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1.
秦岭森林生态系统服务价值的时空演变   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
殷莎  赵永华  韩磊  王耀斌  蔡健 《生态学杂志》2016,27(12):3777-3786
以1984、2000、2005和2014年的Landsat TM影像为数据源,使用ERDAS软件中的监督分类方法获得秦岭土地利用类型分布图;从时间和空间角度对单位面积生态系统服务价值当量因子进行区域修正,并利用植被覆盖度进行逐像元二次修正后,运用RS和GIS技术计算1984—2014年秦岭森林生态系统服务价值,所得结果利用敏感性指数进行验证.结果表明: 1984—2014年,研究区森林面积约占总面积的77%,耕地和建设用地面积变化最明显;秦岭生态系统总服务价值逐年增长,研究期间共增长1.68×1017元,增长速率最快的森林生态系统服务价值的贡献率为93.8%,水域和草地的贡献率分别为1.6%和1.3%;生态系统服务价值在空间分布上呈现出随距研究区边界距离增大而增长的状态,且与秦岭土地利用类型的空间分布和单位面积价值基本一致;各项服务功能的年变化率相差不显著,4大生态系统功能中,调节服务价值对生态系统总服务价值的贡献最大(62.7%~65.8%),而气候调节服务价值变化最大,增加4.91×1016元;敏感性指数均小于1,表明修正后的服务价值指数较稳定,估算结果较可靠.秦岭森林生态系统服务价值巨大,加强森林生态系统的保护是维持秦岭生态系统稳定的有效措施.  相似文献   

2.
土壤真菌在自然生态系统的养分循环和土壤碳储存方面起重要作用.秦岭火地塘林区在不同海拔分布着不同的优势树种,但其相应的土壤特征及微生物群落的海拔分布格局仍不明晰.本研究分析了5个海拔处(1500、1700、1900、2100和2300 m)的土壤特征变化趋势,并在高通量测序基础上研究了真菌群落格局.结果表明:土壤有效磷含...  相似文献   

3.
秦岭火地塘林区油松林土壤碳循环研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
采用土壤碳循环分室模型,对秦岭火地塘林区油松林土壤碳各分室的碳贮量和通量进行了研究.结果表明,研究区油松林土壤有机碳贮量为146.071 t·hm-2,其中矿质土壤层130.366 t·hm-2、凋落物层12.626 t·hm-2,土壤有机碳储存量低于我国森林土壤碳贮量平均值,高于处在我国最低水平的暖性针叶林和热带林,与本区锐齿栎林相比也明显偏低.林地植物年凋落进入土壤的碳量为5939 t·hm-2,其中地上枯枝落叶占56.9%、地下死细根占43.1%; 凋落物层分解后每年以腐殖酸形式输入矿质土壤中的碳量为2.034 t·hm-2.油松林土壤(含植物根系)年呼吸释放碳量14.012 t·hm-2,其中凋落物层、矿质土壤层、死根系和活根系分别占林地总呼吸量的15.7%、14.5%、11.7%和58.1%.  相似文献   

4.
通过对天山中部天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana var.tianschanica (Rupr.)Chen et Fu)不同郁闭度、林龄天然林区内,降水在转化过程中各环节(包括大气降水、穿透水、地表径流、地下渗水)的水质变化规律,以及森林生态系统不同层次对水质的影响对比分析。结果表明:(1)天山云杉林生态系统对降雨的水质影响,随郁闭度和林龄的增加而增强。在林龄相同的条件下,表现为:0.20.40.60.8;在郁闭度为0.8的条件下,表现为:幼龄林中龄林成熟林近熟林;(2)大气降水透过林冠层后,水中的养分含量显著增高,表现为溶解氧含量减小,氨氮、COD、BOD、总磷、钾含量增加;(3)穿透水转化为地表径流,水中的溶解氧浓度进一步降低,COD、BOD、总磷、钾的含量升高,氨氮浓度降低;(4)总地下渗水的各项水质指标均明显优于大气降水,土壤层是森林生态系统净化水质的关键层。(5)通过对各集水区域水质指标定量化综合评价,天山云杉林生态系统内的水质质量表现为:7月份9月份8月份;(6)利用主成分分析方法(PAC)构建的水质综合评价多元线性模型,具有很强代表性,能很好地用于水质的等级评价。  相似文献   

