unsegmented and remained much shorter than the intact leg parts. The growth rate was initially rather high and decreased thereafter to that of intact parts. The amputation also influenced the growth rate of proximal leg parts (femur and trochanter) resulting in shortened leg segments. The regenerate carried many sense organs like trichoid sensilla and canal sensilla. The primary mechanosensory neurons of the trichoid sensilla projected somatotopically into the mesothoracic ganglion. A comparison of these projections from intact leg segments and regenerates showed a regrow into the target neuropil areas and a restoration of the somatotopy. Intact sensilla on the injured leg and regenerated sensilla expanded their central projections lateral-medially.     

Leg regeneration in insects. An experimental analysis in Drosophila and a new interpretation.

Fragments from prospective distal regions of Drosophila male foreleg imaginal discs failed to undergo proximal intercalary regeneration across leg segment borders when mechanically intermixed and cultured for 8 days with various fragments from prospective proximal disc regions. The failure of the distal cells to regenerate proximal leg segments was not due to a general restriction in their developmental potentials: Distal fragments, when deprived of their distal-most tips, regenerated in the distal direction at a high frequency. It is concluded that there exist in Drosophila leg discs the same restrictions with respect to regeneration along the proximodistal leg axis as had been previously observed in legs of several hemimetabolous insect species: Intersegmental discontinuities between grafted tissue pieces are not eliminated by intercalation. Based on the available evidence in hemimetabolous insects and in Drosophila, a new interpretation of the different aspects of regeneration in insect legs is offered. It is proposed that the two categories of regulative fields observed in insect legs, the leg segment fields and the whole leg field, represent the units of regulation for two fundamentally different regulative pathways that a cell at a wound edge can follow, the intercalative pathway and the terminal pathway, respectively. It is suggested that the criterion used by cells at healing wounds to choose between the two pathways is the difference in circumferential positional information between juxtaposed cells. The intercalative regulative pathway is switched on when cells with disparities in their axial positional information, or cells with less than maximal disparities in their circumferential information, contact one another. The terminal regulative pathway is triggered whenever cells with maximal circumferential disparities come into contact.     

Intercalary regeneration in legs of crayfish: Proximal segments

An arthropod leg represents a protuberance of the body segmental integument which bears distinctive markers in both the mediolateral and the anteroposterior axes. To clarify the biaxial organization of the body segmental morphogenetic field, and to study the relation among the whole-limb, limb segmental, and body segmental fields previously recognized in arthropods, we have grafted a proximal leg segment into the ventral midline in crayfish. After this operation the majority of animals regenerated a mirror-symmetric pair of supernumerary legs at the host site. Some of these legs had the most proximal segment, the coxa, partially fused to the adjacent body surface. Minority patterns of regeneration included one midline leg with a gill, three midline legs with a gill, and two normal legs with a third double-half leg. These results are compatible with the principle that intercalary regeneration restores the continuity of positional information.