5.
森林生态系统健康研究进展   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
从生态系统健康的概念出发,明确了森林生态系统健康的实质.我国对森林生态系统健康的研究主要在森林生态系统和森林群落2个水平上.森林生态系统水平的健康评价指标包括群落结构、生物多样性等结构指标,涵养水源和水土保持等功能指标,以及社会经济方面的指标,指标庞杂,有些指标难以测度.而森林群落水平的健康评价指标主要以结构指标为主,指标相对简单.因此,建立系统、有效且统一的评价指标体系和科学合理的健康标准是未来开展森林生态系统健康评价的重点,而简洁的指标测度方法和量化的测度结果也将是森林生态系统健康评价的趋势.  相似文献   

6.
采用植物区系地理学研究方法,结合野外调查数据和文献资料对秦岭火地塘林区种子植物区系的组成、地理成分特征进行分析,并与其它7个毗邻地区植物区系间的关系进行比较研究。结果表明:(1)火地塘林区有种子植物136科,547属,1 283种;(2)该区的种子植物主要以温带区系成分为主(335属,占总属数61.2%),热带性质的植物次之(135属,占总属数24.7%)。该区植物种类丰富,地理成分复杂,具有明显的热带亚热带到温带的过渡性质;(3)火地塘林区种子植物区系成分与青木川、天华山、牛背梁、周至老县城植物区系亲缘关系较近,与东段的伏牛山次之,与西段的小陇山以及北部的子午岭有一定差异,表明秦岭植物区系成分的经向地带性,即经度越低,温带-北温带成分越高,经度越高,热带-亚热带成分越高。  相似文献   

7.
森林生态系统镉污染研究进展   总被引:18,自引:1,他引:18       下载免费PDF全文
黄益宗  朱永官 《生态学报》2004,24(1):101-108
综述了近几十年来国内外有关森林生态系统镉污染的研究进展。森林生态系统镉污染的来源有自然来源和人为来源 ,自然森林生态系统和人工森林生态系统的镉污染来源有明显差异。林地污泥应用、污灌、含镉磷肥的施用以及大气沉降等是人工森林生态系统镉污染的主要来源。镉污染对森林生态系统中的生产者、消费者和分解者均有毒害作用。森林生态系统的结构和功能特性使其在环境镉污染监测和防治中起着重要作用。  相似文献   

8.
秦岭火地塘林区四种主要树种凋落叶分解速率   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
利用野外分解袋法对秦岭火地塘林区油松、华山松、华北落叶松、锐齿栎凋落叶的分解速率和养分释放趋势进行研究。结果表明,分解2年后,4种树种凋落叶的干物质残留率在35.6%~58.6%,残留率大小顺序为油松>华山松>华北落叶松>锐齿栎。除油松与华山松凋落叶之间残留率差异不显著外,各树种之间凋落叶分解后的残留率差异显著。在2个试验年度中,4-9月凋落叶分解最快,在其他月份保持较平稳的分解速度,分解前12个月凋落叶失重速度明显大于后12个月,呈明显的季节和阶段性差异。利用Olson模型对凋落叶分解50%和95%所需时间进行估测,结果显示,不同树种所需时间差异显著,其中锐齿栎凋落叶95%被分解所需时间最短,为5.43年,油松最长,为9.87年。凋落叶中N、P元素在分解第1年均表现出富集现象,直至1年后达到一个最高值后,开始释放,C含量则呈现出逐步下降的趋势。导致不同树种凋落叶分解速率及养分释放速率差异主要与不同凋落叶的初始质量和性质有关。  相似文献   

9.
芦苇型湿地生态系统的潜水水质状态研究   总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19       下载免费PDF全文
以白洋淀芦苇滩地为实验地,研究了湿地生态系统中潜水的水质状况.苇地潜水运动受到芦苇根孔的强烈影响.受芦苇根区生物呼吸作用的影响,潜水pH值(6.94士0.14)显著低于淀水(9.17).潜水中CO2分压约为淀水的85~1039倍.潜水水质类型在离淀2.7至6.7m发生变化,逐渐由ClN3转变为CCa.自苇地边缘至中央,HT(总硬度),Ar(总碱度)与∑C(主要离子总量)逐渐升高.潜水中Mg2+/Ca2+的平均摩尔比值为0.60,明显低于淀水(1.31).淀水和潜水Cl-,SO2-,Na++K+含量无显著差异,平均值分别是176,116和112mg/L.苇地濒水区为一过渡带,对磷氮污染物具备首先的过滤作用.在离淀0.7m处TN,TP和活性磷酸盐的减少量分别为63.3%,84.6%,80.8%.  相似文献   

10.
中国森林生态系统N平衡现状   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
郗金标  张福锁  有祥亮 《生态学报》2007,27(8):3257-3267
由于N饱和生态系统的出现,森林生态系统作为环境污染储蓄库的认识受到挑战。收集了近十余年来全国各地森林N素循环的研究资料,通过对目前大气N沉降、森林生物固N、森林生态系统N的流失、淋失、挥发等各项收支参数的分析,借助农田养分收支平衡的估算思路和方法对全国森林生态系统N平衡进行了估算。结果表明,我国森林生态系统N的输入大于输出,全国森林生态系统年容纳大气N约为736万t,其中约176万t来自于大气N沉降,约599万t来自于生物固N。而进入到森林生态系统中的N约16万t固定在木材中用以维持森林蓄积的增加,其余绝大部分则保存于森林土壤,使得森林土壤全N含量大约以每年0.002%的速率增长。但不断增加的N素输入并未导致森林生态系统N饱和,全国的森林蓄积仍保持增长的趋势,森林生态系统在N的生物地球化学循环过程中起着重要的调节作用,仍是环境N的储蓄库,对于调节气候,防治污染具有重大作用。  相似文献   

11.
秦岭植物区系的性质、特点和起源   总被引:65,自引:2,他引:65  
秦岭是中国长江和黄河两大水系的分水岭,位于北纬32°5′至34°45′;东经104°30′至115°52′,最高峰达3767m。该山区是我国温带植物区系最丰实的地区之一,约有种子植物3124种,隶属于158科,892属。包括热带属220属,温带属563属,和中国特有属39属。根据该山区植物区系中各大科、主要植物群落优势种和组成种类的温带性质以及温带属在整个植物区系中的主导地位。该山区的植物区系和植被具有明显的温带性特点。特有种和非特有种的分析结果表明,该山区植物区系的特点还表现在高度特有性和以中国-日本森林植物区系为主体方面。 根据古植物学资料分析,秦岭地区植物区系的起源时间不会晚于晚白垩纪;植物群落的主要成份可能以原地生长的种类为主;秦岭及其邻近古老山区,不仅对自身的植物区系和植被具有较大的发生意义,而且对东亚植物区系具有始生性质。  相似文献   

12.
    
The Qinling Mountain Range, which covers an area of ca. 76500km2 and ranges from 32°05′ to 34°45′ N and from 104°30′ to 115°52′ E, is a major watershed of the Huanghe and Chang jiang rivers with the highest peak about 3767 m above sea level. The flora comprises ca. 3124 species in 892 genera, of which 51.9% of species and 4.4% of the genera are endemic to China. Evoluated in this paper is the importance of the 20 larger fami lies which together contain 65.2% of the total number of species. The phytogeographical affinities of genera of seed plants in the flora are analyzed and briefly discussed. Among the native genera of the flora of the Qinling Mountain Range, 220 (26.8%) are tropical, 563 (68.5%) temperate, and 39 (4.7%) endemic to China. It is clear from the figures that temperate genera play an important role in the flora and vegetation of the Qinling Mountain Range. The features of the flora include the unusually high proportion of endemic species, a wealth of Sino-Japanese elements and prominant temperate nature in compsition. On the ba sis of analysis of paleobotanical materials in the Qinling Mountain Range and adjacent areas, historical distribution of dominant species, and the origin and relationships of Chinese en demic genera occurring there, the flora is of outstanding originality. No doubt, the rich and diverse flora have evolved gradually and autochthonously at least since the latest Cretaceous.  相似文献   

13.
Forest ecosystem services of changbai mountain in china   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The forest ecosystem of the Changbai Mountain is the most typical upland temperate forest ecosystem in eastern Asia. It is also of the most primitive vegetation type that came into being through the natural succession of soil and vegetation following volcanic eruption. The forest ecosystem has great importance for maintaining the structures and functions of the watershed ecosystems of the Songhua River, the Yalu River and the Tumen River. We combined physical assessment method (PAM) with the value assessment method (VAM) to evaluate the forest ecosystem services of the northern slope of the, including eco-tourism, forest by-products, timber, soil and water conservation, air purification, and the recycling of nutritive elements. We also assessed the integrated forest ecosystem service and analyzed its dynamics. The service value provided by the Changbai Mountain forest ecosystem amounts up to RMB 3.38 × 1012 yuan, of which, water conservation is 66%, water conservation and air purification together make up 80%, while the timber value is only 7%. Therefore, developing the ecosystem services besides timber is the best way to exert the integrated value of the forest ecosystem services of Changbai Mountain.  相似文献   

14.
  总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
The forest ecosystem of the Changbai Mountain is the most typical upland temperate forest ecosystem in eastern Asia. It is also of the most primitive vegetation type that came into being through the natural succession of soil and vegetation following volcanic eruption. The forest ecosystem has great importance for maintaining the structures and functions of the watershed ecosystems of the Songhua River, the Yalu River and the Tumen River. We combined physical assessment method (RAM) with the value assessment method (VAM) to evaluate the forest ecosystem services of the northern slope of the Changbai Mountain, including eco-tourism, forest by-products, timber, soil and water conservation, air purification, and the recycling of nutritive elements. We also assessed the integrated forest ecosystem service and analyzed its dynamics. The service value provided by the Changbai Mountain forest ecosystem amounts up to RMB 3.38×1012 yuan, of which, water conservation is 66%, water conservation and air purificatio  相似文献   

15.
    
The karyotypes of 10 species of the Liliaceae from the Qinling Rangeare reported as follows. I. Polygonatum Mill. (1) P. odoratum ( Mill. ) Druce was found to have the karyotype2n=20=12m+8sm ( Plate 3, Fig. I), which belongs to Stebbins’ (1971)karyotype classification 2B. The chromosomes range from 3.88 to 11.26μm insize. Table 2 shows the karyotypes and number fundamentals (N.F.) of 13 materials from 12 different localities. The N. F. of these materials can be classified intotwo groups: N.F. =36 and N.F.=40, besides one (N.F. =38) from Beijing. N.F. =36 covers all the materials with 2n= 18 which have relatively symmetricalkaryotypes ( all consisting of m and sm chromosomes), one with2n=20 (10m+6sm+4st) and one with 2n=22 (14m+8st). N.F. =40 includefour materials with 2n= 20 (all of m and sm chromosomes ) and 3 with 2n= 22(10m+ 8sm+ 4st). ¥ It is considered that there are two original karyotypes, 2n= 18 withN. F. = 36 and 2n= 20 with N.F. =40, which are relatively symmetrical. All themore asymmetrical karyotypes with some st chromosomes have probably evolvedfrom the symmetrical karyotypes without st chromosomes by centric fission. (2) P. zanlanscianense Pamp. has the karyotype 2n=30=18m(2SAT)+ 4sm+ 6st+ 2t (Plate 1, Fig. 1) which belongs to 2C. The chromosomes rangefrom 2.16 to 9.76μm. ¥ II. Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don. The karyotype of this speciesis 2n = 16= 8m(2SAT )+ 6sm + 2st (Plate 1, Fig. 1 and Table 3 ) , which belongsto 2B. The chromosomes range from 2.33 to 5.30μm. Most species in Asparagus, including A.Filicinus, are reported to have basic number x= 10, and therefore2n= 16 is a new chromosome number for A.filicinus. EL-Saded et.al.(1972) gavea report of n=8 for A. stipularis from Egypt, while Delay (1947) reported2n = 24 for A. trichophyllus and A. verticillatus, Sinla(1972 ) gave a report of 2n=48for A.racemosus. It is certain that there are two basic numbers in the genus Asparagus. III. Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wall.) Makino was found to have the karyotype2n=24=4m+8st+12t (Plate 1, Fig. 1 ), which belongs to 3B. The chromosomesrange from 8.71 to 20.24μm. IV. Smilax discotis Warb. was shown to have the karyotype2n=32=4m+22sm+4st (2SAT)+2t (Plate 1, Fig. 1 and Table 3), which belongs to 3C. The first pair is much longer than others. The chromosomes rangefrom 1.79 to 9.21μm. The chromosome number and karyotype of S. discotis areboth reported for the first time. V. Reineckia carnea (Andr.) Kunth is of the karyotype 2n=38=28m+10sm(Plate 2, Fig. 1 ), which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 5.65 to 12.75μm. VI. Tupistra chinensis Baker was found to have the karyotype2n=38=25m+ 13sm (Plate 2, Fig. 1), which belongs to 2B. The chromosomesrange from 8.11 to 23.82μm. A pair of heterozygous chromosomes is arranged atthe end of the idiogram. The eighth pair possesses an intercalary satellite. Huang et al. (1989) reported the karyotype of T. chinensis from Yunnan as 2n = 38 = 24m+ 14sm without any intercalary satellite. Nagamatsu and Noda (1970) gave a report on the karyotype of T. nutans from Bhutan, which consists of 18 pairs of median to submedian chromosomes and one pair of subterminal chromosomes. And one pair of submedian chromosomes possess intercalary satellites on their short arms. VII. Rohdea japonica (Thunb) Roth. was found to have the karyotype 2n=38=30m+6sm+2st ( Plate 2, Fig. 1), which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 7.94 to 18.29μm. Nagamatsu and Noda (1970) reported that the karyotype of R.japonica from Japan was the same as that of Tupistra nutans from Bhutan. But we have not discov ered any chromosome with an intercalary satellite. VIII. Hosta Tratt. (1) H. plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers was shown to have 2n=60. The 60chromosomes are in 30 pairs,which can be classified into 4 pairs of largechromosomes (7.32- 8.72μm ), 3 pairs of medium-sized ones (4.72-5.60μm), and23 pairs of small ones (1.40-3.64μm), (Plate 3 ,Table 4 ). The karyotype of H. plantaginea is reported for the first time. (2) H. ventricosa (Salisb.) Stearn was counted to have 2n=120, The 120chromosomes are in 60 pairs, which can be classified into 8 pairs of largechromosomes (7.00- 8.40μm ), 6 pairs of medium-sized ones(4.40- 6.15um ),46 pairs of small ones (1.20- 3.85μm), (Plate 3, Table 4). Based on thekaryotypes of H. plantaginea and H. ventricosa, the latter is probably a tetraploidin the genus Hosta. Kaneko (1968b) gave a report on the karyotype of H. ventricosa, which is of8 pairs of large chromosomes, 4 pairs of medium-sized and 48 pairs of small ones.  相似文献   

16.
本文以定量和定性分析相结合,分析了贺兰山东坡海拔1200—1900m低山区范围内植被种类组成的区域分异、植被性质及生态条件的区域分异特点。结果表明,该范围内务主要植被类型具有荒漠草原或荒漠草原化的共同特点,其种类组成均在北、中、南不同地段存在一定差异。此差异反映出本区海拔1600m以上的中部地段及其以下的北部地段分别是生态环境最湿润和最干旱的区域.  相似文献   

17.
We provide the first report on the herpetological biodiversity (amphibians and reptiles) of the northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range (Cagayan and Isabela provinces), northeast Luzon Island, Philippines. New data from extensive previously unpublished surveys in the Municipalities of Gonzaga, Gattaran, Lasam, Santa Ana, and Baggao (Cagayan Province), as well as fieldwork in the Municipalities of Cabagan, San Mariano, and Palanan (Isabela Province), combined with all available historical museum records, suggest this region is quite diverse. Our new data indicate that at least 101 species are present (29 amphibians, 30 lizards, 35 snakes, two freshwater turtles, three marine turtles, and two crocodilians) and now represented with well-documented records and/or voucher specimens, confirmed in institutional biodiversity repositories. A high percentage of Philippine endemic species constitute the local fauna (approximately 70%). The results of this and other recent studies signify that the herpetological diversity of the northern Philippines is far more diverse than previously imagined. Thirty-eight percent of our recorded species are associated with unresolved taxonomic issues (suspected new species or species complexes in need of taxonomic partitioning). This suggests that despite past and present efforts to comprehensively characterize the fauna, the herpetological biodiversity of the northern Philippines is still substantially underestimated and warranting of further study.  相似文献   

18.
北京市森林生态系统的水源涵养功能   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18       下载免费PDF全文
张彪  李文华  谢高地  肖玉 《生态学报》2008,28(11):5618-5624
以北京市森林资源第6次二类调查数据为基础,采用区域水量平衡法和土壤蓄水能力评估了森林水源涵养的功能,并重点分析了不同类型和区位条件下森林涵养水源功能的差异。结果表明:2004年北京市森林生态系统涵养水源1.26×10^9m^3;其中,怀柔区、延庆县、密云县、门头沟区和房山区的森林是水源涵养功能的主要贡献者(累积贡献率63.3%);从森林类型来看,阔叶林和灌木林是水源涵养的主体(累积贡献率80.8%);位于不同海拔高度的森林对水源涵养功能的贡献不同,其中位于海拔〈100m、100~500m和500~800m森林的贡献率分别为29%、30.7%和23.3%;而且位于不同坡位的森林涵养水源的贡献也不同,其中平地和全坡的森林最高,贡献率分别为37.12%和40.7%。  相似文献   

19.
基于涡度相关技术的通量观测要求下垫面均匀一致,然而在实际观测中,地形往往非常复杂。尤其是丘陵山区森林植被覆盖的区域,不同植被类型的空间分布对该区域的碳通量观测影响很大。本研究利用Kljun模型和ART Footprint Tool,对浙江凤阳山针阔混交林森林生态系统2017年全年的观测数据进行分析,探究该区域涡度相关系统在不同季节、不同大气稳定度条件下的通量源区变化情况。结果表明:受地形的影响,研究区内全年盛行东北风(0—90°)和西南风(180—270°);因此,通量的源区分布也主要在东北和西南方向;当通量贡献率达到90%时,源区长度最大不超过7000m,当通量贡献率在80%时,源区长度不超过3000m;在大气稳定条件下,其源区分布范围总是比大气不稳定条件下的源区范围广。在该源区分布范围内,主要以针阔混交林分为主,也分布有少量杉木、柳杉和毛竹等纯林,源区贡献从大到小依次为针阔混交林、阔叶林、杉木林、毛竹林、柳杉林、黄山松林。  相似文献   

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